This document provides guidance on citing sources in APA style. It discusses direct quotes, indirect quotes, and citing concepts or ideas from other sources. It covers formatting rules for incorporating short quotes into text versus using block quotes. The document also reviews citing sources in references, including books, newspaper articles, websites, movies, TV shows, and government documents. Specific formatting rules are provided around punctuation, author names, publication dates, and ordering references alphabetically.

1. APA Style
Guide to Quotations

2. APA Style: Citing in the Text
• When citing a source in the text, the cite
can be done in three basic ways:
• A direct quote
• An indirect quote
• A concept or idea

3. A Direct Quote
• A direct quote requires quotation marks
and a citation at the end.
• "Flight nursing is high demand and short
supply. Just because you don’t get picked
the first time doesn’t mean you’re not good
enough," said Flight Nurse Joe Turnbull
(1990, p. 41).

4. A Direct Quote
• You may also use a direct quote citing the
author ahead of the statement:
• As Medi Flight nurse Joe Turnbull
explained, "Flight nursing is high demand
and short supply. Just because you don’t
get picked the first time doesn’t mean
you’re not good enough" (1990, p. 41).

5. • Indirect quote is when you re-write what
someone else said in your own words:
• Flight nurses are in high demand and
short supply. People who want to become
a flight nurse may need to apply numerous
times before being accepted (Turnbull,
1990, p. 41).
Indirect Quote

6. Concept or idea
• When you take an idea from someone
else, it should be cited.
• Flight nursing is an exciting field, but the
number of people applying for the
available positions are many and the
actual positions are few (Turnbull, 1990, p.
41).

7. General Rules on Quotes
• Short Quotes (40 words or less) are
incorporated into the text and enclosed by
quotation marks.
• "Approximately 27 percent of the
workforce displays poor emotional
intelligence" (APA, 2001, p. 121).

8. Longer quotes
• Quotes that are more than 40 words should be
placed in a block quote.
• Block quotes are not enclosed in parenthesis but
are indented ½ inch (or 5 spaces) from the left
margin throughout the entire quote.
• If there are additional paragraphs, indent the first
line an additional 5 spaces.
• Everything is double spaced.

9. Block quote example:
• The film shows 62 buildings -- from small
petrol stations to representative museums
– designed by the American architect
Bruce Goff (1904-1982). As such, it is the
first comprehensive filmic catalogue of
nearly all his surviving creations. Many of
his buildings stood like shock in the
landscape, paving the way for new, yet
unimaginable avenues in architecture
(Emigholz, 2003).

10. End of the sentence quote
• End the quote with the punctuation outside
the final parenthesis.
• Example:
• Miele (1993) found "the placebo effect
disappeared" (p. 276).

11. Mid-sentence quote:
• End the passage with quotation marks,
cite the source in parenthesis immediately
after the quote marks and continue the
sentence with no period.
• Example:
• She states, "The placebo effect
disappeared" (APA, 2001, p. 121), but she
did not clarify.

12. When do you not need to cite?
• When you are using an established fact
that can be independently verified by at
least three sources
• When you are using a historical date or
well-known historical fact (the start of
World War II)
• When in doubt: cite!

13. References
• APA style is very specific as to the reference
page. All of the material must be:
• In alphabetical order by author.
• In a specific order with specific spacing and
punctuation.
• Note: If the materials are not used in the paper,
you cannot use them on the Reference page.

14. References: a book reference
• The way to cite a book with a single author
• Kaps, R.W. (2000). Financial aspects of
aviation management. Carbondale, IL:
Southern Illinois University Press.
• Parenthetical reference: (Kaps, 2000)

15. References: a book reference
• A book with two to five authors:
• Sheehan, J.J. & Olcott, J.W. (2003).
Corporate aviation management. New
York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
• Parenthetical: (Sheehan & Olcott, 2003)

16. Reference: a book reference
• For six or more authors:
• Aisling, A., et al (2002). Museum of Flight,
100 years of aviation history: from the
Wright Brothers to the moon. Seattle, WA:
Elton-Wolf Publishers.
• Parenthetical: (Aisling, et al, 2002)

17. Newspaper article reference
• Make sure to include the year, month and
day.
• Tallent, R.J. (1984, August 16). Widow of
Wiley Post recalls life with pilot. The
Sunday Oklahoman, pp. C1-2.
• Parenthetical: (Tallent, 1984, p.C1)

18. Web site reference
• Please make sure to include the author’s or
organization’s name plus entire web address in
the reference
• Boyd, J. (December 12, 2003) Changing the art
of air warfare. Retrieved Feb. 11, 2004, from
http://www. aviation-
history.com/airman/boyd.html
• Parenthetical: (Boyd, 2003) or if author not
listed,
• (aviation-history.com, 2003)

19. Other forms of materials
Movie –
• Scorsese, M. (Producer) & Lonergan, K.
(Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on
me [motion picture]. United States:
Paramount Pictures.
• TV Show –
• Miller, R. (Producer). (1989) The mind
[Television series]. New York: WNET.

20. Other forms of materials
Government documents –
• U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services. (1992) Pressure ulcers in adults:
Prediction and prevention (AHCPR
Publications No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD:
Author.
• Anonymous authors –
• Anonymous. (2004) Frank Lloyd Wright:
An uncommon genius. Santa Fe, NM:
New Mexico Artist Series.

21. The End