1. Agenda
Writing Prompt/Discussion
Presentation: APA Style
Draft Exchange
Closing
HW: Continue drafting; prepare peer review
feedback; compose abstract

2. Writing Prompt 1
What are all the steps we have
to take to get from a reasonably
well-developed draft to a
polished, academic draft?

3. Discuss
(and be sure to check out
page 509 of the Hacker
book: “Placing Sources in
Conversation”)

4. Writing Prompt 2
What are the key differences
between MLA and APA styles?
List as many as you can think of.
APA = American Psychological
Association

5. Citing Sources in APA
APA recommends an author-date system of
citations.
1) The sources is introduced by a signal phrase
that includes the last name of the author followed
by the date of publication in parentheses.
2) The material being cited is followed by a
pages number in parentheses.
3) At the end of the paper, an alphabetized list of
references gives complete publication
information for the source.

6. Model signal phrases
In the words of Carmona (2004), “. . . “ (p. 341).
As Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) have noted, “. .
.” (p. 7892).
Hoppin and Taveras (2004), medical
researchers, pointed out that “. . .” (p. 65).
“ . . .,” claimed Critser (2003).
Researchers McDuffie et al (2003) have offered
a compelling case for this view: “ . . .” (p. 73).

7. Good verbs for signal
phrases
admitted contended
reasoned
declared refuted
denied
argued
rejected asserted
emphasized reported
believed insisted
claimed
agreed
responded
noted
suggested
compared
observed
thought
confirmed
pointed out
wrote
Page 506, Hacker

8. In text Citations
Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) reported that “the
current state of the treatment for obesity is
similar to the state of the treatment of
hypertension several decades ago” (p. 600).
What do you notice about this citation? Is there
anything about it that surprises you?

9. Entry in List of References
Yanovski, S.Z., & Yanovski, J.A. (2002). Drug
therapy:
Obesity. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 346,
591-602

10. Basic Format: Quotation
Critser (2003) noted that despite growing
numbers of overweight Americans, many health
care providers still “remain either in ignorance or
outright denial about the health danger to the
poor and the young” (p. 5).
Despite the growing numbers of overweight
Americans, many health care providers still
“remain either in ignorance or outright denial
about the health danger to the poor and the
young (Critser, 2003, p. 5).

11. Basic Format: Paraphrase
Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) explained that
sibtramine suppresses appetite by blocking the
reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and
norepinephrine in the brain (p. 594).
Sibtramine suppresses appetite by blocking the
reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and
norepinephrine in the brain ( Yanovski &
Yanovski, 2002, p. 594).

12. Work with 2 authors
Give the name of both authors in signal phrases
or parentheses each time you cite the work.
According to Sothern and Gordon
(2003), “Environmental factors may contribute as
much as 80% to the cause of childhood obesity”
(p. 104).
Obese children often engage in limited physical
activity (Sothern & Gordon, 2003, p. 104).

13. Work with 3 to 5 authors
Identify all authors in the signal phrase or the
parentheses the first time you cite the source.
In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and
Cronquist concluded, “Sibutramine…must be
carefully monitored in adolescents, as in
adults, to control increases in {blood pressure
and] pulse rate” (p. 1811).
In subsequent citations, use the first author’s
name followed by “et al.” in either the signal
phrase or parentheses.

14. Personal Communication
Personal interviews, memos, letters, email and
similar unpublished communications should be
cited in the text only, not in the reference list (this
is definitely different from MLA). Use the first
initial with the last name in parentheses (F.
Johnson, personal communication, October 20,
2013).
For this research paper, please adapt the MLA
works cited reference for personal interview in
the APA style (year right after name, etc).

15. Other examples
Like six or more authors, work
with an unknown
author, organization as
author, etc., see pages 513515.

16. List of References
Instead if calling it a Works
Cited, APA calls this page at the
end References.
For a sample References
page, see p. 548 of the Hacker
book.

17. Guidelines for listing
authors
To see how to list works by a single
author, organization as author, article
in a journal, articles in a
newspaper, book with an author and
an editor, article in an online
magazine, short work from a
website, podcast, email, government
document see listing on 495 and
then go to the appropriate example.

18. Manuscript. Running Head
Running head: YOU MUST DO THIS IN ALL
CAPS.
Upper left corner, every page. Title page also has
the words “Running Head”

19. Heading
Teaching English Composition
An Argumentative Research Essay
Alisa Ulferts
Tacoma Community College
See page 540 for an example.

20. Author Note
This paper was prepared for English
101, Section 3873, taught by Instructor Ulferts.
Appears at the bottom of page.

21. Abstract
Separate page
An abstract is a 100-150 word paragraph that
provides readers with a quick overview of your
essay. It should express your main idea and your
key points; it might also briefly suggest any
implications or applications of the research you
discuss in the paper. See page 541 for an
example.

22. Extra Credit Opportunities
Turn the final paper in a day early – Wednesday
by 5:30 p.m. This will get you an extra 2.5 points.
(so if you were going to get an 89 (B+) you would
get a 91.5 (A-).
The 90 percent challenge. If 90 percent of the
class fills out the end-of-course survey by
Thursday at midnight (so I can see the results on
Friday) then the entire class will get an extra 2.5
points on the final paper.