Prepared by Lynette Carmichael APA Style – 6th Edition.docx

Prepared by Lynette Carmichael
APA Style – 6th Edition
References and Citations
The Learning Centre, Student Academic Success Services
Fanshawe College, London ON
-spaced (on 8.5 X 11 inch paper)
of each page
APA Title Page – SAMPLE #1:
Running head: COLLEGE STUDENT STRESS 1
Technology: Its Role in College Student Stress
Janice M. Jones

Fanshawe College
This section explains/defines the
running head – OFTEN not required
at the undergraduate level as it is for
papers to be published
The words “Running head” only
appear on the first page.
Student name
Title of paper
Institution name
APA Documentation 1
Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
Headings
Level of heading Format
1 Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending
with a period.

4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
5
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with
a period.
References
The reference page identifies all sources used in a paper and is
located at the end of the paper.
The following details are considered when preparing your
References page:
e the title References at the top of the page
line 5 spaces (1/2 inch). This is
called a hanging indent.
Use p. for single page number and pp. for multiple page
numbers (except in periodicals)
GENERAL REFERENCE PAGE GUIDELINES:
Author(s):

r nor editor is available, use the source title
last author’s name
both, and order entries by
publication date starting with the earliest date
Titles:
word of the title as well as
pronouns and proper nouns
article, a chapter, etc.) appears non-
italicized. The larger source is italicized following the
capitalization rule identified above. Note:
The exception to this is journals and newspapers in which case
the entire journal is title cased.
Place of Publication:
vince if city name is a name easily confused
(i.e. London, England/London,
Ontario) or unfamiliar
APA Documentation 2

Samples
BOOKS
One author:
Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches. 4th ed. New York:
Harcourt Brace and World.
Two authors:
Pikarton, W., & Anderson, D. (1976). Transportation policy
development. New.York: Heath.
3 - 7 authors:
Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Different
lifestyles. New York: Heath.
More than 7 authors:
Henderson, P. H., Grand, B., Frills, H., Enderson, P., Danson,
R., Dexter, W., et al. (2002).
Different lifestyles. New York: Heath.
No author:
Lifestyles of the new decade (2001). Ottawa: Living Publishing.
Two books by same author:
Hoare, L. (1969). Money hungry. New York: Harcourt Brace

and World.
Hoare, L. (1970). The rags and riches. New York: Bringly
Covers.
Two authors with the same last name:
Janet, P. [Paul]. (1876). La notion de la personnalité [The
notion of personality]. Revue
Scientifique, 10, 574-575.
Janet, P. [Pierre]. (1906). The pathogenesis of some impulsions.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
1, 1-17.
Edited book:
Hoare, L., & Collins, A. (Eds). (1969). The rags and riches.
New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
One author & additional edition book:
Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches (2nd ed.). New York:
Bringly Covers.
Corporate, organization, or agency author:
Healthy Living, Inc. (2001). Lifestyles of the new decade.
Ottawa: Publishing Works.
Chapter in a book:
Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Social Life.

In B.J. Smith (Ed.), Living in North
America (pp. 321-360). New York: Heath.
Last Name
First Initial
Title of Book
Place of Publication
Publisher
Year of
Publication
Edition (if present)
APA Documentation 3
ARTICLES

One author – journal article:
Jones, L. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance
Education, 8(4), 45-51.
2 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., & Smith, B. (1999). Instructional design. Journal
of Distance Education, 10, 204-208.
3--6 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., & Anderson, J. (1999). Instructional
design. Journal of Distance Education,
10(3), 204-208.
More than 6 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., Jones, A., Windel, H., Santos, L.,
Anderson, J., et al. (1999). Instructional
design. Journal of Distance Education, 10, 204-208.
One author, magazine article:
Curtis, C.L. (1999, November 4). Marriage: solve those
problems. Shape, 211, 204-208.

No author, news article:
Marriage: solve those problems. (2004, July 20). The London
Free Press, p.B4.
One author, newspaper article:
Henderson, M. (2001, May 1). London’s shopping. The London
Free Press, pp. A3-A4.
ONLINE REFERENCES
When Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is present, URL is not
required.
When DOI is not present, URL is required.
When DOI is Present
General format:
Author, A.A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
(issue number), page number(s).
doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Example:
Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support,
marital status, and the
Survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24,
225-229. doi:
10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Last Name
First Name Initial
Article Title
Artilce
Title of Artilce
Journal Name
(If present)
Vol. number
Issue number
(If present)
Publication Year
Page
s

APA Documentation 4
ONLINE REFERENCES (continued)
When DOI is Not Present
General format:
Author, A.A. (date of publication). Title of article Title of
Journal, volume (number), page numbers.
Retrieved from URL
Example:
Sillick, T.J. & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and
self-esteem mediate between
perceived early parental love and adult happiness. Applied
Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.
Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
One author, article published in print and online:
Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money [Electronic version].
Time, 6: 5-6.
One author and date, article in online journal:
Simmons, B. (2001, March 21). Using technology. Journal of
Distance Education, 25, 30-39. doi:
10.0147/0261-6122.43.3.300

Author and no date, article in online journal:
Simmons, B. (n.d.). Using technology. Journal of Distance
Education. Retrieved October 1, 2002,
from http:// www.JDE.com/technologies.on.ca
No author and date article in online journal:
Inheriting money. (2004, August 1). How to become rich.
Retrieved October 1, 2004, from
http://www.legal.com/issues.on.ca
No author, no date – stand alone document:
An analysis of law. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2004, from
http://www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
One author, independent web document:
Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. Retrieved October 1,
2002, from http://
www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
Electronic version of print book.
Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of
computer dependency [DX Reader version].
Retrieved from
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp
Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder
sourcebook: A guide to healing,

recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:
10.1036/0071393722
Electronic-only book
O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values.
Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/shoitem.asp?itemID=135
University or department website:
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993).
Technology and education. Retrieved
October 20, 2006, from Columbia University, Institute for
Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
APA Documentation 5
Journal article from an online database:
Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. How to become rich. 20,
31-41. Retrieved October 1, 2002,
from Proquest Direct database.
One author article in online newspaper:
Simmons, B. (2004, September 21). Inheriting money. The
London Free Press on the Web.

Retrieved September 22, 2004, from
http://www.londonfreepress.com/
today//millionaires.html
One author, chapter or section in an internet document:
Simmons, B. (2001, June 14). Inheriting money. In Becoming a
millionaire (chap.4). Retrieved
October 1, 2002, from http://
www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
Internet Government report:
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February).
Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed.
(Publication No. HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000,
from General Accounting
Office Reports Online via GPO Access:
http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/
aces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html
Online abstract:
Isaac. J. D., Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (1999, May). Other
people as a source of interest in an
activity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 239-
265. Abstract retrieved June
7, 1999, from IDEAL database site
http://www.europe.idealibrary.com

Online forum or discussion group message:
Weylman, C. R. (2004, September 4). Make news to achieve
positive press [Msg. 98]. Message
posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sales-marketing-
tips/message/98
Blog post:
PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites
and consequences of partitioning yur
mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_pr
erequisites.php
A blog comment would be referenced as follows:
MiddleKid. (2007, Januarry 22). Re: The unfortunate
prerequisites and consequences of
partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_pr
erequisites.php
Note: In the second example a screen name is used for the
author name. The author has adopted
a nickname, or screen name, to use when posting comments to
this web log.
Podcast:
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19) Shrink rap radio
[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
Online PowerPoint Presentation:

Johnson, M.B. (2004). Writing the perfect paper [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.europe.idealibrary.com/
APA Documentation 6
ERIC Report:
Saunders, G. D. (1999). Addressing political issues in post-
secondary education. (Report No.
NCRTL-RR-45-2). East Lansing, MI: National Centre for
Research on Teacher Learning.
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED324343)
Map retrieved online:
Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer).
(2002). Population density, 2000
U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from
http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/cen
sus-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Image:
Johnson, S. (1971). Hope Exists. [Online Image]. Retrieved
January 4, 2009, from

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE ENTRIES
Brochure – corporate author:
The Unemployment Help Centre. (2000). The path to better
finances (2nd ed.) [Brochure]. Boston:
Author.
Television broadcast:
Sut, J.S. (Producer). (2000, March 16). Nannies. [Television
Program]. New York: CBS.
Music recording by an artist:
Smith, A. (2002). Yesterday was my favourite day [Recorded by
J.Evans]. On Time flies [CD]. New
York: All-time Records.
Published interview:
Smith, A. (2002). [Interview with Joe Hicks, author of Wild].
National, 14, 223.
Book review:
Smith, A. (2002). Instructional Design Concepts. (Review of the
book Designing courses for online
delivery]. National, 14, 223.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary entry:
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20).

London: Macmillan.
Image:
Andrew, M. (Producer), & Smith, J. (Director). (2002). The
Honey Bees [Motion Picture]. United
States: Artsway Studio.
Photographs:
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917-1954). Robert
Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137,
Folder 2292). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University
library, New Haven, CT.
APA Documentation 7
Citations
Each reference within a paper is called a REFERENCE
CITATION.
GENERAL RULES FOR CITATIONS:
should include author, year, and
page numbers (if

present)
format)
quotes: Quotes greater than 40 words - (see sample for
format)
-5 authors: include all authors in first reference citation ,
then use et al. for
additional citations
uthors: use et al. for all citations
include within quotation marks
T cite personal communications on the References
page– these sources
are not retrievable - make reference to these sources within your
paper
acceptable and sometimes

valuable to offer them anyways for clarification
nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph
Samples
BOOKS, ARTICLES, and OTHER PRINT SOURCES
Paraphrase Using Author’s Name in Text:
Smith (1999) clearly indicates that peace is on the rise.
Direct Quote Using Author’s Name in Text:
Smith (1999) clearly indicates that “peace is on the rise” (p.55).
One Author Paraphrase:
Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS
(Smith, 1999).
APA Documentation 8
One Author Paraphrased in a Row Within Same Paragraph:
(Smith, 1999). Smith further indicates
that AIDS is a growing epidemic.
Two Author Paraphrase:

(Smith & Jones, 1999).
Direct Quote, More Than 6 Authors:
“The educational system needs some work” (Smith et al., 1999,
p.145).
Paraphrase, More Than 6 Authors:
The educational system is in need of revitalization (Smith et al.,
1999).
Article, No Author, Direct Quote:
"All is well across the world" (“Lifestyles,” 2001, p.12).
Article, No Author, Paraphrase:
People are happy all around the world (“Lifestyles,” 2001).
Direct Quote, Two Authors:
In a recent review, Smith and Jones (1999) suggest “peace is
crumbling” (p.203).
Direct Quote by One Author:
“The education system needs revitalization”(Smith, 1999,
p.145).
Long Direct Quote:
Smith (2004) reveals school

is one of the most essential forms of socializing children. It
shows children how to effectively
share, cooperate, give, lend, and communicate with their
fellow peers.
Without school, children would be left to try and develop
such skills without the advantage of
having friends and playmates to experience such trials and
tribulations with. (p. 244)
No Author, No Date, No Page Numbers:
“All is well across the world (“Lifestyles,” n.d.).
Two or more authors in the same reference:
Orderly conduct is classified as imperative in educational
environments (Smith, 2004; Vack, 2005).
Paraphrase from Two Different Sources with Authors with the
Same Last Name (use first
initials with each):
Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (E.
Smith, 2003; J. Smith, 2006).
Paraphrase from Two Different Works and Different Authors
(list alphabetically):
Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments
(Smith, 2003; Vernon, 2006).
Citing Indirect Sources (place primary source – Smith – in
reference list):
Jackson indicates that...(as cited in Smith, 2006, p.123).

Paraphrase Using Brochure organization:
The Writing Centre (2005) clearly indicates that effective
writing is key to success in business.
Paraphrase, Brochure organization:
Effective writing equals success (The Writing Centre, 2005).
A Work Designated as Anonymous:
“Things have a way of twisting and turning” (Anonymous,
2004).
APA Documentation 9
ONLINE SOURCES
Quote, One Author article, No Page number But Paragraph #
available:
“Money makes us strange” (Simmons, 2001, para. 5). OR
(Simmons, 2001, ¶5)
Quote, One Author article, No Page number or Paragraph # (use
heading and count paras):
“Money makes us strange” (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1).
Quote, One Author article, No Page or Para #, No Heading:
“Money makes us strange” (Simmons, 2001).

Quote, Article, No Author, Date, Page or Para #:
“Money makes us strange” (“Inheriting money,” n.d.).
Quote, Article, No Author, Page or Para #:
“Money makes us strange” (“Inheriting money,” 2001).
Paraphrase, Book, No Author:
. . . the number of recent graduates from art schools in France
has shown that this is a trend
worldwide (Highway to Technology, 1988).
Paraphrase, 6 or More Authors:
Money corrupts any individual who has too much of it (Jones et
al., 2004).
Referring to/Citing from Entire Website:
“Money makes us strange” (“Inheriting money,” 2001).
One Author Paraphrase when using 2 Sources with Same last
Name:
A recent article by J.H. Smith addressed….
Corporate Author (full name after 1st use, abbreviated version
in later paragraphs:
The world of technology needs a company that can intuitively
predict the needs of all people
(Rogers Communication, 2004).
That is why Rogers employees receive extensive training

(Rogers, 2004).
ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS CITATIONS
Interview:
“Life is grand” (J.R., Roberts, personal communication,
November 21, 2002).
Email:
“Things have a way of twisting and turning” (W. Smith,
personal communication, June 10, 2003).
Unit 3 [AB217]
Page 1 of 3
Unit 3 Assignment: Team Assignment Financial Statement
Analysis
This Assignment presents the opportunity to work with your
classmates in a ‘virtual’ team project. As teams,
the ability to interact and solve problems together, when at a
distance, is a key skill in today's business
environment.
You have been assigned to a Team (i.e., depending on course
enrollment, a five or six person group
working as a team) to answer the Case Assignment instructions

below. One person from the group is to turn
in the Assignment for the group to the Dropbox. Each person in
the group must turn in their individual peer
evaluations to their Dropbox to receive credit for the
Assignment. The Team Peer Evaluati on Form is located
in Course Documents and will be individually submitted in
addition to the one group submission of the case
analysis.
This Assignment will assess your knowledge based on the
following outcome:
PC-1.1: Engage in a team setting with professional integrity and
respect.
Supplemental Resource (not required) - This material can be a
very helpful resource for this and subsequent
virtual team projects. The e-text below can be found in the
Library:
Lipsinger, R., & DeRosa, D. (2010). Virtual team success: A
practical guide for working and leading from a
distance. Hoboken, NJ: John W iley & Sons, Inc.
Please note the sections on social loafing (pp. 67–68, 78–88).
Pages 76, 107 and 138 are helpful Reference
Guides intended to help you troubleshoot your virtual team.
Optional Guidelines
Experience has shown the following timeline to be helpful.

Please do not feel constrained by this time line; it
is not a graded item.
● Unit 3: W ednesday — Greet each other in the Team
Discussion Board.
● Unit 3: Thursday — Determine who will lead the project, who
will do which parts, by when,
what your communication expectations are and when you will
be meeting next.
● Unit 3: Friday — Confirmation of delegated duties. Delegated
parties accept their delegated duty.
● Unit 3: Saturday — Project Leader reassigns any duties not
accepted by individuals on the team.
● Unit 3: Sunday — Submit draft parts to Project Leader.
Project Leader posts draft of the
paper in the Team Discussion Board.
● Unit 3: Monday — Team edits/improves the draft Assignment
deliverable.
● Unit 3: Tuesday — One team member submits the paper.
Individual Team Peer Evaluation Form
must be submitted to receive a grade for the Assignment.
Some learners have found this to be a helpful guide for their
first meeting or initial Discussion Board post.
Agenda:
● Refer to The Team Project Financial Statement Analysis
Guidelines (below). W hat team are
you on and who are your teammates?

● Who will be the team leader?
● Explicit understanding by all of the expectations as a team
member.
● Determine methods of communication and protocol; clarify
date and time of next meeting.
● Who will complete which of the financial ratio classifications
and their respective ratios?
Unit 3 [AB217]
Page 2 of 3
● Who will compile or collect all data to prepare the final
document?
● What will be the arrangement to ensure all team members
review and approve the document?
● Determine communication protocol.
Team Project Financial Statement Analysis Guidelines
Use the five classifications of financial ratios, 1) Liquidity, 2)
Activity, 3) Financing, 4) Profitability, and 5)
Market to assess the financial performance for W almart.
Excellent resource material can be found in the
Financial Statement Analysis Tables 2.4 to 2.8 in your text.

Each of these classifications includes at least
two respective financial ratios.
A team member is typically assigned one of the five
classifications. I.e., student A will be responsible for
Liquidity and student B will be responsible for Activity, and so
on. You will present a definition of the
classification by citing the course text and other scholarly
sources.
The team leader (compiler of all member analyses) may need to
be assigned a classification as well;
team size will dictate this.
Your paper, based upon your team’s collective analysis, should
include a measure of and analysis of
financial outcomes based on at least two financial ratios for
each financial ratio classification. I. e., the
Liquidity classifications of ratios are based upon the Quick and
Current ratio outcomes.
You will calculate ratios for each classification, two ratios per
classification, for the three years data. I.e.,
the Current ratio may have been 2.0 in year three and 1.5 the
following year, and .75 in the most recent
year. It is based on these results that you will measure financial
performance, or trends from one year to
the next. It is imperative that the ratios-numbers, and
quantitative outcomes, support your analysis.

Review the following documents:
1. Team Project Outline
2. Three years of data for W almart’s Balance Sheet and Income
Statement.
3. Team Project Answer Sheet
Criteria:
Your paper should use correct APA 6th formatting for your in-
text citations to justify your discussion and
place references at the end of the paper. Be sure to cite sources
to explain what each of these ratio
classifications tell an investor.
Avoid using quotations, you should paraphrase the material and
use an in-text citation to give
credit to the reference. Review the APA formats found in the W
riting Center.
Include in your paper:
● Cover page with each team member’s name that participated
on the team project
● Introduction, the purpose of the analysis
● Analysis, an explanation of what each ratio classification
assesses. (A minimum of one
paragraph for each ratio.)
● In which financial ratio classifications are negative ratios

occurring? How can this be corrected?
● In which financial ratio classification are positive ratios
occurring? How can this be maintained?
● Conclusion, why would you (or would you not) invest in W
almart.
● Reference page
https://kapextmediassl-
a.akamaihd.net/business/AB217/AB217_1802C/Team_Project_O
utline.pdf
a.akamaihd.net/business/AB217/AB217_1802C/Income_Stateme
nt_and_Balance_Sheet_WalMart.xlsx
a.akamaihd.net/business/AB217/AB217_1802C/Team_Project_A
nswer_Sheet_for_WalMart.xlsx
Unit 3 [AB217]
Page 3 of 3
Directions for Submitting Your Team paper
Make sure that you save a copy of the paper you submit.
1. To submit your paper, have one member of your group go to
the Dropbox and select Unit 3:

Assignment and follow the instructions.
2. Individually, each member of the group completes the peer
evaluation form and individually
submits the peer evaluation to the Unit 3 Team Peer Evaluation
Dropbox. (file name:
Kris.Kringle.peer.evaluation.unit-3)
Unit 3 Assignment: Team Assignment Financial Statement
Analysis Points
Possible
Points
Earned
Content
Responses successfully answer the Assignment question(s);
thoroughly uses the
text and other literature. Includes a strong thesis statement,
introduction and
conclusion. The main points of the paper are developed clearly.
Quantitative
outcomes support analysis.
20
Definitions of ratio classifications are supported by proper
scholarly sources.
References are applied substantively to the paper’s topic. The
analysis skillfully
addresses counter-arguments and does not ignore data

contradicting its claim.
Refers to sources both in-text and in the reference page.
20
Achievement of a well-synthesized paper using contributions
from team
participants to achieve a paper that resembles the collective
talents of the group.
Team member performed with integrity and respect towards
other participants of
the team (peer evaluation). Points will be deducted if the Peer
Evaluation Form is
not submitted to the Dropbox.
10
Analysis
Response exhibits strong higher-order critical thinking and
quantitative analysis
(e.g., trends supported by clearly defined evaluation). Paper
shows original
thought.
10
Analysis includes proper classifications, explanations,
comparisons, and
inferences.

10
Critical thinking includes appropriate judgments, conclusions
and assessment
based on evaluation and synthesis of information.
10
Writing
Grammatical skills are strong with typically less than one error
per page. Correct
use of APA 6th edition formatting.
6
Content is appropriate to the Assignment: fresh (interesting to
read), accurate, (no
far-fetched, unsupported comments), precise (say what you
mean), and concise
(not wordy).
8
Paper is in 12-point font. Narrative sections are double-spaced
with a double-
space between. Paper is free of serious errors; grammar,
punctuation, and
spelling.
8

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