3. Applied Learning Outcomes
Use the terminology associated with the
skeletal system
Learn about the following:
• Skeleton structure
• Bone structure and types
• Bone function
• Bone tissue
• Bone development and growth
• Bone physiology
• Bone articulations
Understand the aging and pathology of the
skeletal system
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
4. Overview
Humans have an
endoskeleton
The skeletal system is
composed of bones,
cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons
The skeletal system provides
movement, protection, and
shape
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
5. The Human
Skeletal System
The axial
skeleton is
composed of
the spine, rib
cage, and
skull
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
6. The Human Skeletal System
The
appendicular Upper appendages:
skeleton is the shoulders, arms,
composed of wrists, and hands
the upper and Lower appendages:
lower the hips, legs, knees,
ankles, and feet
appendages,
and the bones
that girdle
them to the
axial skeleton
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
7. Bone
Bone Types:
Bones can be Flat,
categorized Irregular,
by their shape Short, or Long
and by their
origin in the
embryo
Endochronal,
Dermal, Alveolar,
Sesamoid, or
Wormian
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
8. Bone
Human bone is
primarily
comprised of
compact bone
and spongy
bone.
Some bones
have at their
center a
medullary
cavity containing
bone marrow.
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
9. Joints
Joints attach bones,
provide support and
protection, and allow
for body movement.
Joints are
categorized by their
structural
classification and
their functional
classification.
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
10. Joints
Pivot Joints: elbow
Gliding Joints: intervertebral
Ball-and-Socket: shoulder, hip
Saddle: thumb
Condyloid: wrist
Hinge: knee, ankle, humeroulnar
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
11. Human Bone
Charts
Review the
human skeleton,
anterior view
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
12. Human Bone
Charts
Review the
human skeleton,
posterior view
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
13. Bone Development and Healing
The process of bone
development is called
ossification. There are two
types of ossification:
endochronal and
intramembranous.
Bone healing occurs in
stages: fracture,
granulation, callus,
lamellar bone, and normal
contour.
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
14. Wellness and Illness over
the Life Span
• Most common bone and joint pathologies are related
to atypical stress and strain.
• Other organ-system diseases cause inflammation of
bones and joints.
• Other pathologies include degenerative disorders
and diseases.
• During a person’s lifetime, bone is constantly
degraded and replaced.
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
15. Summary
The skeletal system works together with
the muscular system to provide the body
with support and movement.
Bones are classified by their shape and
origin.
A certain amount of activity is needed to
maintain the integrity of the skeletal
system; however, too much activity can
prematurely wear out its components.
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System
Editor's Notes
Endoskeleton: An internal skeleton (as opposed to an exoskeleton, or external skeleton, as in an arthropod) Bone: Hard connective tissue Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue Ligament: Connective tissue that joins bone to bone Tendon: Connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
Categorized by development: Endochronal – from embryonic cartilage Dermal – from embryonic connective tissue Alveolar – from special cells found only in jaw bones Sesamoid – within tendons Wormian – within the flat bones of the skull Categorized by shape: Flat – thin, flattened, often slightly curved Irregular – unique, often complicated shape that is not geometrically describable Short – square-like shape Long – elongated shape
Compact Bone – also called Cortical Bone, the rigid outer shell of the bone Spongy Bone – also called Cancellous or Trabecular Bone, forms the ends of the long bones and the center of other bones; composed of a honeycomb-like network Medullary (or Marrow) Cavity – The hollow center of long bones, lined with endosteum which can generate new bone cells, and filled with bone marrow to be used as a food reserve
Structural Classification: Based on tissue composition and structural complexity * cartilaginous – formed by cartilage * fibrous – formed of fibrous connective tissue * synovial – formed by a synovial capsule Functional Classification: Based on the way joints move * see next slide
Review skeletal system.
Review skeletal system.
Endochronal Ossification: Bone formation that begins within cartilage Intramembranous Ossification: The formation of bone from connective-tissue membranes Alternately, bone healing is sometimes grouped into reactive (fracture and granuation), reparative (callus and lamellar bone), and restorative (normal contour) phases.
Stress/strain: shin splint, stress fracture, arthritis Inflammation: gout, lupus, fibromyalgia Degenerative: Osteoporosis, tooth decay, myeloma and other cancers
