2. GROUP MEMBERS
ASHMAL SALMAN
HAFIZA MUQADAS MANZOOR
INSA BABAR
AQSA YASIR
SAMAWIA IQBAL
LAIBA NOOR
LARAIB FATIMA
3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Antiserum
Types of antiserum
Composition
Structures
Sources
Preparation
How it works!
Comparison
Selection of antisera
Uses
4. INTRODUCTI
ON
Antiserum refers to the blood from an immunized host from which clotting
proteins and red blood cells have been removed. The antiserum will
contain antibodies/immunoglobulins of all classes as well as other serum
proteins.
The serum of an animal or human containing antibodies against a specific
disease; used to confer a passive immunity to that disease. Antisera do not
provoke the production of antibodies.
Inoculation with such an antiserum provokes temporary or passive
immunity against a disease and is used when a person has already been
exposed to or has contracted a disease.
5. CONT..
Diseases in which passive immunity is used includes :
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Botulism
Gas gangrene
6. ANTISERUM
S
Antiserum is purified, diluted, and standardized solution containing known
antibodies ; which is used to know the presence and absence of antigen on
cell.
Antiserum is named on the basis of the antibodies it contains:
Anti A antiserum__ antiserum containing anti A antibody.
Anti B antiserum __ antiserum containing anti B antibody.
Anti AB antiserum __ antiserum containing anti A and B antibody.
7. TYPES OF
ANTISERUM
It may be a monovalent (or specific) antiserum or polyvalent antiserum.
Monovalent antiserum
is a type of antiserum containing one specific antigen.
Polyvalent antiserum
is a type of antiserum with more than one antigens.
8. COMPOSITI
ON
In addition to antibodies that recognize the target antigen, the
antiserum also contains antibodies to various non-target antigens
that can sometimes react non-specifically in immunological assays.
For this reason, raw antiserum is often purified, to eliminate serum
proteins and to enrich the fraction of immunoglobulin that
specifically reacts with the target antigen.
11. SOURCES OF
ANTISERUM
Antiserum is obtained through different sources:
Animal inoculations.
In which animals are inoculated by known antigen and the resulting serum
containing antibodies is standardized for use.
Immuned Individual.
Serum is collected from an individual who has been synthesized to the
antigen through transfusion, pregnancy or injection.
12. CONT..
Antisera can be raised in a wide variety of vertebrate animals:
• Mice and rats
• Guinea pigs
• Hamsters
• Rabbits
• Chickens
• Sheep, goats
• Donkeys and horses.
13. PREPARATION
Antiserums are prepared by injecting an antigen into an animal, the quality of
antisera produced will be based on the type of antigen selected.
Following are the steps:
first immunological reaction between a serum sample
injecting into an animal
withdrawal of serum
second immunological reaction between the withdrawn serum and a
serum sample
selecting a second antigen/antibody complex
14.
15. HOW IT
WORKS
• Antibodies in the antiserum binds to the infectious agent.
• The immune system then recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and
triggers a more robust immune response
• The use of antiserum is particularly against pathogens and which are capable of
evading the immune system in the unstimulated state but not robust enough to
evade stimulated immune system.
• The existence of antibodies to the agent depends on an initial survivor whose
immune system, by chance, discovered a counteragent to the pathogen or a
host species which carries the pathogen but does not suffer from its effects.
16. CONT…
• Further stocks of antiserum can then be produced from the initial donor
or from a donor organism that is inoculated with the pathogen and cured
by some stock of preexisting antiserum.
• Diluted snake venom is often used as an antiserum to give passive
immunity to snake venom
18. COMBAT PANDEMICS
During the early stages of the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic,
reliable treatment options had not been found. In reaction,
convalescent blood plasma was considered as a possible and is used
as a treatment option at least for severe cases.
22. SELECTION OF
ANTISERA
Antisera must be of high quality with a shelf life of at least one year of use.
Should contain a preservative to minimize contaminations
Should be stored in refrigerators at 2-8 degree Celsius.
Should be used according to manufacturers instructions
Must comply with the standards laid down for potency and specificity.
New reagents must be not be introduced into routine working until QC testing
prove them satisfactory.
Should be clearly labeled with:
Batch date
Expiry date
23. USES OF
ANTISERA
Antisera are prepared to combat certain diseases. They are in particular used to provide
passive immunity against diseases. E.g. Ebola outbreak.
The use of antiserum and antitoxin preparations is now a standard avenue of infection
control For example Edward Jenner strategies
Used to spread passive immunity to many diseases via blood donation
(plasmapheresis).
Widely used in diagnostic virology laboratories. The most common use of antiserum in
humans is as antitoxin or antivenom to treat envenomation.
Serum therapy, also known as serotherapy, describes the treatment of infectious
disease using the serum of animals that have been immunized against the specific
organisms or their product, to which the disease is supposedly referable.
