Immunopharmacology
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Immunopharmacology : Defination, components of immunity, classification of immunity and its explanation. Drugs used in immune disorder : Immunosuppressants and Immunostimulants.
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Immunopharmacology
- 1. PRESENTED BY – R.ARUNA 170117887007 PRESENTED ON – 20’July’2018.
- 2. DEFINITION: A branch of pharmacology concerned with the application of immunological techniques and theory to the study of the effects of drugs especially on the immune system. Immune system : Is an organization of organs, tissues, cells and molecules with specialized roles in defending against microorganisms, viruses and cancer cells. The cells of immune system are present throughout the host’s body.
- 3. Components of immune system
- 5. IMMUNITY: Immunity is a general ability of the host to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals such as toxins released by microorganisms. The immune response that results is a specific and complex series of defensive reactions widely distributed throughout the human or animal body. The ability to ward off disease through our defenses is called resistance.
- 7. INNATE IMMUNITY: Native immunity. It is the resistance which an individual possess by virtue of his/her genetic & body constitution. Thus, it is inborn. In this type of immunity, the body is born with the ability to recognize and destroy certain foreign substances, but the ability to destroy them doesn’t improve each time when body is exposed to them due to lack of immunological memory. It can act against many microorganisms (in absence of specificity), hence, also called as non-specific immunity.
- 8. TYPES OF INNATE IMMUNITY: • Resistance to infection varies with species. • Eg: Humans are susceptible to measles infection, whereas dogs are resistant. Species immunity • Within a species, different races exhibit differences in their resistance, due to genetic factors. • Eg: Africans are resistant to malarial infections. Racial immunity • Different individuals in a race exhibit differences in innate immunity. • Combination of nonspecific and specific resistance. Eg: cold attacks in winter. Individual immunity
- 9. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: The resistance that an individual acquires during his/her life time is known as acquired immunity. Also called as specific immunity.
- 10. TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: • When an individual is exposed to infections or antigens stimulation of immune response • Long lasting,. • Induces immunological memory. Actively acquired immunity (adaptive immunity) • There are certain individuals whose immune system does not respond and produce antibodies to foreign antigens. • So such individuals are immunized. Passively acquired immunity
- 12. OTHER TYPES OF IMMUNITY: LOCAL IMMUNITY HERD IMMUNITY INFECTION IMMUNITY HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- 13. Immunomodulators are the drugs which stimulate the immune system called “Immunostimulant’s” (Or) suppress the immune system called “immunosuppressant's” IMMUNOMODULATORS:
- 15. Calcineurin inhibitors (Specific T-cell inhibitors) 1. CYCLOSPORINE : Cyclic polypeptide with 11 amino acids, obtained from fungus. Introduced in 1977 as highly-selective immunosuppressant. Successful drug in organ transplantation. It inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 and other cytokine production. Contd…,
- 16. Contd…,
- 17. ADVERSE EFFECTS: Sustained rise in BP Precipitation of diabetes Anorexia (lack of appetite for food) Lethargy (lack of energy) Opportunistic infections Hirsutism (abnormal growth of hairs) PHARMACOKINETICS: Oral bioavailability is low. Metabolized in liver by CYP3A4. Excreted in bile Plasma t1/2 is 4-6hr and 12-18hr. Dose: 10-15mg/kg/day
- 18. Calcineurin inhibitors (Specific T-cell inhibitors) 2. TACROLIMUS : It’s a new molecule chemically differ from Cyclosporine but having the same mechanism of action and is 100 times more potent. Pharmacokinetics :- Administered orally as well as i.v. infusion. Oral absorption is variable and decreases with food. Metabolized by CPY3A4. Excreted in bile. Dose :- 0.05-0.1mg/kg BD oral
- 19. Anti- proliferative drugs (Cytotoxic drugs) 1. AZATHIOPRINE : Pure antimetabolite. More selective as immunosuppressant's than antitumor action. (May be due to its more selective uptake to immune cells) Less effective than cyclosporine. Used in patients developing cyclosporine toxicity.
- 20. Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids have potent immunosuppressant action. It inhibits several components of immune response, particularly MHC expression and proliferation of T lymphocytes. PREDNISOLONE: Fluid retention (edema)occurs with high doses. Dose:- 5-60mg/day orally. 10-40mg i.m.
- 21. Immunosuppressant Antibodies: 1. Muromonab CD3 It is a murine monoclonal antibody. It is developed against CD3 glycoprotein located on T cell receptor. Binding of muromanab CD3 to the antigen obstructs the binding of MHC II antigen complex. Hence, precipitation of T cells occur.
- 22. Immunosuppressant Antibodies: 2. ANTITHYMOCYTE GLOBULIN: It is a polyclonal antibody purified from horse or rabbit immunized with human thymic lymphocytes which binds to T lymphocytes and depletes them. Dose: Thymoglobulin (rabbit) 25mg/vial inj.
- 24. INDUCTION REGIMEN Given in perioperative period. Cyclosporine+ Predisolone+ Azathioprine MAINTENANC -E REGIMEN Given for prolonged period. Cyclosporine+ Predisolone+ Azathioprine ANTI- REJECTION REGIMEN Given to suppress an episode of acute rejection. Methylprednis olone 0.5-1g i.v. daily for 3- 5 days. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN ORAGN TRANSPLANTATION
- 25. CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNOSTIMULANTS: provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen Specific Immuno stimulan t act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvant. Non- Specific immunos timulant
- 26. REFERENCES : Essentials of MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY 6th EDITION JAYPEE “KD Tripathi”. RANG AND DALE’S PHARMACOLOGY 6th EDITION. REVIEW OF MEDICINAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY. https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/immunopharmacology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunocompetence https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Article?contentid=1511&language= English https://www.dreamstime.com/illustrated-vector-human-immune- system-flat-medical-science-full-body-organs-image105059099