This document discusses antiseptics used in dentistry. It defines asepsis and the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants. It outlines desirable properties of antiseptics such as high germicidal efficacy, wide antimicrobial spectrum, and high therapeutic index. Various classes of antiseptics are described, including halogens, phenols, oxidizing agents, biguanides, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, and heavy metals. Specific antiseptics discussed include iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, formaldehyde, and gentian violet. Their antimicrobial properties and uses in dentistry are
Obtudent, mummifying agents and disclosing agentbibi umeza
overview of obtudent, mummifying agents and disclosing agent with detailed information on their pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
This lecture present to you the very basics of dental management of asthmatic patient in dental clinics. I kept it short and comprehensive as I can, for more info please refer to the reference mentioned in the lecture
Obtudent, mummifying agents and disclosing agentbibi umeza
overview of obtudent, mummifying agents and disclosing agent with detailed information on their pharmacological action, mechanism, uses and adverse effect for both medical and dental students.
This lecture present to you the very basics of dental management of asthmatic patient in dental clinics. I kept it short and comprehensive as I can, for more info please refer to the reference mentioned in the lecture
Antibiotics used in dentistry
Terminologies
History
Classification of antibiotics
Principles of antibiotics use
Commonly used antibiotics
Drug interaction
Drug combination
Antibiotic resistance
Summary
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
Antibiotics used in dentistry
Terminologies
History
Classification of antibiotics
Principles of antibiotics use
Commonly used antibiotics
Drug interaction
Drug combination
Antibiotic resistance
Summary
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptxPushpaPushpa59
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about antiseptics, disinfectants. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
A detailed summary of all the possible chemical disinfectants used in hospital sterilization procedures. Innovative pictures and brief explanations of all important topics clearly illustrated.........
Antiseptic - Modern and Ayurvedic ConceptsAbhilash Mu
A brief presentation on Anti-septics, Detailing history, Classification, Indications, Side effects,uses and an Ayurvedic introduction to this topic.It gives detailed description of Hydrogen peroxide, Chloroxylenol, Ethanol, Cetrimide etc. And Details Neem, Brahmi and Triphala as Ayurvedic anti-septics.
Chemical Disinfection is a topic under Public Health Dentistry which focuses on various methods and agents that can be used for disinfection of instruments, equipments and other substances used in Dental clinics and other fields of Dentistry.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Asepsis
• Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-
causing microorganisms such as pathogenic
bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites.
• Asepsis is absence of pathogenic microorganisms.
2
3. Antiseptics
• Antiseptics are substances which destroy or
prevent the growth of microorganisms, applying
to living tissue.
3
4. Disinfectants
• Disinfectants are powerful germicides which are
too corrosive or toxic to be applied to tissues but
which are suitable for application to inanimate
objects.
4
5. Properties Desirable in Antiseptics
• Agents should have high germicidal efficacy
• Agents which can destroy or kill microorganisms in obviously
superior to one that merely inhibit the growth of microorganisms
• A wide antimicrobial spectrum is also desired
• Antiseptic which has low surface tension is much more effective
for topical application
• Agent the lethal action in the presence of organic matter such as
blood, sputum and pus
5
6. Properties Desirable in Antiseptics
• Agents must have high therapeutic index the relationship
between the concentration that is effective against
microorganisms and that produce such as harmful effects as local
tissue irritation and interference with the processes of healing
and tissue repair
• Agents should not be allergenic and toxic to tissues
6
7. Classification of antiseptics based on chemical compounds
1. Halogens and halogen containing compounds
2. Phenols and phenol derivative agents
3. Oxidizing agent
4. Biguanides compounds
5. Alcohols
6. Aldehydes
7. Acids
8. Quaternary ammonium compounds
9. Nitrofurazone
10. Heavy metals and their salts
11. Dyes
7
8. 1.Halogens and halogen containing compounds
Iodine
• Most bacteria are killed within one minute by exposure of 1:20000
solution of iodine
• 15 mins to kill wet bacterial spores and dry spores require hours
and higher concentration
• Indications
• Disinfection of the skin
• Treatment of wounds and abrasions
• Application to mucous membrane (2% solution of iodine in
glycerine)
• Disadvantages
• Iodine burns usually by using 7% tincture.
• Irritating when applied to absorbed or raw surfaces
• Staining of skin, clothes and hypersensitivity rashes
8
9. 1.Halogens and halogen containing compounds
Iodophore
• The most widely used iodophore is povidone-iodine
• Its low concentration the immediate bactericidal action is only
moderated to that of iodine solution
• Very little staining of the skin and burning sensation
• E.g. Betadine, Septidine
Cholorophore
• Chlorine is present in the form of hypochlorite
• It is useful for skin and wound infection and irrigation solution for
abscess cavities
• They are bactericidal and virucidal
• They are corrosive to stainless steel equipment 9
10. 1.Halogens and halogen containing compounds
Iodoform
• Ribbon gauze impregnated with whit head’s varnish and pack into
intra oral wounds such as dry socket
• Protective dressing for exposed bone surface
• Antiseptic dressing for dry socket
• Prevent the entering the food debris into the dry socket
10
11. 2.Phenols and phenol derivative agents
• Phenolic compounds are more bactericidal than phenol itself
• It is widely used for disinfecting inanimate objects
• It is superiors to and cheaper than phenol
• Should not be used as burned or denuded skin
• Not be used as an occlusive dressing, wet pack and internal
use
• Should be used with caution in neonates and infants (brain
damage)
• Camphorated Paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) – used in root
canal treatment but inferior to sodium hypochlorite.
• Thymol – antibacterial and antifungal effects and usually
contains in the dental cartridge as funigicide. E.g. Listerine
mouthwash
11
12. 3.Oxidizing agent
• Hydrogen peroxide is used as oxidizing agent
• Can be used as mouth wash in acute necrotizing
ulcerative gingivitis and give bactericidal effect on
anaerobic organisms
• Irrigating solution used in root canal treatment
• Irrigating for suppurating wounds are used
• Can use as bleaching agent
• Prolong use of hydrogen peroxide can cause black hairy
tongue but it disappear after the drug is discontinued
12
13. 4.Biguanides compounds
• Chlorhexidine is one of a member of biguanides
• Useful as preoperative preparation of surgeon and patient
also useful in disinfection of wounds
• It is easily contaminated by pathogen
• Chlorhexidine mouthwash – contains chlorhexidine
gluconate and effective in treatment of apthous ulcer and
stomatitis and effect in inhibiting the formation of plaque
on tooth and used successfully in prophylaxis of dental
caries
• Untoward effects – black hairy tongue, changes in taste,
loss of appetite, candidiasis, staining of the teeth, burning
sensation of oral mucosa and lead to mucositis
13
14. 5.Alcohols
• Bactericidal to all common pathogenic bacteria
• Cannot kill the spores
• Ethanol is used in alcohols
• Skin disinfection – to prevent bed sores in bed ridden
patient
• As alcohol sponge to reduce fever
14
15. 6.Aldehydes
• Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used in aldehyde
group
• Effective against bacteria, fungi and viruses
• To disinfect inanimate objects such as surgical
instruments and gloves
• Can be used to sterilize turberculum sputum.
• Can not be applied safely to mucous membrane and skin
• In high concentration usually use as disinfected, not
antiseptic
• Glutaraldehyde is less toxic than formaldehyde
15
16. 7.Acids
• Acetic acid – 5% concentration (bactericidal) , lower
concentration is bacteriostatic.
• Benzoic acid – food preservative
• Boric acid – non irritating and do not kill bacteria
• Lactic acid – corrosive to tissues after prolonged contact
Uses
- Surgical dressings as a topical antimicrobial agent
- Burn therapy and vaginal douche
- Irrigation of lower urinary tract
16
17. 8.Quaternary ammonium compounds
• More effective against gram positive than gram negative
microorganisms
• More useful as anti-plaque agent which contains
predominantly gram positive bacteria
• Burning sensation of the oral mucosa
• Brownish discoloration of teeth and tongue
• Can cause recurrent apthous type ulceration
17
19. 10.Heavy metals and their salts
• Mercury bichloride - disinfectant for instruments or
unabraded skin
• Silver Nitrate - precipitation protein, interfere with
essential metabolic activities of
microbial cells
• Silver Sulfadiazine - 1% cream for burns
19
20. 11.Dyes
• Gentian violet
• Effective against gram positive bacteria and fungi
• Gram negative bacteria and acid fast bacteria are
resistant
• Permanent pigmentation of skin
• Acriflavin
• Orange red to red crystalline powder
• Incompatible with eusol and other chlorine preparation
• Effective against gram positive bacteria
20