Anti-Müllerian Hormone
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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian inhibiting substance, is a glycoprotein hormone that is structurally similar to activin and inhibin. It belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) cytokine superfamily. During embryonic development in males, AMH is produced by Sertoli cells and causes regression of the Müllerian ducts. In females, AMH is produced by granulosa cells in the ovaries and plays a role in folliculogenesis.
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1. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a key role in sexual differentiation in embryonic development and folliculogenesis.
2. In males, AMH is produced by Sertoli cells and causes regression of the Mullerian ducts. In females, AMH is produced by granulosa cells and inhibits follicular recruitment and dominance.
3. Serum AMH levels can be used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve, polycystic ovary syndrome, and male hypogonadism. Measurement of AMH is useful for fertility assessment and monitoring ovarian function.
L2 keyslides
Ovarian reserve can be assessed through basal FSH and estradiol levels, inhibin B, antral follicle count (AFC), and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels. AMH is a protein hormone produced by granulosa cells in the ovaries that inhibits excessive recruitment of follicles by FSH and controls primary follicle formation. Studies have shown AMH to be a strong predictor of ovarian response and likelihood of poor response, with higher sensitivity and specificity than FSH, inhibin B, or AFC alone. High pre-treatment AMH and low estradiol levels are also associated with increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome during assisted reproduction cycles.
Ovarian reserve laboratory diagnosis
Current markers for ovarian reserve are AMH & Antral follicle counts. AMH levels have been used to stratify patients with respect to fertility & further used in appropriate treatment options for successful pregnancy in an infertile couple.
Hereditary causes of infertility 1
1. Hereditary causes of infertility include freemartins and hermaphrodites. Freemartins are sterile heifers born as twins with males due to placental fusion, which results in abnormal sexual differentiation. Hermaphrodites exhibit both male and female genital characteristics due to genetic factors.
2. Male pseudohermaphroditism in goats is caused by an autosomal recessive gene and results in phenotypic males with some female characteristics. Freemartins and hermaphrodites increase infertility and should be identified and managed to improve herd fertility.
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The document summarizes the female hormonal cycle. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle, including the roles of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. The cycle involves changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina across three phases: proliferative, secretory, and menstrual. Placental hormones like hCG, hCS, estrogen and progesterone are also discussed, which help maintain pregnancy and support fetal development. The male hormonal cycle is briefly covered, noting higher testosterone levels impacting mood and behavior across morning, afternoon and evening.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. It involves the transformation of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa through mitosis and meiosis. The document outlines the key steps of spermatogenesis, hormonal regulation, factors that influence it, abnormalities that can occur, and importance of semen analysis. Testosterone is the principal hormone produced by Leydig cells that drives male characteristics and spermatogenesis. It regulates secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, muscle and bone growth, and brain function. Disorders of the testes can impair spermatogenesis and testosterone production.
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The document discusses buffalo follicular dynamics, covering topics such as fetal development, the pre-pubertal period, puberty, the estrous cycle, anoestrus, superovulation, and hormonally intervened cycles. Some key points include:
1) Follicular growth occurs in waves in buffaloes, similar to cattle.
2) Puberty is delayed in buffaloes, typically occurring between 18-46 months when buffaloes reach 55-60% of adult body weight.
3) Estrous cycles typically involve 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth, with the dominant follicle of the last wave ovulating.
4) Continuous waves occur during ano
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This document provides information about Prof. Mahesh Chandra Bansal, including his educational background and professional experience as the Founder Principal & Controller of Jhalawar Medical College And Hospital, Jhalawar and former Principal & Controller of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College And Hospital in Sitapura, Jaipur. It then discusses the mechanisms of myometrial quiescence during pregnancy and the initiation of labor, focusing on the roles of hormones like progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, corticotropin releasing hormone, prostaglandins, and other factors in maintaining uterine quiescence and triggering the start of labor.
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1. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a key role in sexual differentiation in embryonic development and folliculogenesis.
2. In males, AMH is produced by Sertoli cells and causes regression of the Mullerian ducts. In females, AMH is produced by granulosa cells and inhibits follicular recruitment and dominance.
3. Serum AMH levels can be used as a biomarker for ovarian reserve, polycystic ovary syndrome, and male hypogonadism. Measurement of AMH is useful for fertility assessment and monitoring ovarian function.
L2 keyslides
Ovarian reserve can be assessed through basal FSH and estradiol levels, inhibin B, antral follicle count (AFC), and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels. AMH is a protein hormone produced by granulosa cells in the ovaries that inhibits excessive recruitment of follicles by FSH and controls primary follicle formation. Studies have shown AMH to be a strong predictor of ovarian response and likelihood of poor response, with higher sensitivity and specificity than FSH, inhibin B, or AFC alone. High pre-treatment AMH and low estradiol levels are also associated with increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome during assisted reproduction cycles.
Ovarian reserve laboratory diagnosis
Current markers for ovarian reserve are AMH & Antral follicle counts. AMH levels have been used to stratify patients with respect to fertility & further used in appropriate treatment options for successful pregnancy in an infertile couple.
Hereditary causes of infertility 1
1. Hereditary causes of infertility include freemartins and hermaphrodites. Freemartins are sterile heifers born as twins with males due to placental fusion, which results in abnormal sexual differentiation. Hermaphrodites exhibit both male and female genital characteristics due to genetic factors.
2. Male pseudohermaphroditism in goats is caused by an autosomal recessive gene and results in phenotypic males with some female characteristics. Freemartins and hermaphrodites increase infertility and should be identified and managed to improve herd fertility.
hormone
The document summarizes the female hormonal cycle. It describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that regulates the cycle, including the roles of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone. The cycle involves changes in the ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina across three phases: proliferative, secretory, and menstrual. Placental hormones like hCG, hCS, estrogen and progesterone are also discussed, which help maintain pregnancy and support fetal development. The male hormonal cycle is briefly covered, noting higher testosterone levels impacting mood and behavior across morning, afternoon and evening.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. It involves the transformation of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa through mitosis and meiosis. The document outlines the key steps of spermatogenesis, hormonal regulation, factors that influence it, abnormalities that can occur, and importance of semen analysis. Testosterone is the principal hormone produced by Leydig cells that drives male characteristics and spermatogenesis. It regulates secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, muscle and bone growth, and brain function. Disorders of the testes can impair spermatogenesis and testosterone production.
Buffalo Follicular Dynamics
The document discusses buffalo follicular dynamics, covering topics such as fetal development, the pre-pubertal period, puberty, the estrous cycle, anoestrus, superovulation, and hormonally intervened cycles. Some key points include:
1) Follicular growth occurs in waves in buffaloes, similar to cattle.
2) Puberty is delayed in buffaloes, typically occurring between 18-46 months when buffaloes reach 55-60% of adult body weight.
3) Estrous cycles typically involve 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth, with the dominant follicle of the last wave ovulating.
4) Continuous waves occur during ano
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This document provides information about Prof. Mahesh Chandra Bansal, including his educational background and professional experience as the Founder Principal & Controller of Jhalawar Medical College And Hospital, Jhalawar and former Principal & Controller of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College And Hospital in Sitapura, Jaipur. It then discusses the mechanisms of myometrial quiescence during pregnancy and the initiation of labor, focusing on the roles of hormones like progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, corticotropin releasing hormone, prostaglandins, and other factors in maintaining uterine quiescence and triggering the start of labor.
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Follicular maturation during the menstrual cycle is driven by the hormones FSH and LH. Estrogen is also necessary for continued FSH activity. Under FSH influence, around 20 follicles develop but only one will ovulate while the rest become atretic. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol to prepare the uterus for implantation. During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones including hCG, hPL, progesterone and estrogens that help maintain the corpus luteum, promote fetal growth and prepare maternal organs for the demands of pregnancy. These hormones have roles in immunoregulation, thyroid stimulation, angiogenesis and development of maternal breasts and the fetus.
Female Reproductive Tract Anomalies 2
The document summarizes the key events and hormonal changes that occur during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. It describes how the ovaries, pituitary gland, and endometrium change during the menstrual, proliferative, secretory, and pregnancy phases of the cycle. The hormones estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH, and hCG are discussed in terms of how they regulate the development and shedding of the endometrium each month.
Hcg and hpl
HCG and HPL are protein hormones produced by the placenta. HCG is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast following implantation and promotes maintenance of the corpus luteum during early pregnancy. It can also be used clinically to induce ovulation and testosterone production. HPL, also called HCS, has a similar structure and function to human growth hormone. It decreases maternal insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization to ensure adequate fetal nutrition.
Endocrinology in relation to reproduction
Endocrine glands play an important role in reproduction by secreting hormones that regulate maturation of follicles, ovulation, and formation and function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and other hormones to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. During pregnancy, the placenta takes over hormone production from the corpus luteum by secreting human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, and pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein to support the transforming, breast development, and gonadal functions required to maintain pregnancy.
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This document summarizes gonadal function and sex hormone disorders. It describes how gonadotropins like LH and FSH produced by the pituitary gland control the ovaries and testes to produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. These sex hormones influence secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions. The document also outlines gametogenesis, disorders of sex development, hypogonadism, puberty disorders, menstrual disorders, signs of abnormal hormone levels, and fertility issues.
Female Reproductive System
1. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause an egg to mature and be released from an ovary, changing the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterine lining is shed through menstruation.
3. The major female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining and changes in cervical mucus. Their levels fluctuate during
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The menstrual cycle involves monthly changes in the female reproductive system. Upon reaching puberty, girls begin to menstruate as the uterus sheds its lining for 5 days each month. During the cycle, follicles in the ovaries mature and eventually rupture to release an egg (ovulation) around day 14. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the uterine lining is shed, starting a new cycle. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days and menstruation typically begins at puberty.
Hormonal causes of infertility
This document discusses various hormonal causes of infertility in cattle, including ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, silent heat, delayed ovulation, ovarian cysts, and persistent corpus luteum. Ovarian atresia occurs when follicles fail to grow and ovulate due to hormonal imbalances. Ovarian cysts develop from unovulated follicles and can cause anestrum. Persistent corpus luteum refers to the corpus luteum persisting beyond its normal lifespan, also resulting in anestrum. Diagnosis and treatment options aim to induce ovulation or luteinization and reestablish normal estrus cycles. Left untreated, these hormonal issues can increase costs through extended calving intervals and reduced fertility.
Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by placental trophoblastic cells during pregnancy. It is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, with the unique beta subunit being the earliest marker of pregnancy. hCG functions to maintain the corpus luteum until 6-8 weeks and stimulate progesterone secretion to support the pregnancy. It also stimulates fetal testosterone production and inhibits maternal immunorejection of the fetus. Normal hCG levels are detectable after 6-8 days and double every two days until 10 weeks, peaking at 10,000 by the second trimester. Abnormally high levels can indicate multiple fetuses, molar pregnancy, or germ cell tumors, while
Functional physiology of the genital organs of the domestic
The functions of reproductive organs of domestic farm and pet animals are explained for students, practitioners and researchers
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Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
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this is a detailed study referred from Textbook of Inderbir Singh’s embryology by v .Subadradevi ..
please comment
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Hereditary and acquired causes of infertility
This document discusses hereditary and acquired causes of infertility in animals. It outlines several hereditary conditions including freemartinism, hermaphroditism, white heifer disease, and ovarian abnormalities. It also discusses acquired causes such as somatic diseases, genital infections, improper feeding, climatic factors, and mismanagement. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic and non-genetic factors that can contribute to infertility.
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This document discusses luteal phase defect (LPD), including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- LPD is defined as a luteal phase that is not capable of implantation or maintaining pregnancy, and can be caused by issues with folliculogenesis, the LH surge, or progesterone production/response.
- It affects 4.4% of fertile populations and 3.5-13% of infertile patients, and as high as 32-35% of recurrent miscarriage cases.
- Diagnosis involves timed endometrial biopsies or progesterone level testing, though single tests have limitations. Treatment involves addressing underlying causes like hyperprolactinemia and
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The document discusses endocrinology in pregnancy, summarizing the roles and functions of various hormones produced by the fetus, placenta, and mother. It describes how some hormones are up-regulated from non-pregnant levels (quantitative) while others are unique to pregnancy (qualitative). Key hormones discussed include hCG, produced by the placenta to maintain the corpus luteum early in pregnancy; estrogen and progesterone, also produced by the placenta; and human placental lactogen, which increases throughout pregnancy and functions in metabolism and fetal nutrition. The precise levels and roles of multiple hormones are summarized.
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The placenta acts as an endocrine organ around 6-8 weeks of pregnancy, producing hormones like hCG, HPL, and estrogen. These hormones help maintain the corpus luteum, promote fetal growth, prevent rejection of the fetus, and prepare the uterus for pregnancy and birth. The placenta synthesizes hormones through pathways integrated between the mother, fetus, and placenta itself. Levels of hormones like hCG, HPL, and estrogen provide information about fetal and placental health.
Puberty in domestic animals
The mechanism of puberty and age of puberty in domestic animals is explained in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations
Ovarian cycle
The document discusses several topics related to human reproductive cycles:
1. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular and luteal phases, culminating in ovulation in the middle. The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase and secretes hormones to prepare the uterus.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by ovarian hormones and has proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases that regulate the endometrium.
3. Placentation begins with implantation and involves the formation of chorionic villi from the embryo and decidua from the endometrium to facilitate nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus without blood mixing. The placenta secretes important hormones throughout pregnancy.
Reproductive endocrinology.pdf
The process of reproduction begins with copulation, which is
the mating of a male and female of the species.
•Sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female
reproductive tract and try to unite with an egg cell.
•When fertilization (a sperm cell and egg cell unite) occurs, an
embryo begins to develop.
•The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus where it is
protected, receives nourishment, and develops.
•When the new offspring reaches the end of the gestation
period, it is delivered from the female reproductive tract in
a process called parturition.
•To completely understand the process of reproduction, a
basic knowledge of the reproductive tract structures and
functions is required
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Follicular maturation during the menstrual cycle is driven by the hormones FSH and LH. Estrogen is also necessary for continued FSH activity. Under FSH influence, around 20 follicles develop but only one will ovulate while the rest become atretic. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estradiol to prepare the uterus for implantation. During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones including hCG, hPL, progesterone and estrogens that help maintain the corpus luteum, promote fetal growth and prepare maternal organs for the demands of pregnancy. These hormones have roles in immunoregulation, thyroid stimulation, angiogenesis and development of maternal breasts and the fetus.
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The document summarizes the key events and hormonal changes that occur during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. It describes how the ovaries, pituitary gland, and endometrium change during the menstrual, proliferative, secretory, and pregnancy phases of the cycle. The hormones estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH, and hCG are discussed in terms of how they regulate the development and shedding of the endometrium each month.
Hcg and hpl
HCG and HPL are protein hormones produced by the placenta. HCG is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast following implantation and promotes maintenance of the corpus luteum during early pregnancy. It can also be used clinically to induce ovulation and testosterone production. HPL, also called HCS, has a similar structure and function to human growth hormone. It decreases maternal insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization to ensure adequate fetal nutrition.
Endocrinology in relation to reproduction
Endocrine glands play an important role in reproduction by secreting hormones that regulate maturation of follicles, ovulation, and formation and function of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and other hormones to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. During pregnancy, the placenta takes over hormone production from the corpus luteum by secreting human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, and pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein to support the transforming, breast development, and gonadal functions required to maintain pregnancy.
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This document summarizes gonadal function and sex hormone disorders. It describes how gonadotropins like LH and FSH produced by the pituitary gland control the ovaries and testes to produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. These sex hormones influence secondary sex characteristics and reproductive functions. The document also outlines gametogenesis, disorders of sex development, hypogonadism, puberty disorders, menstrual disorders, signs of abnormal hormone levels, and fertility issues.
Female Reproductive System
1. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
2. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause an egg to mature and be released from an ovary, changing the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterine lining is shed through menstruation.
3. The major female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining and changes in cervical mucus. Their levels fluctuate during
Menstruation
The menstrual cycle involves monthly changes in the female reproductive system. Upon reaching puberty, girls begin to menstruate as the uterus sheds its lining for 5 days each month. During the cycle, follicles in the ovaries mature and eventually rupture to release an egg (ovulation) around day 14. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the uterine lining is shed, starting a new cycle. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days and menstruation typically begins at puberty.
Hormonal causes of infertility
This document discusses various hormonal causes of infertility in cattle, including ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, silent heat, delayed ovulation, ovarian cysts, and persistent corpus luteum. Ovarian atresia occurs when follicles fail to grow and ovulate due to hormonal imbalances. Ovarian cysts develop from unovulated follicles and can cause anestrum. Persistent corpus luteum refers to the corpus luteum persisting beyond its normal lifespan, also resulting in anestrum. Diagnosis and treatment options aim to induce ovulation or luteinization and reestablish normal estrus cycles. Left untreated, these hormonal issues can increase costs through extended calving intervals and reduced fertility.
Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by placental trophoblastic cells during pregnancy. It is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, with the unique beta subunit being the earliest marker of pregnancy. hCG functions to maintain the corpus luteum until 6-8 weeks and stimulate progesterone secretion to support the pregnancy. It also stimulates fetal testosterone production and inhibits maternal immunorejection of the fetus. Normal hCG levels are detectable after 6-8 days and double every two days until 10 weeks, peaking at 10,000 by the second trimester. Abnormally high levels can indicate multiple fetuses, molar pregnancy, or germ cell tumors, while
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Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Hormonal control of ovarian &uterine cycles- medical study
The ovarian and uterine cycles are controlled by chemical messengers or hormones.
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please comment
thank you
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The endocrinology of male reproduction is explained in this lecture useful for veterinary students, practitioners and aspirants of competetive exams
Placenta as an endocrine organ
The placenta functions as both the lungs and liver of the fetus. It allows for the transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus and waste from fetus to mother through the maternal bloodstream. The placenta is also an endocrine organ that secretes hormones like hCG, estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic somatomammotropin without external control. These hormones help maintain the corpus luteum and pregnancy by affecting the uterus, breasts, and other tissues.
Hereditary and acquired causes of infertility
This document discusses hereditary and acquired causes of infertility in animals. It outlines several hereditary conditions including freemartinism, hermaphroditism, white heifer disease, and ovarian abnormalities. It also discusses acquired causes such as somatic diseases, genital infections, improper feeding, climatic factors, and mismanagement. Overall, the document provides an overview of genetic and non-genetic factors that can contribute to infertility.
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This document discusses luteal phase defect (LPD), including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- LPD is defined as a luteal phase that is not capable of implantation or maintaining pregnancy, and can be caused by issues with folliculogenesis, the LH surge, or progesterone production/response.
- It affects 4.4% of fertile populations and 3.5-13% of infertile patients, and as high as 32-35% of recurrent miscarriage cases.
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The document discusses several topics related to human reproductive cycles:
1. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular and luteal phases, culminating in ovulation in the middle. The corpus luteum forms during the luteal phase and secretes hormones to prepare the uterus.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by ovarian hormones and has proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases that regulate the endometrium.
3. Placentation begins with implantation and involves the formation of chorionic villi from the embryo and decidua from the endometrium to facilitate nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus without blood mixing. The placenta secretes important hormones throughout pregnancy.
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The process of reproduction begins with copulation, which is
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•Sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female
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•When fertilization (a sperm cell and egg cell unite) occurs, an
embryo begins to develop.
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The document discusses the human reproductive system. It describes the key components and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems, including the testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, and other organs. It also explains the important role of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH in regulating reproduction and the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is summarized as consisting of the menstruation, follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases in a typical 28-day cycle.
The Reproductive System.docx
The female reproductive system produces eggs, transports them, and supports pregnancy. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone that regulate the menstrual cycle. If an egg is fertilized, it implants in the uterus where the embryo develops. Menopause occurs when egg production and the menstrual cycle cease. The male reproductive system produces sperm through spermatogenesis and hormones that support fertility. Both systems work together through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to regulate the reproductive cycles.
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Human Reproduction - II
The female reproductive system produces egg cells and sex hormones. The ovaries contain primordial follicles which develop into mature follicles containing oocytes. At ovulation, the mature follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte. If fertilization occurs, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. The endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen in preparation for implantation. If implantation does not occur, the endometrium is shed through menstruation. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones including FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.
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Anti-Müllerian Hormone
- 1. Anti-Müllerian Hormone (Müllerian Inhibiting Substance) ارائه و گردآوری:غانم علی/زایمان و زنان اینترن
- 2. Anti-Müllerian Hormone : Glycoprotein Hormone Structurally Similar to Actin & Inhibin belong to TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor – Beta) cytokine superfamily
- 3. Ovarian reserve is not reduced by single dose MTX Origin • During Embryonic Period Sertoli Cells (only in males) – created by SRY (Sex- determining Region Y) gene expression - • During Reproductive Years (of females) Granulosa Cells of the ovary, PEAK - Preantral and antral follicles
- 4. • During Embryonic Period (of Males) Growth Differentiation (during late Organogenesis Stage) • During Reproductive Years (of Females) Folliculogenesis -> establishing primary follicle dominance through FSH negative feedback Role
- 5. During Embryonic Period at 8th week of gestation Mesonephric (Wolffian) Ducts & Paramesonephric (Müllerian) Ducts Activation through AMH & AMHr Expression
- 8. • Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T (2011). "Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve". Physiological Research. 60 (2): 217–23. PMID 21114374.