Antihypertensive drugs
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Main and important classes of anti-hypertensive drugs. (antihypertensive drugs, anti hypertensive sites of action, diuretics, diuretics sites of action, sympathoplegic drugs, beta blockers, alpha blokers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers)
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AntiHypertensive Drugs
Here are the key points of management:
1. Hospital admission and IV access is needed given the hypertensive emergency presentation with severe hypertension and papilledema.
2. Sodium nitroprusside infusion is started at a low dose and titrated up slowly to reach the target BP of 160/100-110 mmHg, with no more than a 25% reduction within 2 hours.
3. Alternatively, enalaprilat can be given in divided doses not exceeding 5mg total over several hours to gradually lower the BP within the target range.
Close monitoring is required given the emergency presentation until BP is stabilized. The goal is to lower BP gradually to avoid rebound hypertension but do so promptly given the
Antihypertensive drug
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
18.antihypertensives
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
Drugs used in cardio vascular system- Mr. panneh
This document provides an overview of various types of cardiovascular drugs, including:
1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
2. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists which compete with angiotensin II for tissue binding sites to reduce blood pressure.
3. Other classes of drugs discussed include alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and nitrates. Each drug class is described in terms of its mechanisms of action, clinical uses, common side effects and drug examples. The document serves as a reference for cardiovascular drugs and their characteristics.
Antihypertensives
Diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are often used due to their effectiveness and favorable side effect profile. If blood pressure is not controlled with one drug, a second drug from a different class is added. Patient compliance is important for successful treatment and selecting a regimen with fewer side effects can help improve compliance. Different drug classes may work better for certain patient populations, such as calcium channel blockers for elderly patients. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and vasodilators.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
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AntiHypertensive Drugs
Here are the key points of management:
1. Hospital admission and IV access is needed given the hypertensive emergency presentation with severe hypertension and papilledema.
2. Sodium nitroprusside infusion is started at a low dose and titrated up slowly to reach the target BP of 160/100-110 mmHg, with no more than a 25% reduction within 2 hours.
3. Alternatively, enalaprilat can be given in divided doses not exceeding 5mg total over several hours to gradually lower the BP within the target range.
Close monitoring is required given the emergency presentation until BP is stabilized. The goal is to lower BP gradually to avoid rebound hypertension but do so promptly given the
Antihypertensive drug
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
18.antihypertensives
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
Drugs used in cardio vascular system- Mr. panneh
This document provides an overview of various types of cardiovascular drugs, including:
1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
2. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists which compete with angiotensin II for tissue binding sites to reduce blood pressure.
3. Other classes of drugs discussed include alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and nitrates. Each drug class is described in terms of its mechanisms of action, clinical uses, common side effects and drug examples. The document serves as a reference for cardiovascular drugs and their characteristics.
Antihypertensives
Diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are often used due to their effectiveness and favorable side effect profile. If blood pressure is not controlled with one drug, a second drug from a different class is added. Patient compliance is important for successful treatment and selecting a regimen with fewer side effects can help improve compliance. Different drug classes may work better for certain patient populations, such as calcium channel blockers for elderly patients. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and vasodilators.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
anti hypertensive drugs for nursing students
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a disorder where blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by unknown factors (essential hypertension) or other diseases (secondary hypertension). Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
The document discusses various types of medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and potential side effects in the treatment of hypertension.
Antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management. It begins with an introduction to hypertension and outlines types of hypertension like primary or essential hypertension. It then discusses risk factors, diagnosis, and management of hypertension including both non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and various classes of pharmacological treatments. Specific drug classes are explained like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and others. The document also covers hypertension during pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies. It concludes with precautions for using antihypertensive drugs.
Class antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
Anti hypertensive Drugs Part 1
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, side effects, and contraindications. Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension and work by increasing sodium excretion. ACE inhibitors and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium channels to cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
Antihypertensives
- Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension.
- Antihypertensive drugs work by reducing blood volume and cardiac output through diuretics, reducing peripheral vascular resistance through sympathoplegics and vasodilators, or blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate essential hypertension. Sympathoplegics are used for moderate to severe hypertension but have more side effects. Various drug classes target different mechanisms like calcium channels, adrenergic receptors, or the renin-angiotensin system.
Anti-hypertensive drugs for Nursing Students
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
Anti hypertensive agents
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes the types as essential or secondary. It explains how factors like stress, sodium intake, obesity, and smoking can cause environmental hypertension. The document outlines the need for treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs. It then details various classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit angiotensin II production and lower blood pressure.
Anti Hypertensive drugs overdose
This document discusses antihypertensive drug overdose and management. It describes a case of a 64-year-old male brought to the emergency department with confusion, weakness, and electrolyte abnormalities. His history indicates hypertension treated with oral medications. The document then outlines various classes of antihypertensive drugs and their associated toxic effects, including diuretics causing electrolyte abnormalities, sympatholytics causing hypotension and bradycardia, and vasodilators causing hypotension. Management of overdose involves supporting airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments are recommended for angioedema, hypotension, and electrolyte disturbances.
Anti hypertensive drugs nikhil
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
Anti hypertensive agents
this power point gives a brief information regarding stepped care approach and categories of drugs used in hypertension
Antihypertensives
This document discusses drug treatment for hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and classifying it by severity based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are explained. Blood pressure regulation involves the renin-angiotensin system and is controlled by both short-term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long-term mechanisms like fluid volume regulation. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Lowering blood pressure reduces risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and drug therapy tailored to a patient's risk level.
Anti hypertensives
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Antihypertensives drugs
The document classifies drugs used to treat hypertension into 9 categories based on their mechanisms of action. These categories include drugs that act centrally, on autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, on adrenergic receptors, directly on vascular smooth muscle, as potassium channel activators, by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, oral diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. Examples are provided for each category of antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs
Blood pressure is caused by the force of cardiac contraction and measured as systolic (120 mmHg during contraction) and diastolic (80 mmHg during relaxation). The sino-atrial node acts as the heart's pacemaker, sending electrical signals through the conduction system to contract heart muscle cells in a coordinated way. Hypertension can be primary, caused by genetic and lifestyle factors, or secondary from conditions like renal or adrenal medulla disease. Antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension work by mechanisms like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system drugs, and direct vasodilators.
Ant ihypertensive
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies these drugs into 10 categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha-beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action how each lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels or reducing cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Adverse effects like hypotension and cough are also mentioned.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It describes 7 classes of antihypertensive drugs: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, sympatholytics/alpha blockers, and direct vasodilators. It provides details on the types, mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and considerations for each class. It also discusses patient compliance with antihypertensive medications and strategies to improve compliance.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
3arrythmia pharmacotherapy
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an abnormal cardiac rhythm involving changes in rate or regularity. Common causes include physiological changes, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Clinical evaluation involves physical exam findings like abnormal pulse and palpitations, as well as ECG and lab tests. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Antiarrhythmic drugs work by affecting sodium, potassium, calcium, and adrenergic channels. First-line drugs include quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, beta-blockers, amiodarone, verapamil, and lifestyle modifications. Treatment depends on whether the arrhythmia is life-threatening or affecting
Anti hypertensive Drugs
High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the time.
Antihypertensives - drdhriti
This document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and effects. It discusses diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, centrally acting drugs, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes their advantages and disadvantages in treating hypertension, as well as recommendations for use.
T herapy of hypertension1
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, causes, classification, and treatment options. It defines hypertension as a sustained blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and discusses how it damages blood vessels. It classifies blood pressure and lists the etiology and risk factors of hypertension. The major sections cover the principles of treatment, classification of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, sympatholytic agents, and vasodilators.
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anti hypertensive drugs for nursing students
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a disorder where blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg. It can be caused by unknown factors (essential hypertension) or other diseases (secondary hypertension). Untreated hypertension can damage blood vessels and organs over time.
The document discusses various types of medications used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and potential side effects in the treatment of hypertension.
Antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management. It begins with an introduction to hypertension and outlines types of hypertension like primary or essential hypertension. It then discusses risk factors, diagnosis, and management of hypertension including both non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and various classes of pharmacological treatments. Specific drug classes are explained like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and others. The document also covers hypertension during pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies. It concludes with precautions for using antihypertensive drugs.
Class antihypertensives
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
Anti hypertensive Drugs Part 1
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, side effects, and contraindications. Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension and work by increasing sodium excretion. ACE inhibitors and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium channels to cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
Antihypertensives
- Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension.
- Antihypertensive drugs work by reducing blood volume and cardiac output through diuretics, reducing peripheral vascular resistance through sympathoplegics and vasodilators, or blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate essential hypertension. Sympathoplegics are used for moderate to severe hypertension but have more side effects. Various drug classes target different mechanisms like calcium channels, adrenergic receptors, or the renin-angiotensin system.
Anti-hypertensive drugs for Nursing Students
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
Anti hypertensive agents
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes the types as essential or secondary. It explains how factors like stress, sodium intake, obesity, and smoking can cause environmental hypertension. The document outlines the need for treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs. It then details various classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit angiotensin II production and lower blood pressure.
Anti Hypertensive drugs overdose
This document discusses antihypertensive drug overdose and management. It describes a case of a 64-year-old male brought to the emergency department with confusion, weakness, and electrolyte abnormalities. His history indicates hypertension treated with oral medications. The document then outlines various classes of antihypertensive drugs and their associated toxic effects, including diuretics causing electrolyte abnormalities, sympatholytics causing hypotension and bradycardia, and vasodilators causing hypotension. Management of overdose involves supporting airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments are recommended for angioedema, hypotension, and electrolyte disturbances.
Anti hypertensive drugs nikhil
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
Anti hypertensive agents
this power point gives a brief information regarding stepped care approach and categories of drugs used in hypertension
Antihypertensives
This document discusses drug treatment for hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and classifying it by severity based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are explained. Blood pressure regulation involves the renin-angiotensin system and is controlled by both short-term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long-term mechanisms like fluid volume regulation. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Lowering blood pressure reduces risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and drug therapy tailored to a patient's risk level.
Anti hypertensives
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Antihypertensives drugs
The document classifies drugs used to treat hypertension into 9 categories based on their mechanisms of action. These categories include drugs that act centrally, on autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, on adrenergic receptors, directly on vascular smooth muscle, as potassium channel activators, by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, oral diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. Examples are provided for each category of antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive drugs
Blood pressure is caused by the force of cardiac contraction and measured as systolic (120 mmHg during contraction) and diastolic (80 mmHg during relaxation). The sino-atrial node acts as the heart's pacemaker, sending electrical signals through the conduction system to contract heart muscle cells in a coordinated way. Hypertension can be primary, caused by genetic and lifestyle factors, or secondary from conditions like renal or adrenal medulla disease. Antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension work by mechanisms like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system drugs, and direct vasodilators.
Ant ihypertensive
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It classifies these drugs into 10 categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha-beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors. For each drug class, it describes the mechanism of action how each lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels or reducing cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Adverse effects like hypotension and cough are also mentioned.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It describes 7 classes of antihypertensive drugs: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, sympatholytics/alpha blockers, and direct vasodilators. It provides details on the types, mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and considerations for each class. It also discusses patient compliance with antihypertensive medications and strategies to improve compliance.
Anti Hypertensive Drugs
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
3arrythmia pharmacotherapy
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to an abnormal cardiac rhythm involving changes in rate or regularity. Common causes include physiological changes, valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Clinical evaluation involves physical exam findings like abnormal pulse and palpitations, as well as ECG and lab tests. Mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis include disorders of impulse formation and conduction. Antiarrhythmic drugs work by affecting sodium, potassium, calcium, and adrenergic channels. First-line drugs include quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, beta-blockers, amiodarone, verapamil, and lifestyle modifications. Treatment depends on whether the arrhythmia is life-threatening or affecting
Anti hypertensive Drugs
High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above most of the time.
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This document summarizes several classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and effects. It discusses diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, centrally acting drugs, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes their advantages and disadvantages in treating hypertension, as well as recommendations for use.
T herapy of hypertension1
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, causes, classification, and treatment options. It defines hypertension as a sustained blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and discusses how it damages blood vessels. It classifies blood pressure and lists the etiology and risk factors of hypertension. The major sections cover the principles of treatment, classification of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, sympatholytic agents, and vasodilators.
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This document discusses various types of direct vasodilators and centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. It describes how drugs like minoxidil, hydralazine, and sodium nitroprusside work as direct vasodilators by opening potassium channels or increasing cGMP to cause smooth muscle relaxation. Centrally acting drugs like methyldopa, clonidine, and moxonidine work by stimulating alpha-2 receptors in the brain to decrease sympathetic outflow and lower blood pressure. Reserpine also works centrally and peripherally by blocking vesicular monoamine transporters. Finally, alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists like prazosin antagonize the effects of norepinephrine to decrease peripheral resistance and blood pressure
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This document provides information on antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension as a persistent elevation of blood pressure above normal levels. It discusses the classification of hypertension based on blood pressure measurements and cause. It also outlines the various drug classes used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. It provides examples of specific drugs within each class and describes their mechanisms of action and side effects.
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1. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and drug interactions.
2. Diuretics are first line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension. Loop diuretics are used when thiazides are ineffective or in renal impairment. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used with other diuretics.
3. Beta blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Atenolol is a cardioselective beta blocker. Propranol
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Serotonin is an amine formed from tryptophan that acts as an autacoid. It has various receptors located throughout the body. The 5-HT1 receptors include 5-HT1A, 1B, 1D, and 1E/F which are located in different areas and have different functions. The 5-HT2 receptors include 5-HT2A, 2B, and 2C which also have different locations and functions. Triptans like sumatriptan are used for migraines by activating 5-HT1 receptors. Prostaglandins are lipid derivatives of arachidonic acid that also act as autacoids or local hormones. They include PGE2, PGF2
18.antihypertensives
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the classification of antihypertensive drugs into six main categories: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also discusses non-pharmacological approaches to treating hypertension and the selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
hypertensive drugs in various conditions.pptx
Electrolyte imbalance
Metabolic: hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia.
Erectile dysfunction
Not effective in chronic renal disease.
More effective in elderly: also in patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
Long acting, used once a day
No tolerance and no fluid retention
Reduce calcium excretion, preferred in osteoporosis (especially older women).
Hydrochlorothiazide is one commonly used thiazide and consider as 1st choice.
the main problem with thiazide is hypokalemia and this can be avoided by K+ supplementation or using K+ sparing diuretics.
However, ACEI/ARBs should not combined with K+ sparing diuretics which cause dangerous hyperkaliemia in some pt.
Indications: HT, especially co-existing with:-
DM,
Nephropathy,
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVF),
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF),
Angina,
Post Myocardial Infarction (MI) cases.
ADRs: Dry persistent cough, Fetal malformations, granulocytopenia, proteinuria (Rare).
Efficacy as monotherapy ~30-40%. Always combined with other drugs
Slow onset (1-3 weeks), well sustained action
Gradual in BP in hypertensives only.
Mech : Initially, TPR increases due to -blockade
Later TPR decreases – resistance vessels adapt to chronically decreased CO
Both systolic & diastolic BP reduced.
Also, ↓ release of NA from sympathetic nerve endings, ↓ Renin release from kidney (1).
Contraindicated in CHF, Pulmonary diseases (Bronchial asthma/COPD), Peripheral vascular disease and Variant angina.
Cardioprotective – especially helpful to prevent sudden cardiac death if given Post MI, along with ACEIs.
Hypoglycemic episodes – (1 selective less risky)
Absence of SEs like Postural Hypotension, GIT effects etc
Efficacy as monotherapy ~30-40%. Always combined with other drugs
Slow onset (1-3 weeks), well sustained action
Gradual in BP in hypertensives only.
Mech : Initially, TPR increases due to -blockade
Later TPR decreases – resistance vessels adapt to chronically decreased CO
Both systolic & diastolic BP reduced.
Also, ↓ release of NA from sympathetic nerve endings, ↓ Renin release from kidney (1).
Almost obsolete drugs
Reserpine – R.serpentina roots. Indigenous. Inhibits tpt of NA into storage granules depletion. Slow onset (2-3 wks). Also CA & 5HT depletion in brain depression, antipsychotic effect & Parkinsonism like symptoms. Not preferred as anti-HT drug now.
Guanethidine – Displaces NA from storage granules, release of NA from nerve terminals & NA reuptake inhibited depletion. Obsolete drug.
Latest guidelines (JNC8, NICE 2011): Consider:-
Age / Race: Younger patients (↑ renin) respond better to ACEIs/ARBs. Blacks & aged respond better to CCBs. Diuretics alternatives to CCBs.
If monotherapy ineffective – ACEIs/ARBs + CCBs/Diuretics.
ACEIs/ARBs + CCBs + Diuretics – 3rd step
If all fails – resistant HT – add a aldosterone antagonist or beta-blocker with vasodilator action.
BP > 140/90 in pregnancy can be risky
CKD, Diabetes & Chronic HT are risk factors for Pre-eclampsia
Aspirin
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This document discusses antiadrenergic drugs that antagonize the actions of adrenaline. It describes the pharmacological effects of alpha-adrenergic blockers and beta blockers. Alpha blockers are classified as alpha1 selective or alpha2 selective. Common alpha blockers mentioned include prazosin, terazosin, and tamsulosin. Beta blockers are classified as nonselective, cardioselective, or those with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Common uses of alpha and beta blockers include hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, pheochromocytoma, and angina. Adverse effects include hypotension, bradycardia, and bronchospasm.
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This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
Hypertension
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This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its prevalence globally. It notes that only half of those with hypertension have been diagnosed, treated, and adequately controlled. It describes primary and secondary causes of hypertension. The main classes of antihypertensive medications are discussed - diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and alpha blockers. Specific examples within each class are explained. The document emphasizes the goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiac and renal complications.
Treatment of parknsonism
Treatment of Parkinson's disease involves several classes of drugs:
1) Levodopa is the metabolic precursor to dopamine and the most effective treatment when given with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa.
2) Dopamine agonists like pramipexole and ropinirole activate dopamine receptors.
3) MAO-B inhibitors like selegiline and rasagiline decrease the breakdown of dopamine.
Antihypertensive agents
1. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, requires treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys.
2. There are several classes of antihypertensive agents that work through different mechanisms such as reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, blocking adrenoreceptors, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Common antihypertensive drug classes discussed include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. The appropriate treatment is selected based on the severity of the patient's high blood pressure.
Ihd
The document discusses ischaemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes. It describes angina, myocardial infarction, and their management. For stable angina, treatments include nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and lifestyle modifications. For acute coronary syndromes, management involves oxygen, aspirin, clopidogrel, bed rest, and considering interventions like thrombolysis or angiography. Secondary prevention includes aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and aggressive risk factor control. Several clinical trials are referenced that helped establish evidence-based guidelines.
Ihd
The document discusses ischaemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes. It describes angina, myocardial infarction, and their management. For stable angina, treatments include nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and lifestyle modifications. For acute coronary syndromes, management involves oxygen, aspirin, clopidogrel, bed rest, and considering interventions like thrombolysis or angiography. Secondary prevention includes aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and aggressive risk factor control.
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE DRUG
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes the types of hypertension. It explains the need to treat hypertension to prevent target organ damage like eye, brain, kidney and heart disease. It then discusses the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms involving the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, baroreflex and renin-angiotensin system. The rest of the document summarizes the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of major classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. It emphasizes that these drugs work by interfering with the normal blood pressure regulating mechanisms.
Antiadrenergic system and drugs
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Psychiatric drug
There are six main groups of psychiatric medications: antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and anticholinergics. Antipsychotics are most frequently used to treat schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. Common side effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and sedation. Antidepressants are used to treat depression and other disorders and can cause insomnia, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Mood stabilizers like lithium are used to treat bipolar disorder and have side effects of tremors, nausea, and polyuria.
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- 4. DIURETICS Depletes body sodium stores Thiazides (25mg) – mild, moderate Old age, blacks, heart failure Furosemide (20 -40mg) – severe, multiple drugs with sodium retaining properties, cardiac failure, cirrosis A/E : Hypokalemia ( digitalis), Hemolytic anemias Hypomagnesimia, impair glucose tolerance, lipid, gout
- 6. CENTRALLY ACTING SYMPATHOPLEGIC DRUGS Methyldopa (1gm/d) - pregnancy Lowers PVR – central post α receptors – baroreceptor reflexes PK; aromatic aminoacid transporter Useful in HT in renal failure pts A/E; Sedation,depression, lassitude Extrapyramidal signs Hemolytic anemia – coombs test > 12 months Prolactin Hepatitis and drug fever
- 8. Β-BLOCKERS
- 9. Metaprolol (50mg) & atenolol (50mg); cardioselective, less potent Advantages – asthma, PVD, DM Sustained formulations – HT with CHF Atenolol cautious in renal failure pts Pindolol (10 mg)– intrinsic symapthetic activity Labetolol ( 200 mg) α β blocker Uses; pheochromacytoma and hypertensive emergencies Carvedilol; effective antiHT – CHF Esmolol ( 0.5 mg /kg) intraoperative and postoperative management
- 10. Α BLOCKERS
- 11. VASODILATORS Hydralazine (40 mg/d) & minoxidil (5-10 mg/d) K efflux – hyperpolarisation, direct vasodilation Reflex tachycardia – atenolol Uses – severe and pregnancy induced HT A/E; Headache, tachycardia, nausea, sweating, arrhythmia, lupus like reaction
- 12. Minoxidil – selective action on arterioles Uses- severe to malignant hypertension refractory conditions Reflex tachycardia, sodium and water retention
- 13. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS Old age, blacks, angina, arrhythmias, isolated systolic hypertension, DM, PVD DHPs: nifedipine (30mg) Selective affinity for vascular smooth muscle A/E; dizziness, headache, feeling of fatigue Gingival enlargement
- 14. ACE INHIBITORS Lisinopril (10mg) Preferred when diuretics ineffective Uses- white and young, with diuretic for blacks, DM, ventricular remodelling in MI, CHF, HT in renal failure pts A/E; dry cough, rash, fever, altered taste hyperkalemia Teratogenic