1. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and drug interactions.
2. Diuretics are first line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension. Loop diuretics are used when thiazides are ineffective or in renal impairment. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used with other diuretics.
3. Beta blockers reduce blood pressure by blocking sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Atenolol is a cardioselective beta blocker. Propranol
Diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are often used due to their effectiveness and favorable side effect profile. If blood pressure is not controlled with one drug, a second drug from a different class is added. Patient compliance is important for successful treatment and selecting a regimen with fewer side effects can help improve compliance. Different drug classes may work better for certain patient populations, such as calcium channel blockers for elderly patients. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and vasodilators.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
This document discusses drug treatment for hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and classifying it by severity based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are explained. Blood pressure regulation involves the renin-angiotensin system and is controlled by both short-term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long-term mechanisms like fluid volume regulation. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Lowering blood pressure reduces risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and drug therapy tailored to a patient's risk level.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, side effects, and contraindications. Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension and work by increasing sodium excretion. ACE inhibitors and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium channels to cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes 12 classes of drugs, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, ganglionic blockers, 5HT antagonists, adrenergic neuronal blockers, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, hydralazine, clonidine, reserpine, guanethidine, and sodium nitroprusside. It also discusses the mechanisms of action,
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
Diuretics are commonly used as first-line therapy for hypertension. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are often used due to their effectiveness and favorable side effect profile. If blood pressure is not controlled with one drug, a second drug from a different class is added. Patient compliance is important for successful treatment and selecting a regimen with fewer side effects can help improve compliance. Different drug classes may work better for certain patient populations, such as calcium channel blockers for elderly patients. The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and vasodilators.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs, classification of blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. It describes the different classes of antihypertensive drugs including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, advantages, adverse effects, and drug interactions. The document also covers non-pharmacological approaches for hypertension and guidelines for selection and combination of antihypertensive drugs based on individual patient factors.
This document discusses drug treatment for hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and classifying it by severity based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. The causes of primary and secondary hypertension are explained. Blood pressure regulation involves the renin-angiotensin system and is controlled by both short-term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long-term mechanisms like fluid volume regulation. The major classes of antihypertensive drugs are described including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Lowering blood pressure reduces risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure and other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and drug therapy tailored to a patient's risk level.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, side effects, and contraindications. Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate hypertension and work by increasing sodium excretion. ACE inhibitors and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium channels to cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
The document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes 12 classes of drugs, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, ganglionic blockers, 5HT antagonists, adrenergic neuronal blockers, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. It provides details on specific drugs like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, hydralazine, clonidine, reserpine, guanethidine, and sodium nitroprusside. It also discusses the mechanisms of action,
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. It explains their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure by reducing cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or sodium retention. Some advantages and side effects are provided for each drug class. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in blood pressure regulation is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
1. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, requires treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys.
2. There are several classes of antihypertensive agents that work through different mechanisms such as reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, blocking adrenoreceptors, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Common antihypertensive drug classes discussed include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. The appropriate treatment is selected based on the severity of the patient's high blood pressure.
- Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension.
- Antihypertensive drugs work by reducing blood volume and cardiac output through diuretics, reducing peripheral vascular resistance through sympathoplegics and vasodilators, or blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate essential hypertension. Sympathoplegics are used for moderate to severe hypertension but have more side effects. Various drug classes target different mechanisms like calcium channels, adrenergic receptors, or the renin-angiotensin system.
Here are the key points of management:
1. Hospital admission and IV access is needed given the hypertensive emergency presentation with severe hypertension and papilledema.
2. Sodium nitroprusside infusion is started at a low dose and titrated up slowly to reach the target BP of 160/100-110 mmHg, with no more than a 25% reduction within 2 hours.
3. Alternatively, enalaprilat can be given in divided doses not exceeding 5mg total over several hours to gradually lower the BP within the target range.
Close monitoring is required given the emergency presentation until BP is stabilized. The goal is to lower BP gradually to avoid rebound hypertension but do so promptly given the
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
This presentation deals with the most common antihypertensive drugs used in our day-to-day practice. The common 4 ABCDs (Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics)
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
This document provides information about antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg according to WHO standards. It then discusses different classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. For ACE inhibitors specifically, it explains their mechanism of inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Common ACE inhibitors mentioned are captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes the types as essential or secondary. It explains how factors like stress, sodium intake, obesity, and smoking can cause environmental hypertension. The document outlines the need for treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs. It then details various classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit angiotensin II production and lower blood pressure.
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
Main and important classes of anti-hypertensive drugs.
(antihypertensive drugs, anti hypertensive sites of action, diuretics, diuretics sites of action, sympathoplegic drugs, beta blockers, alpha blokers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers)
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
Antihypertensive drugs and hypertension managementAnas Indabawa
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management. It begins with an introduction to hypertension and outlines types of hypertension like primary or essential hypertension. It then discusses risk factors, diagnosis, and management of hypertension including both non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and various classes of pharmacological treatments. Specific drug classes are explained like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and others. The document also covers hypertension during pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies. It concludes with precautions for using antihypertensive drugs.
This document provides information on various types of antihypertensive drugs (drugs used to treat high blood pressure) including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It discusses classes of antihypertensives such as ACE inhibitors (e.g. captopril), beta blockers (e.g. timolol, bisoprolol), calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers (e.g. clonidine, guanabenz), vasodilators (e.g. sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, minoxidil), and others (e.g. reserpine). For each drug, the summary provides a brief overview of its mechanism for reducing blood pressure and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Este documento describe una placa vitrocerámica con dos zonas de cocción de diferentes tamaños que permiten cocinar rápidamente y son aptas para diferentes tipos de cacerolas y sartenes. La placa se controla a través del panel de control del horno para una mayor practicidad y facilita su limpieza e instalación.
El documento analiza la historia e iconografía de la escultura pública en la provincia de Corrientes y su rol en la construcción de la identidad nacional argentina. Desde el siglo XIX se erigieron numerosos monumentos dedicados a héroes y batallas con el objetivo de consolidar los referentes patrios. Aunque inicialmente primó un modelo europeo, con el tiempo se revalorizaron las tradiciones e identidades locales a través de obras que representan mitos y leyendas correntinas.
1. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, requires treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs like the heart, brain and kidneys.
2. There are several classes of antihypertensive agents that work through different mechanisms such as reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, blocking adrenoreceptors, vasodilation, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
3. Common antihypertensive drug classes discussed include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. The appropriate treatment is selected based on the severity of the patient's high blood pressure.
- Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 hypertension.
- Antihypertensive drugs work by reducing blood volume and cardiac output through diuretics, reducing peripheral vascular resistance through sympathoplegics and vasodilators, or blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Diuretics are first-line treatment for mild to moderate essential hypertension. Sympathoplegics are used for moderate to severe hypertension but have more side effects. Various drug classes target different mechanisms like calcium channels, adrenergic receptors, or the renin-angiotensin system.
Here are the key points of management:
1. Hospital admission and IV access is needed given the hypertensive emergency presentation with severe hypertension and papilledema.
2. Sodium nitroprusside infusion is started at a low dose and titrated up slowly to reach the target BP of 160/100-110 mmHg, with no more than a 25% reduction within 2 hours.
3. Alternatively, enalaprilat can be given in divided doses not exceeding 5mg total over several hours to gradually lower the BP within the target range.
Close monitoring is required given the emergency presentation until BP is stabilized. The goal is to lower BP gradually to avoid rebound hypertension but do so promptly given the
This document discusses various classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including their mechanisms and side effects. It describes how diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha/beta blockers, and other classes work to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, reducing fluid retention, or inhibiting hormone systems like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Common side effects across drug classes include low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalances. Regular monitoring is important when taking antihypertensive medications.
This presentation deals with the most common antihypertensive drugs used in our day-to-day practice. The common 4 ABCDs (Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics)
This document summarizes different types of antihypertensive drugs. It discusses drugs that act centrally to reduce sympathetic outflow, drugs that act on autonomic ganglia or postganglionic nerve endings, drugs that act on adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta blockers, drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs discussed in detail include methyldopa, clonidine, prazosin, and beta blockers. The document provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, doses, and side effects of these antihypertensive drugs.
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs including centrally acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, peripheral acting alpha adrenergic antagonists, alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors, vasodilators. It discusses specific drugs from each class, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, and important nursing considerations.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. It can be caused by environmental factors like stress, high sodium intake, smoking, and obesity. Antihypertensive drugs work through various mechanisms like diuretics which increase sodium excretion, ACE inhibitors which inhibit angiotensin II synthesis, and calcium channel blockers which relax smooth muscles. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important to control blood pressure and prevent complications of hypertension like heart disease and stroke.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
This document provides information about antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg according to WHO standards. It then discusses different classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. For ACE inhibitors specifically, it explains their mechanism of inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby lowering blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. Common ACE inhibitors mentioned are captopril, enalapril, and lisinopril.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes the types as essential or secondary. It explains how factors like stress, sodium intake, obesity, and smoking can cause environmental hypertension. The document outlines the need for treatment to prevent damage to blood vessels and organs. It then details various classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It focuses on the renin-angiotensin system and how ACE inhibitors work to inhibit angiotensin II production and lower blood pressure.
The document discusses different types of antihypertensive drugs, their mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It defines hypertension and guidelines for initiating treatment. The main drug classes covered are diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, alpha blockers, vasodilators, and central acting agents. Factors such as age, comorbidities, and resistant hypertension are addressed in principles of treatment.
Main and important classes of anti-hypertensive drugs.
(antihypertensive drugs, anti hypertensive sites of action, diuretics, diuretics sites of action, sympathoplegic drugs, beta blockers, alpha blokers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers)
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
Antihypertensive drugs and hypertension managementAnas Indabawa
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs and hypertension management. It begins with an introduction to hypertension and outlines types of hypertension like primary or essential hypertension. It then discusses risk factors, diagnosis, and management of hypertension including both non-pharmacological lifestyle changes and various classes of pharmacological treatments. Specific drug classes are explained like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and others. The document also covers hypertension during pregnancy and hypertensive emergencies. It concludes with precautions for using antihypertensive drugs.
This document provides information on various types of antihypertensive drugs (drugs used to treat high blood pressure) including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It discusses classes of antihypertensives such as ACE inhibitors (e.g. captopril), beta blockers (e.g. timolol, bisoprolol), calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers (e.g. clonidine, guanabenz), vasodilators (e.g. sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide, minoxidil), and others (e.g. reserpine). For each drug, the summary provides a brief overview of its mechanism for reducing blood pressure and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Este documento describe una placa vitrocerámica con dos zonas de cocción de diferentes tamaños que permiten cocinar rápidamente y son aptas para diferentes tipos de cacerolas y sartenes. La placa se controla a través del panel de control del horno para una mayor practicidad y facilita su limpieza e instalación.
El documento analiza la historia e iconografía de la escultura pública en la provincia de Corrientes y su rol en la construcción de la identidad nacional argentina. Desde el siglo XIX se erigieron numerosos monumentos dedicados a héroes y batallas con el objetivo de consolidar los referentes patrios. Aunque inicialmente primó un modelo europeo, con el tiempo se revalorizaron las tradiciones e identidades locales a través de obras que representan mitos y leyendas correntinas.
El documento presenta el calendario del Campeonato de España Infantil de Rugby que se celebrará los días 21 y 22 de mayo de 2011 en Valladolid. El torneo está dividido en dos grupos de cuatro equipos cada uno que jugarán entre sí. Tras las dos jornadas, los primeros de cada grupo jugarán la final mientras que los segundos y terceros disputarán el tercer y cuarto puesto respectivamente.
This document appears to be a questionnaire containing 10 questions about magazine readership. It asks respondents about their gender, age, favorite music magazine, music genres listened to, magazine purchasing frequency and amount paid, inclusion of free items, reasons for interest in magazines, preferences for online vs print content, and where magazines are purchased. The numbers after each answer choice indicate the number of respondents who selected that answer.
Campeonato de España Infantil 2011 Cuadro de Competiciónlacucarachachamiza
El documento presenta el calendario del Campeonato de España Infantil de Rugby que se celebrará los días 21 y 22 de mayo de 2011 en Valladolid. El torneo está dividido en dos grupos de cuatro equipos cada uno. El sábado tendrá lugar la primera jornada con los partidos de cada grupo, y el domingo la segunda jornada donde también jugarán los equipos por su clasificación final.
El documento lista diferentes temas utilizados en expresiones artísticas tridimensionales en la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. Incluye temas religiosos como cruces y santuarios en varias ciudades, monumentos a próceres nacionales y provinciales, referencias a Malvinas, y representaciones del chamamé y cultura gaucha en distintas localidades. También menciona artistas visuales nativos o residentes de Corrientes.
This document summarizes changes between the 2000 and 2014 editions of the Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) standard form construction contracts used in South Africa. Some key changes include streamlining and restructuring the contract from 40 to 30 clauses, expanding and clarifying contractor and employer duties, consolidating insurance provisions, reformulating security provisions, and increasing contractor liability for works risk while defining force majeure events. Specific changes are outlined for indemnities, setting out, subcontractors, and completion phases. The document provides an overview of the evolution of the JBCC standard forms and significant differences between editions.
We'll explore how statistics helped a specific problem in World War 2 (not the Enigma Machine problem) and its modern implications and applications in the IT Industry.
A bit technical and a bit stats but lots of information. Hope to see you there.
For those of you interested in statistics, this problem basically involves the Statistical Theory of Estimation.
Resumimos las ideas mas importantes de Cees van der Vleuten acerca de la evaluación Sus nociones de función de utilidad de la evaluación y de compromiso en la evaluación
Este documento presenta las funciones y herramientas de la aplicación Book Creator, que permite a los usuarios crear y editar libros digitales de forma fácil. Explica cómo crear un nuevo libro, añadir páginas y diferentes elementos como texto, imágenes y banda sonora. También describe las opciones para modificar el formato, color y disposición de los elementos, así como exportar el libro terminado.
Latin: Laxare:- means to -loosen
Laxatives are the drugs which loose the bowels (intestine)
Depending upon the intensities of drug effects they are categorized as follows-
Laxatives: suggest the elimination of soft formed stools (mild purgatives) ex. Senna, isapgol, liquid paraffin
Purgatives: suggest more fluid evaluation ex. Castor oil, aloe, rhubarb, cascara
Drastics: act intensely by irritating the mucous membrane of intestine ex. Jalap, podophyllum, colocynth
Hydrogogues: produce fluid motions ex. croton oil, colocynth
Este documento describe el protocolo para la gestión de una sesión de clase, incluyendo las rutinas para la entrada y salida del aula, el desarrollo de la clase con tareas individuales y en equipo, y las expectativas de comportamiento del alumnado.
Este documento describe los primeros pasos para iniciar un proyecto de aprendizaje basado en proyectos (ABP). Explica que es importante evaluar la "ocasión" o idea inicial para determinar su potencial educativo y estratégico. También cubre cómo generar la "intención" en los estudiantes para comprometerlos con el proyecto mediante el uso de siete ingredientes clave como conectar la idea con los estudiantes y asegurar que responde a sus intereses.
El Partal era un palacio nazarí en la Alhambra. Incluía jardines escalonados y la notable Torre de las Damas, que data del siglo XIV. El Partal tenía un pórtico de cinco arcos que se reflejaba en una gran alberca. La decoración incluía azulejos, yeserías policromadas y mocárabes. La torre tenía ventanas hacia los cuatro puntos cardinales y servía como observatorio.
This document discusses the skills needed for effective communication in English. It emphasizes the importance of good communication skills in today's technological world. It provides tips for public speaking, including making eye contact with the audience, having a relaxed demeanor, and greeting everyone with a smile. The document also discusses how to use body language, gestures, and voice modulation when speaking. It recommends considering appearance, using visual aids like maps and graphs, and having good research and preparation. It provides dos and don'ts for creating PowerPoint slides and notes for presentations.
Este documento describe el aprendizaje basado en proyectos. Explica que implica que los estudiantes resuelvan preguntas o problemas mediante la investigación y la creación de un producto final. También describe las fases de un proyecto, incluida la planificación, investigación, resolución del problema y creación del producto final. Además, destaca la importancia de la evaluación y la socialización del aprendizaje.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes the types of hypertension. It explains the need to treat hypertension to prevent target organ damage like eye, brain, kidney and heart disease. It then discusses the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms involving the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, baroreflex and renin-angiotensin system. The rest of the document summarizes the mechanisms, uses, and side effects of major classes of antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. It emphasizes that these drugs work by interfering with the normal blood pressure regulating mechanisms.
Antihypertensives and anesthetic implications - Dr. VaibhavVaibhav Tulsyan
This document discusses recommendations for treating hypertension from the JNC 8 guidelines. It outlines first-line antihypertensive drug classes including thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. For each class, it provides details on mechanisms of action, advantages, side effects, and implications for anesthesia. Thiazide diuretics are recommended as first-line but can cause hypokalemia, so potassium sparing diuretics are often added. ACE inhibitors and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin system. Calcium channel blockers relax blood vessels. Beta blockers reduce cardiac output and sympathetic outflow. Alpha blockers reduce peripheral resistance
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and classifying it based on blood pressure levels. It then describes the normal regulation of blood pressure via baroreceptor reflexes and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The rest of the document is spent classifying and describing the mechanisms and effects of major classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, vasodilators, drugs affecting the sympathetic nervous system, beta-blockers, and others. Adverse effects and clinical uses are provided for many individual drugs.
Essential hypertension management and treatmentFabio Grubba
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines the different stages of hypertension according to blood pressure readings. Lifestyle modifications are recommended initially, including diet changes and exercise. If lifestyle changes do not control blood pressure, medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and other drug classes may be used. The goal of treatment is to prevent complications in target organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys by maintaining a blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, causes, classification, and treatment options. It defines hypertension as a sustained blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and discusses how it damages blood vessels. It classifies blood pressure and lists the etiology and risk factors of hypertension. The major sections cover the principles of treatment, classification of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, sympatholytic agents, and vasodilators.
- The document discusses the etiology, treatment, and classifications of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension. It covers drugs that alter sodium/water balance (diuretics), inhibit the sympathetic system (beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, centrally-acting drugs), are direct vasodilators (calcium channel blockers, hydralazine, minoxidil), and block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE inhibitors, ARBs). The classifications are based on mechanisms of action and sites of regulation in the body. Side effects and clinical uses are discussed for each drug class.
Hypertension is defined as a sustained high blood pressure that makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the arteries. It has two main components: systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There are several classes of drugs used to treat hypertension, including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, weight loss, reducing salt and alcohol intake, and quitting smoking can also help control blood pressure. The goals of treatment are to prevent complications like heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease.
The document summarizes information about cardiovascular physiology and the mechanisms of various classes of antihypertensive medications. It explains that blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, and describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and how ACE inhibitors work to lower blood pressure by inhibiting this system. It then provides details on the mechanisms of different classes of antihypertensives including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and diuretics.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
This student "cheat sheet" is designed to provide medical students with basic information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension. It includes Questions to Ask, what to look for on a Physical Exam, Labs to Order, and basic Treatment Plans.
These guides are particularly designed for first and second-year medical students as an introduction to primary care and ambulatory care medicine and attempts to tie in the basic pathophysiology that is high-yield for USMLE Step 1.
Any and all feedback is very welcomed.
A presentation hypertension
(what blood pressure is, what is hypertension, what are the risk factors of hypertension, how is it managed?) and other related knowledge on hypertension
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, it covers mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
This document discusses antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It describes different categories of agents including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. For each category, the document outlines mechanisms of action, examples of medications, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood pressure during therapy and avoiding abruptly stopping medications.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
This document discusses normal blood pressure ranges and classifications of hypertension. It then describes the main drug classes used to treat hypertension, including adrenergic agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and vasodilators. Specific medications within each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects.
6.0 drugs used in Cardio Vascular SystemSaroj Suwal
The document discusses various drugs used for cardiovascular conditions. It covers antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and adrenergic blockers. It defines hypertension and describes the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of antihypertensive drugs. These include thiazide, loop, and potassium sparing diuretics, calcium channel blockers like nifedipine, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, alpha blockers, beta blockers, and centrally acting drugs like clonidine and methyldopa. Cardiotonic drugs are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses adrenergic-blocking drugs, including their mechanism of action, effects, indications, and nursing implications. It describes how alpha-blockers and beta-blockers bind to adrenergic receptors but inhibit sympathetic stimulation. Common side effects of these drugs include hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, and bronchospasm. Nurses should monitor patients taking these medications for adverse reactions and ensure they are taking them as prescribed.
The document discusses drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions. It covers antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. It also discusses drugs for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, including antiplatelets, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerin, and ACE inhibitors. Finally, it addresses antiarrhythmic drugs and the mechanisms of different types of arrhythmias.
4. Diuretics AEs: electrolyte imbalances- hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypochloraemic alkalosis, hypercalcaemia; hyperuricaemia- precipitates gout hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypersensitivity, hypotension, weakness, GI disturbances CIs: severe renal or hepatic impairment, hypokalaemia, pre-existing hypercalcaemia, gout, pregnancy DIs: K+ depleting agents, NSAIDs, cholestyramine, antidiabetics, digoxin, probenecid, lithium Note: #HCTZ may be used in combination with other antihypertensives #Low dose in long term therapy #Effective in GFR > 30ml/min #Monitor electrolytes, especially K+ Thiazides; Hydroclorthiazide MoA: inhibit Na+ and Cl-reabsorption at distal tubules, hence increase Na+ and water excretion, reduction of blood volume and pressure. I: first line Rx for mild to moderate HT, uncomplicated, in patients with adequate renal function [heart failure (CHF), hypercalciuria, diabetes insipidus] PKs: oral admin, t½ up to 15 hrs; renal excretion, unchanged; Slow onset of action, 2 months for full expression of antihypertensive effect
5. AEs: electrolyte imbalances- hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypochloraemic alkalosis, hypocalcaemia; hyperuricaemia- precipitates gout hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypersensitivity, dehydration, hypotension, hypovolaemic shock, ototoxicity (tinnitus,ear pain, vertigo, hearing loss), GI disturbances CIs: hypersensitivity, hypokalaemia DIs: thiazides, captopril, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, antigout drugs, antidiabetic drugs, K+ depleting agents, NSAIDs, lithium Note: Take with meals to avoid GI effects Warn about symptoms of electrolyte disturbances- weakness, dizziness, paraesthesia, mental confusion. 2. Loop Diuretics (high-ceiling ), furosemide MoA: reduce reabsorption of Na+, K+, Cl- in the ascending loop of Henle; most efficacious of diuretics (natriuretic) I: mild to moderate HT in renal impairment; unresponsive to thiazides, [CHF, hypercalcaemia, oedema of hepatic or renal origin] PKs: oral, parenteral admin; high albumin binding (> 90%); t½ = 30-60min, prolonged to 20hrs in renal or hepatic impairment; onset of action = 20-60min orally, 5min IV; hepatic metabolism, renal and biliary excretion
6. 3.K+ sparring diuretics, spironolactone MoA: competitive inhibitor of aldosterone, inhibits Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion I: HT in combination with thiazides or loop diuretics, HT due to primary hyperaldosteronism, [CHF; oedema of hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome] PKs: complete absorption, orally; high protein binding (> 90%); induces Cyt P450; hepatic metabolism to active canrenone with t½ = 13-24 hrs; renal and biliary excretion AEs: hyperkalaemia, nausea, peptic ulcers; oestrogen-like effects: gynaecomastia, decreased libido, menstrual irregularities, erectile dysfunction (impotence), postmenopausal bleeding CIs: hyperkalaemia, impaired renal function DIs: NSAIDs, digoxin, other diuretics, ACE inhibitors, K+ supplements, salt substitutes Note: #Monitor electrolytes, especially K+ Avoid high doses (>50mg daily) in males
7. SYMPATHOLYTICS (1) α-Adrenergic receptor blockers: prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin MoA: Selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonists, relax arterial and venous smooth muscle, hence vasodilation, reduced PVR, lowered blood pressure Doxazosin PKs: oral admin, 98% protein binding; t½ = 19-22 hrs; extensive hepatic metabolism, renal excretion AEs: first dose hypotension, dizziness, vertigo, headache, fatigue Due to AEs on the heart- reflex tachycardia, increased risk of heart failure- they are rarely used for HT
8. SYMPATHOLYTICS (2) β-Adrenoceptor blockers (propranolol, atenolol,….) MoA: block β-receptors, reduce sympathetic stimulation of the heart; reduce cardiac output and blood pressure Cardioselective- atenolol, acebutolol, esmolol, metoprolol, …. Atenolol I: HT (in comb with HCTZ, ACE inhibitor and Ca2+ channel blocker) [angina, arrhythmia, acute MI] PKs: oral admin, t½= 6-9hrs, effect lasts for 24hrs, excreted renally unchanged, accumulates in renal failure Propranolol: non-selective β-blocker I: HT [angina, arrhythmia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ……] PKs: oral admin, first pass metabolism, highly lipophillic, crosses BBB, t½= 3-6 hrs, extensive metabolism, renal excretion. CI: asthma, COPD, CHF, mental depression, myasthenia gravis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, severe liver disease AEs: bradycardia, CNS effects, GIT disturbances, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances
9. SYMPATHOLYTICS (3) Carvedilol I: HT; [CHF] PKs: extensive hepatic metabolism, lipophilic, 98% protein-bound Safety aspects = refer to propranolol DIs of β-blockers Cimetidine, chlorpromazine –decreases hepatic metabolism of β- blockers Hepatic enzyme inducers- increased elimination of β- blockers Digoxin,verapamil, diltiazem- additive cardiodepressant effects NSAIDs- decreased efficacy of β- blockers Insulin, other antidiabetic drugs- increased risk of hyperglycaemia, masking of hypoglycaemia α- β- receptor blockers Block α1, β1 and β2 receptors Labetalol I: HT, HT with angina or MI, HT in pregnancy (2nd half), hypertensive crisis, controlled hypotension during surgery PKs: extensive hepatic metabolism
10. Sympatholytics (4): Centrally acting drugs CI: liver disease, phaeochromocytoma, AEs: drowsiness, dry mouth, sodium and water retention (oedema), depression, nightmares, hallucinations, decreased libido, impotence DIs: iron(↓absorption of meth), MAO inhibitors (severe HT, headaches, hallucinations), NSAIDs and TCAs (↓ meth efficacy) Methyldopa, Clonidine Selective α2 receptor agonists, reduce sympathetic outflow from CNS, hence vasodilation, reduced BP Clonidine no longer used for HT Methyldopa I: specifically for HT in pregnancy (mild to moderate)
11. ANGIOTENSIN INHIBITORS (1) CI: pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, K+ supplements AEs: dry cough, taste disturbances, pruritic rash, hypotension, hyperkalaemia, angioedema (signs= painful swelling of lips, face and throat) DIs: Other antihypertensives- additional hypotensive effect K+ supplements, K+ sparring drugs – serious hyperkalaemia NSAIDs – reduced hypertensive effect Antacids –reduced ACEI bioavailability Increased levels of digoxin and lithium, therefore monitor Precautions: warn patients about signs of angioedema Angiotensin-Converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors : captopril, enalapril, perindopril, lisinopril, quinapril…… MoA: Inhibit ACE, prevent formation of ATII, reduce vasoconstriction, reduce aldosterone secretion, hence less water and salt retention and vasodilation = low BP I: HT (alone or adjuncts), in combination with diuretics (black patients), HT in diabetics, renal disease, post MI, CHF. [CHF] PKs: all ACEI except captopril and lisinopril are converted to active metabolites. Enalapril converted to enalaprilat, t½ = 11hrs; renally and faecally excreted, unchanged Captopril –short t½= 3hrs; Lisinopril is water soluble, not hepaticallymetabolised
12. ANGIOTENSIN INHIBITORS (2) Angiotensin receptor antagonists (losartan, valsartan,…..) MoA: block AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex, hence vasodilation and reduced aldosterone secretion I: HT, alone or in combination with other antihypertensives PKs: Losartan- undergoes first pass effect, converted to active metabolite (t½- 9hrs), more active than losartan (t½-2,5hrs), effect attained after 3-6weeks of therapy. CI: same as ACEI AEs: dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, headache, skin rash, myalgia, GIT effects, taste disturbances, fatigue no cough or angioedema DIs: as for ACEI
13. VASODILATORS (1) Ca2+ channel blockers- Nifedipine, amlodipine: dihydropyridones Verapamil, diltiazem: non-dihydropyridines MoA: block Ca++ channels in vascular smooth muscle, relax the smooth muscle, cause vasodilation- reduced BP V and D have more effect on cardiac tissue, hence reduce CO and HR. I: HT, HT with asthma [angina pectoris, arrhythmias] PKs: nifedipine-only slow-release used for HT; high protein binding (98%), hepatic metabolism, renal excretion CI: hypotension, unstable angina, acute MI, CHF AEs: headache, flushing, dizziness, lightheadedness, ankle oedema DIs: hepatic enzyme inhibitors- inhibit metabolism of nifedipine hepatic enzyme inducers- reduced plasma levels of nifedipine V and D are preferrably used in angina, MI and arrhythmias
14. VASODILATORS (2) Sodium nitroprusside MoA: directly dilates both arteries and veins I: hypertensive emergencies PKs: IV infusion, immediate onset of action, 1-10 min; CI: pregnancy, hepatic disease DI: other antihypertensives- increased hypotensive effect Hydralazine MoA: directly dilates arteries and arterioles I: 4th line Rx of HT, low dose in combination with other antihypertensives (diuretic, b-blocker) [chronic CHF] PKs: hepatic metabolism , acetylation, CI: pregnancy, aortic stenosis AEs: headache, nausea, postural hypotension, palpitations Monotherapy causes reflex tachycardia- avoided by co-administration of a β-blocker