This document reviews the protective effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and its active ingredient curcumin against natural and chemical toxicities based on in vitro and animal studies. It first introduces turmeric and curcumin, describing their composition and various biological activities. It then discusses studies that have shown the antidotal or protective effects of turmeric and curcumin against various natural toxins (such as aflatoxins and lipopolysaccharide) and chemical toxins in different tissues and organs, including the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain. The document concludes by describing the methods used to identify relevant studies for this review.
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
This document summarizes research on 15 medicinal plants that have anti-ulcer properties. It discusses the botanical name, common name, family, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of each plant based on literature. Some of the plants described are Aloe vera, Butea frondosa, Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Cissus quadrangularis, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Leucas lavandulifolia, Mangifera indica, Morus alba and Ocimum sanctum. The study aims to review commonly used anti-ulcer plants and their reported activities to identify potential sources for natural anti-ulcer drugs with fewer
Efficiency of cape gooseberry in attenuating some biochemical disorders and o...Professor-Dr Hanaa Hassan
In conclusion, the present data indicated the efficacy of CG juice supplementation as an
anti-hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its ability as a chemosensitizer for ADR treatment. This is
mediated by intracellular pathways, involving improvement the alterations in liver functions as well as
other aspects of HCC, the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant defense
mechanism. Thus, supplementation with edible CG may help in safe application of cancer technology
in medicine as well as in many other aspects of nowadays life. Fractionation guided evaluation could
help in the development of ideal anticancer in the near future.
red reishi good natural remedy for health, importance of red reishi, reishi pharmacognosy, chemical composition of red reishi, pharmacological uses of red reishi
Approach of Herbal Drugs in Treatment of Cardio Vascular Diseaseijtsrd
Herbs have been utilized as restorative medicines since the start of development and a few subsidiaries eg, headache medicine, reserpine, and digitalis have moved toward becoming pillars of human pharmacotherapy. For cardiovascular ailments, natural medications have been utilized in patients with congestive heart disappointment, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral deficiency, venous inadequacy, and arrhythmia. Be that as it may, numerous home grown cures utilized today have not experienced cautious logical appraisal, and some can possibly make genuine lethal impacts and real medication tranquilize communications. With the high commonness of home grown use in the United States today, clinicians must ask about such wellbeing rehearses for cardiovascular ailment and be educated about the potential for advantage and mischief. Proceeding with research is important to clarify the pharmacological exercises of the numerous home grown cures currently being utilized to treat cardiovascular sicknesses. Since the start of human progress, herbs have been a necessary piece of society, esteemed for both their culinary and restorative properties. Natural medication has made numerous commitments to business tranquilize arrangements fabricated today including ephedrine from Ephedra sinica mama huang , digitoxin from Digitalis purpurea foxglove , salicin the wellspring of ibuprofen from Salix Alba willow bark , and reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina snakeroot , to give some examples. A normally happening ß adrenergic blocking operator with halfway agonism has been distinguished in a home grown remedy. The ongoing disclosure of the antineoplastic medication paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia pacific yew tree focuses on the job of plants as a proceeding with asset for current drug. Manik Charak | Aziz Ahmed ""Approach of Herbal Drugs in Treatment of Cardio Vascular Disease"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23554.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/cardiology/23554/approach-of-herbal-drugs-in-treatment-of-cardio-vascular-disease/manik-charak
This document provides a comprehensive review of Ayurvedic treatments for diabetic retinopathy. It discusses several Ayurvedic herbs and formulations that have been used for centuries to manage diabetes and eye diseases like timira (retinopathy). Key herbs discussed include Haridra (turmeric), Daruharidra (Indian barberry), Devadaru (deodar), and Musta (nut grass). For each herb, the document outlines taxonomy, parts used, pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and clinical evidence for managing conditions like diabetes and retinopathy. The review evaluates the potential of these Ayurvedic treatments as a starting point for discovering new molecules to counter the pathological mechanisms of diabetes
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
This document summarizes research on 15 medicinal plants that have anti-ulcer properties. It discusses the botanical name, common name, family, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of each plant based on literature. Some of the plants described are Aloe vera, Butea frondosa, Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Cissus quadrangularis, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Leucas lavandulifolia, Mangifera indica, Morus alba and Ocimum sanctum. The study aims to review commonly used anti-ulcer plants and their reported activities to identify potential sources for natural anti-ulcer drugs with fewer
Efficiency of cape gooseberry in attenuating some biochemical disorders and o...Professor-Dr Hanaa Hassan
In conclusion, the present data indicated the efficacy of CG juice supplementation as an
anti-hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to its ability as a chemosensitizer for ADR treatment. This is
mediated by intracellular pathways, involving improvement the alterations in liver functions as well as
other aspects of HCC, the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of antioxidant defense
mechanism. Thus, supplementation with edible CG may help in safe application of cancer technology
in medicine as well as in many other aspects of nowadays life. Fractionation guided evaluation could
help in the development of ideal anticancer in the near future.
red reishi good natural remedy for health, importance of red reishi, reishi pharmacognosy, chemical composition of red reishi, pharmacological uses of red reishi
Approach of Herbal Drugs in Treatment of Cardio Vascular Diseaseijtsrd
Herbs have been utilized as restorative medicines since the start of development and a few subsidiaries eg, headache medicine, reserpine, and digitalis have moved toward becoming pillars of human pharmacotherapy. For cardiovascular ailments, natural medications have been utilized in patients with congestive heart disappointment, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral deficiency, venous inadequacy, and arrhythmia. Be that as it may, numerous home grown cures utilized today have not experienced cautious logical appraisal, and some can possibly make genuine lethal impacts and real medication tranquilize communications. With the high commonness of home grown use in the United States today, clinicians must ask about such wellbeing rehearses for cardiovascular ailment and be educated about the potential for advantage and mischief. Proceeding with research is important to clarify the pharmacological exercises of the numerous home grown cures currently being utilized to treat cardiovascular sicknesses. Since the start of human progress, herbs have been a necessary piece of society, esteemed for both their culinary and restorative properties. Natural medication has made numerous commitments to business tranquilize arrangements fabricated today including ephedrine from Ephedra sinica mama huang , digitoxin from Digitalis purpurea foxglove , salicin the wellspring of ibuprofen from Salix Alba willow bark , and reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina snakeroot , to give some examples. A normally happening ß adrenergic blocking operator with halfway agonism has been distinguished in a home grown remedy. The ongoing disclosure of the antineoplastic medication paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia pacific yew tree focuses on the job of plants as a proceeding with asset for current drug. Manik Charak | Aziz Ahmed ""Approach of Herbal Drugs in Treatment of Cardio Vascular Disease"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23554.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/cardiology/23554/approach-of-herbal-drugs-in-treatment-of-cardio-vascular-disease/manik-charak
This document provides a comprehensive review of Ayurvedic treatments for diabetic retinopathy. It discusses several Ayurvedic herbs and formulations that have been used for centuries to manage diabetes and eye diseases like timira (retinopathy). Key herbs discussed include Haridra (turmeric), Daruharidra (Indian barberry), Devadaru (deodar), and Musta (nut grass). For each herb, the document outlines taxonomy, parts used, pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and clinical evidence for managing conditions like diabetes and retinopathy. The review evaluates the potential of these Ayurvedic treatments as a starting point for discovering new molecules to counter the pathological mechanisms of diabetes
Disease can occur due to alterations in many physiological processes. A variety of factorsare known to be involved in the progression of cancer, a chronic diseasethat occurs due to permissible proliferative signaling, avoiding growth suppressors, resisting cell death, allowing replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, and inducing invasion and metastasis, along with reprogramming of metabolic pathways involved in energy production and avoiding the host immune response for cell destruction. Treatment of such a multifactorial disease has very less cure rate because of the singular agents tried in the past for targeting. Molecular level studies with deeper insight are urgently neededthat focus on the most promising herbal-derived bioactive substances for which thorough research was carried out in the literature in various data-bases such as PUB-MED, MEDLINE, SCOPUS indexed journals etc. to look for systematic reviews of the protocols or data interpretation, natural drug/immunological properties and validation. As immune system plays avery important role in the proliferation or suppression of cancer and other autoimmune diseases, It is the dire need to study the effect of such natural compound on the immune system so that a possible drug target or epitope can be identified for the treatment of such diseases. In nutshell there are many nonclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on herbal medicines which commonly supports the traditional therapeutic claims. It has been seen from the previos studies in literature that the yield and composition of bioactive compounds derived from plants are dependent upon the production source,culturing conditions and extraction protocols.Therefore appropriate optimization conditions would certainly assist the medical and scientific fraternity to accept herbal products as potential candidates for cancer treatment. In this article we explored the different natural products, their immunological effects concerning cancer with no or negligible side effects. However,one has to look for potential herb–drug or herb-epitope interactions and how immune system responds to such drugs.
Nutraceutical is the hybrid of ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. Nutraceuticals, in broad, are food or part of food playing a significant role in modifying and maintaining normal physiological function that maintains healthy human beings.
Crimson Publishers-Medicinal Herbs, Strong Source of Antioxidant in Aquacultu...CrimsonPublishersMAPP
This document summarizes the antioxidant properties of medicinal herbs and their potential applications in aquaculture. It discusses how oxidative stress can damage cells and how herbs contain antioxidants like carotenoids, flavonoids, and tocopherols that can protect against this damage. Some herbs and their main antioxidants are described, including their roles in reducing lipid peroxidation, scavenging free radicals, and stimulating immune function in fish. The document concludes that medicinal herbs represent a promising resource for aquaculture as anti-stress remedies and growth promoters due to their bioactive antioxidant compounds, and that further research is needed to better understand their applications for aquatic animal health and production.
This document discusses the role of nutraceuticals in promoting human health. It defines nutraceuticals as food or food components that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Some key nutraceuticals discussed are dietary fiber, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, and herbal foods. The document explores how these nutraceuticals can help combat major health issues like cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. It provides examples of specific nutraceuticals and their mechanisms of action for different diseases.
Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Reviewijtsrd
Isorhamnetin (30-Methoxy-3, 40, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol, and it belongs to a group of plant secondary metabolites known as flavonoids. It is present in mans daily diet and is known for its biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Isorhamnetin has been reported for its antioxidant and antiviral applications hence it is not only used as such, but it also has various derivatized forms which has potentials for development into drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress and lethal viruses. The present review reflects the pharmacological importance of isorhamnetin. S Kandakumar | Dr V Manju"Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2202.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/2202/pharmacological-applications-of-isorhamnetin-a-short-review/s-kandakumar
Therapeutic Properties and Nutritive Values of Some Fruit Bearing Medicinal P...Ram Sahu
The medicinal plants imparts chief role in protecting our health from various disease. It is nature’s gift to human being to live healthy life. Medicinal plants are believed to be much safer and proved as elixir in the treatment of various ailments. Medicinal plants used in Indian system of medicine from Rajasthan state have been surveyed and categorized systematically. The manuscript incorporated the therapeutic properties and nutritive values of medicinal plants of Rajasthan. The paper deals with 11 medicinal plants, thoroughly indexed along with their important traditional application for the cure of various ailments. This study also incorporates the ethno-botany and biological activities of these important plants
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This research article summarizes a study investigating the antidiabetic potential of linalool isolated from Coriandrum sativum fruit. Key findings include:
1) Linalool was isolated from C. sativum fruit extract and its structure was confirmed.
2) An in silico molecular docking study examined the binding of linalool to the target protein glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, a key enzyme implicated in type 2 diabetes.
3) The docking results showed favorable binding of linalool to the target protein, with a docking energy of -5.9265 kJ/mol, suggesting linalool may act as
This document discusses several herbal medicines and their potential use in cancer therapy. It describes several plants such as Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum hexandrum, Ocimum sanctum, Allium sativum, Taxus baccata, Curcuma longa, and Zingiber officinalis. For each plant, it discusses active chemical constituents and their proposed mechanisms of anticancer action, such as inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, modulating immune responses, and inhibiting angiogenesis. The document suggests that some herbal medicines show promise as potential treatments or adjuncts to chemotherapy, though more research is still needed to fully understand their mechanisms and safety.
This document summarizes a review article about saffron and its potential role in regulating metabolic functions related to obesity. Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus flowers and contains bioactive compounds like crocin, crocetin, and picrocrocin that have strong antioxidant properties. The review examines evidence that saffron may beneficially alter obesity pathophysiology by reducing levels of glucose, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol; increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation; and lowering body weight and adiposity. It also discusses saffron's anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects. However, more studies are needed to
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
HydroCurcTM is a product containing curcuminoids, which are chemical compounds derived from turmeric. Curcuminoids such as curcumin are known to have various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research has shown curcuminoids may help reduce the risk of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, curcumin itself has poor bioavailability and stability, limiting its potential medical uses. New formulations are being developed to improve the bioavailability of curcuminoids.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the ameliorative effects of Murraya Koenigii (curry leaves) on arsenic-induced toxicity in mice. The study found that mice exposed to arsenic for 4 weeks exhibited elevated levels of liver and kidney biomarkers as well as lipid peroxidation. However, administering an aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii to arsenic-exposed mice for 4-6 weeks significantly reduced the elevated levels of these biochemical markers and lipid peroxidation, indicating that Murraya Koenigii has antidote effects and can effectively treat arsenic toxicity.
The document discusses medicinal plants and rhubarb. It provides background on Ayurveda and the use of medicinal plants in traditional Indian medicine. It then focuses on rhubarb, describing its origins and use in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various ailments. It discusses some key active compounds in rhubarb including anthraquinones.
Resveratrol is a compound found in various plants and foods like grapes, blueberries, and red wine. It has many health benefits such as being an antioxidant that reduces oxidative damage, inhibiting cancer development at various stages, reducing inflammation, and helping to regulate blood glucose and lipid levels. Resveratrol protects cells and tissues from damage by reducing free radicals, preventing platelet aggregation, inhibiting cancer-promoting enzymes, and modulating inflammatory pathways. These properties may help prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant activity of Euphorbia cyanthop...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of the methanolic extract of Euphorbia cyathophora (MEEC) in rats. Rats were induced with hepatotoxicity using acetaminophen. MEEC at 400 mg/kg was found to decrease elevated liver enzyme levels, restore antioxidant levels in the liver tissue, and reduce lipid peroxidation caused by acetaminophen toxicity. Histopathological analysis also supported the hepatoprotective effects of MEEC. The study demonstrates the significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of MEEC.
This triple-blind, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of consuming a grape extract supplement containing resveratrol on oxidized LDL (LDLox) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels in 75 patients undergoing primary prevention of cardiovascular disease who were taking statin medications. Patients consumed capsules daily for 6 months containing either resveratrol-enriched grape extract, grape extract without resveratrol, or a placebo. Results showed that the resveratrol group experienced decreases in LDLc, ApoB, LDLox, and the LDLox/ApoB ratio, as well as an increase in the non-HDLc/ApoB ratio, indicating reduced cardiovascular risk
Spices are equally healthy as wild herbs in traditional medicine and can provide green medicine, as they are easy and fast to grow, considered safe to consume globally, contain bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols, and are highly antioxidant in nature [3]. So there is huge export scope too. Ayurveda also promotes synergistic mixture of ingredients and it is proposed here for the most potent spices. Fat medium such as Ghee (clarified butter) enhances the bioavailability of polyphenols such as Curcumin, a flavanoid [4]. Castor oil is another popular Ayurveda treatment for treat MSD. So the combination of fat and spice decoction will be tested in this project.
Ameliorative effects of curcumin against renal injuries mediated by inducible...azhari80
Gentamicin is an antibiotic that can cause kidney damage (nephrotoxicity). Curcumin, a compound in turmeric, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study examined whether curcumin could protect against kidney damage caused by gentamicin in rats. Rats were given gentamicin daily for 6 days to induce kidney damage. Some rats were also given curcumin daily for 7, 15, or 30 days. Gentamicin increased markers of kidney damage and oxidative stress in the kidneys. Curcumin reduced these markers and levels of inflammatory proteins induced by gentamicin in a time-dependent manner. Curcumin appeared to protect the kidneys from gentamicin toxicity by reducing
Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas perilaku petani dalam penggunaan pestisida pada budidaya bawang merah di Kabupaten Brebes, di mana petani cenderung bergantung pada pestisida untuk menghindari gagal panen akibat hama dan penyakit, namun penggunaan pestisida secara berlebihan dapat merusak lingkungan.
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Disease can occur due to alterations in many physiological processes. A variety of factorsare known to be involved in the progression of cancer, a chronic diseasethat occurs due to permissible proliferative signaling, avoiding growth suppressors, resisting cell death, allowing replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, and inducing invasion and metastasis, along with reprogramming of metabolic pathways involved in energy production and avoiding the host immune response for cell destruction. Treatment of such a multifactorial disease has very less cure rate because of the singular agents tried in the past for targeting. Molecular level studies with deeper insight are urgently neededthat focus on the most promising herbal-derived bioactive substances for which thorough research was carried out in the literature in various data-bases such as PUB-MED, MEDLINE, SCOPUS indexed journals etc. to look for systematic reviews of the protocols or data interpretation, natural drug/immunological properties and validation. As immune system plays avery important role in the proliferation or suppression of cancer and other autoimmune diseases, It is the dire need to study the effect of such natural compound on the immune system so that a possible drug target or epitope can be identified for the treatment of such diseases. In nutshell there are many nonclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on herbal medicines which commonly supports the traditional therapeutic claims. It has been seen from the previos studies in literature that the yield and composition of bioactive compounds derived from plants are dependent upon the production source,culturing conditions and extraction protocols.Therefore appropriate optimization conditions would certainly assist the medical and scientific fraternity to accept herbal products as potential candidates for cancer treatment. In this article we explored the different natural products, their immunological effects concerning cancer with no or negligible side effects. However,one has to look for potential herb–drug or herb-epitope interactions and how immune system responds to such drugs.
Nutraceutical is the hybrid of ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. Nutraceuticals, in broad, are food or part of food playing a significant role in modifying and maintaining normal physiological function that maintains healthy human beings.
Crimson Publishers-Medicinal Herbs, Strong Source of Antioxidant in Aquacultu...CrimsonPublishersMAPP
This document summarizes the antioxidant properties of medicinal herbs and their potential applications in aquaculture. It discusses how oxidative stress can damage cells and how herbs contain antioxidants like carotenoids, flavonoids, and tocopherols that can protect against this damage. Some herbs and their main antioxidants are described, including their roles in reducing lipid peroxidation, scavenging free radicals, and stimulating immune function in fish. The document concludes that medicinal herbs represent a promising resource for aquaculture as anti-stress remedies and growth promoters due to their bioactive antioxidant compounds, and that further research is needed to better understand their applications for aquatic animal health and production.
This document discusses the role of nutraceuticals in promoting human health. It defines nutraceuticals as food or food components that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Some key nutraceuticals discussed are dietary fiber, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, and herbal foods. The document explores how these nutraceuticals can help combat major health issues like cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. It provides examples of specific nutraceuticals and their mechanisms of action for different diseases.
Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Reviewijtsrd
Isorhamnetin (30-Methoxy-3, 40, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol, and it belongs to a group of plant secondary metabolites known as flavonoids. It is present in mans daily diet and is known for its biological activities such as antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Isorhamnetin has been reported for its antioxidant and antiviral applications hence it is not only used as such, but it also has various derivatized forms which has potentials for development into drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress and lethal viruses. The present review reflects the pharmacological importance of isorhamnetin. S Kandakumar | Dr V Manju"Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2202.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/2202/pharmacological-applications-of-isorhamnetin-a-short-review/s-kandakumar
Therapeutic Properties and Nutritive Values of Some Fruit Bearing Medicinal P...Ram Sahu
The medicinal plants imparts chief role in protecting our health from various disease. It is nature’s gift to human being to live healthy life. Medicinal plants are believed to be much safer and proved as elixir in the treatment of various ailments. Medicinal plants used in Indian system of medicine from Rajasthan state have been surveyed and categorized systematically. The manuscript incorporated the therapeutic properties and nutritive values of medicinal plants of Rajasthan. The paper deals with 11 medicinal plants, thoroughly indexed along with their important traditional application for the cure of various ailments. This study also incorporates the ethno-botany and biological activities of these important plants
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This research article summarizes a study investigating the antidiabetic potential of linalool isolated from Coriandrum sativum fruit. Key findings include:
1) Linalool was isolated from C. sativum fruit extract and its structure was confirmed.
2) An in silico molecular docking study examined the binding of linalool to the target protein glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, a key enzyme implicated in type 2 diabetes.
3) The docking results showed favorable binding of linalool to the target protein, with a docking energy of -5.9265 kJ/mol, suggesting linalool may act as
This document discusses several herbal medicines and their potential use in cancer therapy. It describes several plants such as Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum hexandrum, Ocimum sanctum, Allium sativum, Taxus baccata, Curcuma longa, and Zingiber officinalis. For each plant, it discusses active chemical constituents and their proposed mechanisms of anticancer action, such as inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, modulating immune responses, and inhibiting angiogenesis. The document suggests that some herbal medicines show promise as potential treatments or adjuncts to chemotherapy, though more research is still needed to fully understand their mechanisms and safety.
This document summarizes a review article about saffron and its potential role in regulating metabolic functions related to obesity. Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus flowers and contains bioactive compounds like crocin, crocetin, and picrocrocin that have strong antioxidant properties. The review examines evidence that saffron may beneficially alter obesity pathophysiology by reducing levels of glucose, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol; increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation; and lowering body weight and adiposity. It also discusses saffron's anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects. However, more studies are needed to
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
HydroCurcTM is a product containing curcuminoids, which are chemical compounds derived from turmeric. Curcuminoids such as curcumin are known to have various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research has shown curcuminoids may help reduce the risk of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, curcumin itself has poor bioavailability and stability, limiting its potential medical uses. New formulations are being developed to improve the bioavailability of curcuminoids.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the ameliorative effects of Murraya Koenigii (curry leaves) on arsenic-induced toxicity in mice. The study found that mice exposed to arsenic for 4 weeks exhibited elevated levels of liver and kidney biomarkers as well as lipid peroxidation. However, administering an aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii to arsenic-exposed mice for 4-6 weeks significantly reduced the elevated levels of these biochemical markers and lipid peroxidation, indicating that Murraya Koenigii has antidote effects and can effectively treat arsenic toxicity.
The document discusses medicinal plants and rhubarb. It provides background on Ayurveda and the use of medicinal plants in traditional Indian medicine. It then focuses on rhubarb, describing its origins and use in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various ailments. It discusses some key active compounds in rhubarb including anthraquinones.
Resveratrol is a compound found in various plants and foods like grapes, blueberries, and red wine. It has many health benefits such as being an antioxidant that reduces oxidative damage, inhibiting cancer development at various stages, reducing inflammation, and helping to regulate blood glucose and lipid levels. Resveratrol protects cells and tissues from damage by reducing free radicals, preventing platelet aggregation, inhibiting cancer-promoting enzymes, and modulating inflammatory pathways. These properties may help prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant activity of Euphorbia cyanthop...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of the methanolic extract of Euphorbia cyathophora (MEEC) in rats. Rats were induced with hepatotoxicity using acetaminophen. MEEC at 400 mg/kg was found to decrease elevated liver enzyme levels, restore antioxidant levels in the liver tissue, and reduce lipid peroxidation caused by acetaminophen toxicity. Histopathological analysis also supported the hepatoprotective effects of MEEC. The study demonstrates the significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of MEEC.
This triple-blind, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of consuming a grape extract supplement containing resveratrol on oxidized LDL (LDLox) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels in 75 patients undergoing primary prevention of cardiovascular disease who were taking statin medications. Patients consumed capsules daily for 6 months containing either resveratrol-enriched grape extract, grape extract without resveratrol, or a placebo. Results showed that the resveratrol group experienced decreases in LDLc, ApoB, LDLox, and the LDLox/ApoB ratio, as well as an increase in the non-HDLc/ApoB ratio, indicating reduced cardiovascular risk
Spices are equally healthy as wild herbs in traditional medicine and can provide green medicine, as they are easy and fast to grow, considered safe to consume globally, contain bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols, and are highly antioxidant in nature [3]. So there is huge export scope too. Ayurveda also promotes synergistic mixture of ingredients and it is proposed here for the most potent spices. Fat medium such as Ghee (clarified butter) enhances the bioavailability of polyphenols such as Curcumin, a flavanoid [4]. Castor oil is another popular Ayurveda treatment for treat MSD. So the combination of fat and spice decoction will be tested in this project.
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Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
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2. of capillaries, enlargement of glomeruli and necrosis. It increased pro-
apoptotic proteins such as bax and caspase3. Curcumin at dose of
200 mg/kg was administrated for 4 weeks orally. It decreased aflatoxin
toxicity in kidney via reduction of serum urea, creatinine, uric acid,
MDA and increasing of GSH, total protein levels. Curcumin also de-
creased histopathological changes, pro-apoptotic proteins and pro-in-
flammatory gen such as COX2 [29] (Table 1).
3.1.2. Hepatoprotective
Aflatoxin B1 is common mycotoxin which produced by Aspergillus
flavus and A. parasiticus [30]. AFB1 causes mutagenicity, genotoxicity,
immunosuppression and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans
and animals [31,32]. AFB1 is bioactivated by the cytochrome P450 and
produced the AFB1-exo-8, 9-epoxide which lead to reactive oxygen
species (ROS) generation [33]. Curcumin at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg
decreased ALT, AST, uric acid, creatinine and urea levels [34] (Table 2).
3.2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
3.2.1. Cardioprotective
LPS induces the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α,
IL-6, synthesis of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase 2 [35]. Also, it plays a
role in diseases including neurodegenerative, acute respiratory distress
syndrome, vascular diseases and periodontal diseases [36]. The LPS
toxicity is related to ROS production and the formation of PGE2 and NO
[37]. Also LPS leads to cardiac hypertrophy via increasing of histone
acetylation in myocardium. Histones play a role in response to stress
stimulation in cardiac toxicity [38]. Also p300-HAT is responsible for
LPS-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Curcumin (100 μg/kg) reduced LPS
toxicity in cardiac tissues via remodeling of chromatin, especially his-
tone acetylation and inhibition of p300 p300-HAT activity [39].
3.2.2. Lung protective
LPS plays a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction
which is inflammation problem in horses [40]. LPS is used for in-
flammatory induction in experimental models. It increases the counts of
LPS neutrophil, IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase and elastase. A lysine salt
of curcumin with name NDS27 reduced LPS-induced inflammation via
decreasing of IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase and elastase. The observed
effects of curcumin are related to antioxidant activity [41].
3.2.3. Neuroprotective
3.2.3.1. Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). 3-nitropropionic acid as a toxic
agent is produced by fungi. It is toxic for humans and lead to
disturbance of mitochondrial function. The signs of Huntington's
disease are appeared with this agent [42]. 3-NPA altered the level of
MDA, nitrite (NO2), GSH and neuroinflammatory factors. Curcumin at
doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg improved the signs of toxicity with 3-NPA via
Table 1
Nephroprotective effects of C. longa and curcumin against chemical or natural toxins.
Results Constituents In vitro/In
vivo
Toxin References
Extract decreased Cr, BUN, uric acid and necrosis of kidney C. longa mice Acetaminophen [47]
The level of CYP2E1, iNOSgene IL-1β and TNF-α decreased. The Antioxidant enzymes
increased
Curcumin rats Acetaminophen [49]
Reduced serum urea, creatinine and lipid peroxidation Curcumin and curcumin
nanoparticles
rats Cisplatin [56]
Curcumin increased the levels of NAMPT and SIRT proteins, decreased serum urea, MDA
and kidney injury
Curcumin rats Cisplatin [57]
Decreased MDA, serum urea and creatinine while increment of GSH, SOD and total protein C. onga rats Acrylamid [61]
Reduced urea, cr, uric acid, pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory gens. Increased
antioxidant content
Curcumin rats Aflatoxin [29]
Reduced BUN, urea, Cr and MDA Curcumin rats Sodium fluoride [66]
Decreased urea, Cr, lipid peroxidation. Increased the expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and Sirt1 Curcumin rats Gentamicin [71–73]
Decreased MDA, elevated GSH,SOD and CAT Curcumin rats Cadmium [77]
Creatinin (Cr), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Catalase (CAT), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathion (GSH), nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2),
and sirtuin (Sirt).
Table 2
Hepatoprotective effects of C. longa and curcumin against chemical or natural toxins.
Toxin In vitro/In
vivo
Constituents Results References
CCl4 rats C.longa Elevated the level of nuclear translocated Nrf2, reduced AST, ALT and MDA [79,80]
Aflatoxin B1 rats Curcumin nanoparticle Decreased AST, ALT and MDA [34]
Thioacetamide rats C. longa Decreased MDA, nitrotyrosine, urinary 8-OH-dG, TGF-β and TNF-α. Increased
antioxidant enzymes
[83]
Lead acetate rats C. longa Decreased liver enzymes and increased antioxidant content [90]
Lead acetate mice Curcumin or nanocurcumin Decreased liver enzymes and increased antioxidant content [91]
Cadmium rats C. longa Reduced HSC activity, liver fibrosis and hepatic enzymes [94]
Cadmium rats Curcumin Increased antioxidants, scavenge of ROS [95]
Mercury rats Curcumin Changed metallothionein mRNA, increased antioxidant content and chelated mercury [178]
Arsenic rats Curcumin Scavenging free radicals, chelating arsenicals compounds, reduction of lipid peroxidation [102]
Propanil rats Curcumin Reduction of ROS, lipid peroxidation and hepatic enzymes [104]
Cisplatin rats Curcumin Improved hepatic enzymes, liver histopathology, NADPH expression [106]
Nicotine mice Curcumin Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-1,
increased liver weight
[111]
Chromium rats Curcumin Improved hepatic structural, enzymes and antioxidant content [119]
Copper rats Curcumin Reduced lipid peroxidation, restored the GSH and antioxidant enzyme levels [122]
Diazinon rats Combination of curcumin and vitamin
E
Elevation of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase [129]
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
A. Hosseini, H. Hosseinzadeh Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 99 (2018) 411–421
412
3. increasing of GSH and decreasing of ROS, MDA and NO2 levels [42].
3.2.3.2. D-galactosamine. D-Galactose induces aging processes in animal
models via damage to hippocampal neurons, mitochondrial
dysfunction, and decreasing in protein content [43]. Curcumin at
doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg decreased galactosamine-induced
neurotoxicity via reduction of lipidperoxidation, protein oxidation,
inhibition of caspase3 expression and increasing of antioxidant
content in hippocampus [44] (Fig. 2).
4. Chemical-induced toxicity
4.1. Nephroprotective
4.1.1. Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen is used as analgesic and antipyretic medicine. The
overdose of acetaminophen causes renal toxicity in about 1–2% of pa-
tients. The poisoning of acetaminophen in renal is related to dysfunc-
tion of oxidase isoenzymes which are found in the kidney. Also other
mechanisms play roles in toxicity such as prostaglandin synthetase and
N-deacetylase enzymes. Glutathione has an important role in the neu-
tralization of acetaminophen toxicity [45]. Acetaminophen causes in-
creasing of creatinine, urea and BUN levels as well as the elevation of
proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in the kidney tis-
sues. It increased MDA and NO while decreased GSH level, SOD and
GPx activities. The extract of C. longa (400, 800 and 1000 mg/kg)
showed nephroprotective effects against acetaminophen via decreasing
creatinine, BUN and uric acid levels while acetaminophen elevated
these indexes. Probably, the protective effect of extract is related to
binding to acetaminophen metabolites and decreasing of their affinity
to cellular GSH. Therefore, C. longa elevated the level of GSH and led to
increase in the excretion of acetaminophen metabolites [46,47]. Cur-
cumin at dose of 100 mg/kg reduced nephrotoxicity following acet-
aminophen treatment and improved oxidant/antioxidant imbalance.
The protective effect of curcumin may be due to anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant properties and scavenging of ROS. Also curcumin decreased
NO production via reducing of iNOS expression. Down-regulation of
iNOS led to decreasing of TNF-α and IL-1β formation [48]. This me-
chanism is related to anti-oxidant activity of curcumin [49] (Table 1).
4.1.2. Cisplatin
Cisplatin as chemotherapeutic drug is applied for treatment of dif-
ferent tumors. The important side effect is nephrotoxicity and led to
morbidity and mortality among patients. The toxicity mechanism of
cisplatin is due to inflammation and oxidative stress [50]. Also the le-
vels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [51], peroxynitrite anions
[52], superoxide anions [53], hydrogen peroxide [54], and hydroxyl
radicals increased following cisplatin consumption [55]. Cisplatin re-
duces the proteins such as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
(NAMPT) and sirtuin (SIRT), which interfere in resistance to stress. Also
cisplatin disturbs renal function and elevates urea and creatinine levels
in serum. Curcumin and curcumin nanoparticles reduced cisplatin
toxicity at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. These compounds reduced serum
urea, creatinine levels and lipid peroxidation. Curcumin has protective
effects against cisplatin via anti-oxidant function [56]. Also in another
study curcumin at dose of 100 mg/kg decreased kidney injury via de-
creasing of MDA, serum urea and creatinine levels in rats following
cisplatin injection. Also curcumin increased the levels of NAMPT and
SIRT proteins in rats treated with cisplatin [57] (Table 1).
4.1.3. Acrylamide
Acrylamide is a polymer and uses in industry [58]. Also it is pro-
duced when foods are cooked at high temperatures. It leads to toxicity
in different organs such as kidney. Acrylamide is metabolized and
generated reactive oxygen species which leads to oxidative stress, lipid
peroxidation and DNA damages. Recent studies have reported that
herbal medicines which involve in decreasing of acrylamide neuro-
toxicity. Mehri et al. showed thymoquinone [59] and linalool [60] have
neuroprotective effects against acrylamide. C. longa (0.5%) was added
to standard diet. It decreased MDA, serum urea and creatinine levels,
while it increased GSH, SOD and total protein levels in rats that re-
ceived acrylamide [61] (Table 1).
4.1.4. Sodium fluoride
Fluoride is an industrial agent and utilized in dental preparations,
water sources and food preparations [62]. Fluoride enters to blood as
ion via gastrointestinal and lung pathways. The consumption of fluoride
causes systemic problems such as renal injury [63]. Fluoride leads to
changes in renal including inflammation, fibrosis, tubular destruction
and medullar hyperemia [64]. The production of free radicals play a
role in fluoride toxicity [64,65]. Curcumin, at doses of 10 and 20 mg/
kg, reduced fluoride-toxicity in kidney by normalization of blood urea
nitrogen, creatinine, and urea levels. Also curcumin increased anti-
oxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation [66] (Table 1).
4.1.5. Gentamicin
Gentamicin as an antibiotic is used for treatment of bacterial in-
fection which is caused by gram negative bacteria. Gentamicin induces
nephrotoxicity in 30% of patients who received drug for more than 7
days [67]. The signs of renal dysfunction are as increasing of BUN level
and reducing of glomerular filtration rate [68]. The mechanism of ne-
phrotoxicity is related to production of free radicals such as superoxide
anions, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and reactive nitrogen
species in the kidney [69,70]. The structure of kidney is changed as
degeneration of epithelial lining, disruption of brush borders, disrupted
Bowman's capsule and thickening of afferent arteriole. Also, urea,
creatinine, and uric acid levels were elevated in serum. Administration
of curcumin (200 mg/kg), with rosemary (220 mg/kg), and propolis
(100 mg/kg), ameliorated structural changes and declined urea, crea-
tinine and uric acid levels [71]. Another study showed curcumin
(200 mg/kg) increased the level of catalase, GSH, SOD and GPX activ-
ities while decreased lipid peroxidation [72]. Curcumin (100 mg/kg)
increased Nrf2/HO-1 and Sirt1expression while decreased oxidative
stress [73] (Table 1).
4.1.6. Cadmium
Cadmium (Cd) belongs to heavy metals. It induces toxicity in hu-
mans and animals. Chronic exposure to Cd causes nephrotoxicity [74]
and skeletal damage [75] via production of reactive oxygen species
which causes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation [74]. In addition,
the level of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GSH reduced in
Cd toxicity [76]. Moreover, structural modifications were observed in
renal tissues. Curcumin, at dose of 250 mg/kg, declined histological and
biochemical changes. It decreased MDA level, elevated GSH level and
improved proximal tubular changes [77] (Table 1).
4.2. Hepatoprotective activity
4.2.1. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a toxic agent for liver and uses in
experimental models for induction of hepatotoxicity. A single dose of
CCl4 causes liver problems via generation of ROS [14]. CCl4 is meta-
bolized and produced free radicals such as trichloromethyl (CCl3%) and/
or trichloromethyl peroxyl (CCl3OO%). These free radicals attack to
cellular molecules and lead to apoptosis and necrosis [78]. Adminis-
tration of C. longa (50 or 100 mg/kg) in CCl4-treated rats decreased
serum AST, ALT and MDA levels. The activity of antioxidant enzymes,
such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase
increased. Also the extract elevated the level of nuclear translocated
Nrf2. Increasing of Nrf2 led to activation of the antioxidant and phase II
detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase. Therefore, C.
longa has protective effects against CCl4 via increasing of antioxidant
A. Hosseini, H. Hosseinzadeh Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 99 (2018) 411–421
413
4. enzymes and activation of nuclear translocated Nrf2 [79,80] (Table 2).
4.2.2. Thioacetamide
Thioacetamide is a hepatotoxic agent and causes liver disorders in
experimental models [81]. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P4502E
converts thioacetamide to TAA-S -oxide (TASO) and then to toxic
thioacetamide S-dioxide (TASO2) which TASO2 leads to liver cirrhosis.
Thioacetamide elevates the level of liver enzymes such as ALP, ALT,
AST and bilirubin [82]. C. longa extract at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg
reduced the liver enzymes, MDA, nitrotyrosine, and urinary 8-OH-dG
levels. The extract increased antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and
catalase and reduced inflammatory factors such as TGF-β and TNF-α.
However, C. longa reduced the progression of liver cirrhosis via anti-
oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [83] (Table 2).
4.2.3. Lead acetate
Lead is belonging to heavy metals and causes pollution in en-
vironment. Also it is danger for animals and humans [84]. The me-
chanism of toxicity is via oxidative stress and production of ROS [85]. It
reduces CYP450 content in liver [86], inhibits synthesis of heme [87],
suppresses antioxidant enzymes [88] and declines GSH [89] and in-
creases ALT, AST and ALP levels. The studies have shown C. longa at
dose of 500 mg/kg [90] and curcumin or nano-curcumin (15mg/kg)
protected liver against lead acetate via reducing oxidative stress, liver
enzymes and lipid-peroxidation while increased antioxidant content
such as SOD [91] (Table 2).
4.2.4. Cadmium
Cadmium damages to liver via increasing of hepatic enzymes such
as ALP, AST, ALT and activating of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into
myofibroblast-like cells which are responsible liver fibrosis [92,93].
Administration of C. longa decreased the activation of HSC cells, liver
fibrosis and hepatic enzymes [94]. Also curcumin at doses of 200 and
400 mg/kg in combination with vitamin C reduced cadmium-induced
hepatotoxicity via scavenging ROS, increasing of GSH level and other
antioxidant enzymes [95] (Table 2).
4.2.5. Mercury
Mercury causes the production of HO_, H2O2 and ROO_. These
compounds attach to membrane of cells and lead to cell death, reduc-
tion of SOD, CAT, GSH, sulfhydryl groups of proteins and GPx (Şener
et al., 2007; Pal and Ghosh, 2012). Curcumin at dose of 80 mg/kg in-
creased antioxidant enzymes, chelated mercury in tissue, reduced the
concentration of mercury and changed the expression of metallothio-
nein mRNA [95] (Table 2).
4.2.6. Arsenic
Humans or animals are exposed to arsenic via war [96], environ-
ment or drugs [97]. Arsenic causes liver diseases such as hepatomegaly,
hepatoportal sclerosis, ascites, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis [98,99]. In-
flammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis [100], necrosis, NADPH oxidase
and TGF-b/SMAD activation [101] play roles in pathogenesis of arsenic
hepatotoxicity. Curcumin at dose of 15 mg/kg reduced arsenic-induced
liver damage via reduction of lipid peroxidation, increasing of GSH
content, elevation of antioxidant enzymes such as GST, SOD, CAT and
prevention of thiol depletion. Thus, curcumin protects arsenic-induced
hepatic damage via scavenging free radicals and chelating arsenicals
compounds [102] (Table 2).
4.2.7. Propanil
Propanil is an herbicide and has been used in agriculture industry.
Whereas, this agent is applied for rice and wheat crops, however poi-
soning of humans with this compound is high. Exposure to propanil
causes toxicity in humans and animals. Recent studies have shown that
exposure of mice with propanil induced histopathological changes in
liver [103]. Curcumin at dose of 50 mg/kg attenuated propanil toxicity
via reduction of lipid peroxidation, hepatic enzymes and increasing of
antioxidant enzymes [104] (Table 2).
4.2.8. Cisplatin
Cisplatin is chemotherapeutic drug and causes different side effects
such as hepatotoxicity. The cisplatin mechanism for liver injury is re-
lated to oxidative stress and generation of ROS which damage to cell
membrane [105,106]. The balance between oxidant and antioxidant is
disturbed [107]. Cisplatin increased MDA while declined SOD and
catalase. It increased the level of hepatic enzymes such as ALT and AST.
Also the expression of NADPH oxidase gene increased in the presence of
cisplatin. Curcumin at dose of 200 mg/kg improved the liver enzymes,
lipid peroxidation biomarker, liver histopathology and gene expression
of liver NADPH oxidase [106] (Table 2).
4.2.9. Nicotine
Nicotine is found in cigarette and tobacco [108]. Exposure to ni-
cotine causes oxidative injury, depletion of glutathione, reducing of free
radical scavengers such as CAT and SOD [109].The liver is a target for
nicotine toxicity [110]. Liver weight reduced by nicotine while dia-
meter of hepatocytes, and hepatic enzymes increased. Also nicotine
damages to cell membrane of hepatocytes. Also it leads to necrosis and
releasing of hepatic enzymes into blood. The study had shown curcumin
(10, 30 and 60 mg/kg) decreased hepatotoxicity of nicotine via reduc-
tion of oxidative stress and inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1 secretion.
Curcumin increased liver weight, improved hepatocyte diameter, cen-
tral hepatic vein, hepatic enzymes and nitric oxide [111] (Table 2). Also
curcumin reduced carcinogenic effect of tobacco in liver via inter-
ference with Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [112].
4.2.10. Chromium
Different studies have shown which chromium causes hepatotoxi-
city as the parenchym necrosis and steatosis of hepatocytes [113].
Chromium hepatotoxicity is accompanied with elevation of ROS levels
[114], damage to DNA, lipid peroxidation, disturbance in synthesis of
DNA, RNA and protein [115], mitochondrial destruction [116], cell
growth inhibition [117] and apoptosis [118]. The combination of cur-
cumin (400 mg/kg) with potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg) reduced
chromium-induced liver injury via decreasing of hepatocyte damage,
histopathological changes and improving of antioxidant enzymes such
as SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST [119] (Table 2).
4.2.11. Copper
The food is containing of copper which enters to hepatocytes via
portal vein. The accumulation of copper in liver lead to hepatic failure,
necrosis, cholestasis, cirrhosis and finally death [120]. The mechanisms
of hepatocyte toxicity are involving ROS production, oxidation of GSH,
lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction [121]. Curcumin re-
duced lipid peroxidation, expression of some cytokines such as TNF-α
and IL-8, restored the antioxidant enzyme levels, and prevention of
apoptosis. Also it ameliorated histopathological changes [122]
(Table 2).
4.2.12. Diazinon
Diazinon belongs to organophosphate agents and uses in agriculture
for controlling of insects in crops. It causes toxicity via prevention of
acetyl cholinesterase activity. Also it changes mitochondrial membrane
in liver of rat [123] and leads to disturbance of cytochrome P450 in
human liver [124]. Diazinon causes oxidative stress, increases lipid
peroxidation and free radical [125]. However, antioxidant compounds
can reduce the toxicity of diazinon in liver and other tissues [126–128].
Curcumin at dose of 50 mg/kg in combination with vitamin E increased
catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase. It de-
creased aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehy-
drogenase and alkaline phosphatase in rats which received diazinon
[129] (Table 2).
A. Hosseini, H. Hosseinzadeh Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 99 (2018) 411–421
414
5. 4.3. Cardioprotective activity
4.3.1. Streptozotocin
Streptomycetes synthesizes streptozotocin (STZ) which can lead to
diabetes mellitus in animal models [130]. One of diabetic problems is
heart failure. The studies have reported that curcumin has protective
effects against STZ-induced diabetes and heart failure in rats. STZ in-
creases glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol (TC), nitric oxide, lactate
dehydrogenase, the level of MDA in cardiac, IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma.
Also STZ reduces the level of antioxidant enzymes in cardiac. Curcumin
showed protective effects against STZ-induced heart failure via anti-
oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory. It increased the level of GSH,
SOD and CAT in heart [131] (Fig. 1).
4.3.2. Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin as chemotherapeutic agent is used in cancer patients.
The important side effect is cardiotoxicity which lead to restriction of
consumption. Curcumin at dose of 100 mg/kg reduced cardiotoxicity
effects of doxorubicin. Curcumin at dose of 200 mg/kg declined mor-
tality, improved body weight, decreased oxidative stress, increased
anti-oxidant enzymes via scavenging of free radicals and anti-in-
flammatory effects [132].
C. longa as ethanolic or water extract at dose of 200 mg/kg reduced
mortality following doxorubicin administration. Also the extract de-
creased activity of CK-MB activity, the levels of LDH, and MDA and
increased GSH level. Moreover, the extract reduced nitric oxide and
increased ascorbic acid concentration in cardiac tissue, and improved
the activities of antioxidant enzymes [133] (Fig. 1).
4.3.3. Cyclosporin A
Cyclosporin A is used in autoimmune disease and for avoiding graft
rejection but it causes adverse effects such as cardiotoxicity and hy-
pertension. Cyclosporin A leads to disturbance of aortic endothelial
function via change in morphology and structure in tissue, elevation of
MDA and NO levels in endothelial. Curcumin (200 mg/kg) decreased
the cardiotoxicity effect of cyclosporin A via anti-oxidant activity and
improved cardiac dysfunction [134] (Fig. 1).
4.3.4. Methotrexate
Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate drug, is used in rheumatoid ar-
thritis, psoriasis and cancer diseases. It causes oxidative stress and leads
to endothelial injury. The protective effects of curcumin on MTX in-
duced vascular endothelial dysfunction have been observed. Curcumin
at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg prevented vascular side effects by de-
creasing oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels [134] (Fig. 1).
4.3.5. Isoproterenol
Isoproterenol (isoprenaline) as non-selective β agonist is used for
treatment of asthma, bradycardia and heart block. The studies have
shown that isoprenaline causes cardiotoxicity in rats [135]. It increased
LDH, creatine kinase (CPK), AST, ALT and lipid peroxidation. Also it
reduced antioxidants enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and tissue GSH levels.
Curcumin at doses of 200 mg/kg improved these changes and showed a
protective effect against isoproterenol-induced cardio toxicity by
Fig. 1. Protective effect of C. longa or curcumin against chemical-in-
duced cardiotoxicity.
C. longa and natural toxins: C.longa and curcumin as its active com-
pound reduced apoptosis and inflammation in cardiac tissues via in-
creasing of antioxidant agents (SOD, GSH, CAT), decreasing of cyto-
kines (IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS), apoptotic proteins (Bax, bcl2, caspase3)
and oxidative stress (MDA, ROS).
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH), Creatinine PhosphoKinase (CPK).
Fig. 2. Protective effect of C. longa or curcumin against chemical-in-
duced neurotoxicity.
C. longa and neuroprotection against chemical toxins: C.longa and
curcumin decline neurodegeneration by scavenging of free radicals,
decreasing of inflammatory pathway and restore of anti-oxidant en-
zymes.
Malondialdehyde (MDA), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Super
Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT),
Cyclooxygenase2 (COX2.
A. Hosseini, H. Hosseinzadeh Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 99 (2018) 411–421
415
6. antioxidant defense [136] (Fig. 1).
4.3.6. Cadmium
Cadmium as a heavy metal causes environmental pollution.
Different sources are responsible for air pollution by cadmium such as
burning of fossil, phosphate fertilizers, production of iron and steel, and
other activities [137]. Humans are contaminated with cadmium via
different routes including lung and gastrointestinal tract [137]. Oxi-
dative stress plays a role in cadmium-induced toxicity in different tissue
via damage to vascular and hypertension [137]. The protective effect of
curcumin against cadmium toxicity has been reported. Curcumin at
doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg normalized vascular dysfunction and blood
pressure following cadmium toxicity. The protective mechanism of
curcumin is related to generation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
(eNOS) protein, elevation of GSH redox ratio and reduction of super-
oxide (O2−) production in vascular smooth muscle. Antioxidant ac-
tivity and chelating properties play a role in protective effects of cur-
cumin against cadmium [138] (Fig. 1).
4.3.7. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
Diesel exhaust particles lead to cardiopulmonary problems. Also,
exposure to this agent causes inflammation of lung and peripheral
thrombotic events. DEP lead to elevation of plasma C-reactive protein
(CRP), TNF-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels and
systolic blood pressure (SBP). Curcumin reduced cardiotoxicity via anti-
inflammatory effects. Also it decreased the levels of CRP and TNFα as
well as PAI-1 activity [139] (Fig. 1).
4.3.8. Nicotine
Nicotine is present in cigarette and tobacco. It involves in patho-
genesis of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. Curcumin at dose of
80 mg/kg has a protective effect against nicotine via reduction of AST,
ALT, ALP and LDH [140] (Fig. 1).
4.3.9. Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide as an alkylating agent is applied in suppression
of immune system and cancer. Its metabolites bind to DNA and pro-
teins. The most important adverse effect of this anticancer agent is
cardiac injury which is observed as CHF, arrhythmias, cardiac tampo-
nade, and myocardial depression. Cyclophosphamide induces cardio-
toxicity via free radical generation and decreasing of antioxidant en-
zymes in heart tissue. In addition, cyclophosphamide causes
hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and disturbs the secretion
of cardiac lipoprotein lipase [141]. Also it elevated the levels of LDH,
CK-MB, CK-NAC, AST, ALT, and ALP while curcumin reduced these
indexes in cardiac tissues. Also cyclophosphamide changed ECG para-
meters such as a reduction in heart rate and RR interval and pro-
longation of QT, PR and QRS intervals. Curcumin restored these para-
meters and prevented cardiac damage by reducing the inflammation
and fragmentation of myofibrils [142] (Fig. 1).
4.4. Neuroprotective activity
4.4.1. Cisplatin & oxaliplatin
Cisplatin and oxaliplatin are commonly used in treatment of cancer.
These drugs cause peripheral neuropathy and neuropathic pain.
Oxidative stress is responsible for neurotoxicity of these drugs.
Curcumin at dose of 10 mg/kg reversed the alterations of neuro-
tensin in the plasma and ameliorated sciatic nerve histology in rats
[143] (Fig. 2).
4.4.2. Haloperidol
Tardive dyskinesia is a motor disorder which is commonly appeared
with antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol. Haloperidol increases of
vacuous chewing movements (VCM's), tongue protrusions, facial
jerking in rats which are reduced by curcumin. Oxidative stress plays a
role in neurotoxicity and tardive dyskinesia of haloperidol [144], thus
curcumin at dose of 50 mg/kg reduced the signs of tardive dyskinesia
via anti-oxidant activity [145] (Fig. 2).
4.4.3. Mono sodium glutamate (MSG)
Mono sodium glutamate as a flavor enhancer causes neuronal signs
such as weakness, dizziness and headache. MSG changes lipid perox-
idation and antioxidant activity of enzymes in cerebral brain and other
related regions [146]. Also behavioral abnormalities are observed with
MSG [147]. Curcumin (150 mg/kg) declined acetyl choline esterase
(AchE) activity and inflammation in neurons, thus protected neurons
against MSG. Also curcumin reduced glutamate level and gene ex-
pression of receptors including NMDA2B and mGLUR5 in brain hip-
pocampus [148] (Fig. 2).
4.4.4. Aluminium
Aluminum as a heavy metal is found in food products and water.
Aluminium induces neurotoxicity and is accompanied with Alzheimer’s
disease (AD). Aluminium prompts oxidative stress and elevates the level
of amyloid beta in in vivo. Chronic exposure to aluminium increases
lipid peroxidation, nitrite levels, reduces glutathione levels, catalase,
superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activity. Also, it
leads to elevation of acetylcholinesterase activity. Curcumin (30 mg/
kg) reduced aluminium toxicity via memory improvement, decreased
acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative damage and aluminium con-
centration. Thus, curcumin showed a neuroprotective effect against
aluminium toxicity [149,150] (Fig. 2).
4.4.5. Cadmium
Some studies have shown cadmium is a toxic agent and exposure to
this agent causes loss of weight, behavioral problems and neuronal
dysfunction [151]. Also cadmium changes neurotransmitters and anti-
oxidant enzymes in brain. Curcumin at dose 300 mg/kg ameliorated
cadmium-induced toxicity in brain. It improved memory, learning,
behavioral problems and biochemical alterations [152] (Fig. 2).
4.4.6. Fluoride
Fluoride, as an inorganic ion, leads to various problems including
neurological dysfunction. Fluoride causes oxidative stress in brain via
penetration and accumulation [153]. Curcumin at dose of 30 mg/kg
declined fluoride neurotoxicity by antioxidant activity which lead to
oxidative stress reduction and decreasing of neurodegeneration [154]
(Fig. 2).
4.4.7. Formaldehyde (FA)
Formaldehyde as an aldehyde compound causes toxicity in human
and animals. FA increases ROS production and damages to DNA.
Curcumin at dose of 100 mg/kg decreased FA-induced neurotoxicity via
antioxidant activity [155] (Fig. 2).
4.4.8. Rotenone
Rotenone as pesticide has toxicity for humans and other animals.
The signs of toxicity with rotenone appear as Parkinson. Oxidative
stress involves in pathogenesis of Parkinson. Curcumin at dose of
100 mg/kg has a neuroprotective effect against rotenone toxicity [156].
Curcumin improved tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and motor dysfunction
in rats which received rotenone. Moreover, curcumin decreased the
production of ROS and MDA while increased glutathione content. Act/
Nrf2 pathway plays role in reduction of rotenone-induced neurotoxicity
by curcumin [156] (Fig. 2).
4.4.9. Vincristine
Vincristine is an anticancer. This drug leads to neuropathy and in-
flammation in neuron tissues [157]. Curcumin at doses of 40 and
80 mg/kg attenuated vincristine neurotoxicity via increasing of GSH,
catalase, glutathione peroxidase and SOD. The neuroprotective effects
A. Hosseini, H. Hosseinzadeh Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 99 (2018) 411–421
416
7. of curcumin may be related to anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive,
antioxidant and calcium inhibitory effects [158]. Curcumin decreased
lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and TNF-α level while elevated anti-
oxidant levels such as GSH, SOD, CAT and GPx (Fig. 2).
4.4.10. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
MPTP is converted to MPP + which is a neurotoxin agent in dopa-
minergic neurons and causes Parkinson via oxidative stress [159]. CNB-
001 (24 mg/kg) is derived from curcumin and has therapeutic effects
against MPTP-induced Parkinson via decreasing of oxidative stress,
reduction of dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase expression
[160] (Fig. 2).
4.4.11. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)
PTZ is used for induction of seizure in experimental animals [161].
Curcumin at doses of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg prevented PTZ effects
via reducing oxidative stress, improvement of mitochondrial function
and memory in rats [162] (Fig. 2).
4.4.12. Sevoflurane (SEVO)
SEVO is used as inhalational anesthetic agent but it causes neuro-
logical problem in the brain and damages to neurons. Curcumin re-
duced the side effects of sevoflurane via reducing of oxidative stress,
inflammation, apoptosis and improvement of cognitive function [163]
(Fig. 2).
4.4.13. Acrylamide (ACR)
ACR is used in preparation of dyes, paper and plastic. Also it is
produced in food when the temperature is high. ACR is absorbed from
skin easily and entered to organs [164]. It is especially toxic for neurons
and some studies have reported the protective effects of herbal medi-
cines such as crocin in in vivo [165] and in vitro against ACR [166].
Curcumin at dose of 50 mg/kg ameliorated ACR-induced neurotoxicity
via reduction of oxidative stress. It elevated antioxidant content and
improved mitochondrial function. Also the activity of acet-
ylcholinesterase is restored to normal level in rats which received
curcumin. However, curcumin decreased ACR-toxicity via reduction of
oxidative stress, amelioration of acetylcholinesterase activity and de-
creasing function of cytosolic calcium [167] (Fig. 2).
4.4.14. Streptozotocin (STZ)
Streptozotocin is used for induction of Alzheimer's disease in animal
models. The studies have shown that curcumin has a protective effect
against STZ-induced neurotoxicity via reducing of oxidative stress and
apoptosis. Also it decreased the storage of β-amyloid in the brain and
led to improvement of cognitive problems [168] (Fig. 2).
4.4.15. Arsenic
Arsenic is belonging to heavy metals. It is toxic for different tissues
such as brain [169]. Curcumin and nanoparticle of curcumin have
protective effects against arsenic toxicity. They decreased lipid perox-
idation and ROS production while increased antioxidant content in the
brain [170] (Fig. 2).
4.4.16. Oxaliplatin
Oxaliplatin is applied for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
The use of this drug is limited because of neurotoxicity via oxidative
stress [171]. Curcumin reduced toxicity by inhibition of oxidative stress
and elevation of antioxidant enzymes [171] (Fig. 2).
4.5. Lung protective
4.5.1. Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos is used in agriculture industry. Chlorpyrifos causes
different side effects including genotoxicity, teratogenicity, hematolo-
gical and immunological abnormalities, neurotoxicity, and hepatic
dysfunction [172]. Chlorpyrifos leads to toxicity in lung via production
of free radicals, lipidperoxidation and reduction of antioxidant en-
zymes. Curcumin at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in combination with
vitamin E decreased these changes via scavenging of ROS and elevation
of antioxidant enzymes [173].
4.5.2. Paraquat
Paraquat damages to lung and leads to pulmonary fibrosis via
production of free radicals, releasing of inflammatory factors and pro-
teolytic enzymes. Paraquat at dose of 50 mg/kg increases alkaline
phosphatase, angiotensin converting enzyme and N-acetyl-beta-D-glu-
cosaminidase. Also it elevates MDA, neutrophils and decreases glu-
tathione. Curcumin reduced the toxicity via anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant activities [174].
4.6. Genoprotective
4.6.1. Chromium trioxide
Chromium belongs to heavy metals and is widely used by human in
different industries. Also there is in air as Cr (III) and Cr (VI) which Cr
(VI) is more toxic because of it converts to Cr (III) that crosses cell
membrane and binds to macromolecules. It damages to DNA via free
radical production and causes genotoxicity. The studies have shown
curcumin reduced chromium-induced genotoxicity [175].
4.6.2. Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is used as anti-cancer drug. It damages to pro-
tein structure via binding to DNA and RNA. Also it disturbs chromo-
somal structure in different steps of spermatogenesis in germ cells.
Curcumin at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg reduced the percentage of
abnormal sperms following cyclophosphamide administration in mice.
Therefore, curcumin has protective effects against drugs which induce
genotoxicity [176].
4.6.3. Copper
The studies have shown exposure to high concentration of copper
leads to DNA damage and genotoxicity. The exposure with curcumin)
0.2% (could decrease genotoxicity of copper in mice [177].
5. Conclusion
Nowadays herbal medicines are used in most of diseases because of
different properties such as antioxidant effects. Exposure to chemical
and natural toxins for long term can lead to toxicity in animal or
human. These toxins cause toxicity in different organs including car-
diovascular system, brain, liver, renal and lung. The recent studies have
shown herbal medicines play roles in reduction of toxicity of these
agents. One of herbal medicine which has more pharmacological effects
is C. longa and its active constituent, curcumin. Most of studies have
shown that C. longa and its active compounds reduced nephrotoxicity,
hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and lung toxicity mainly
through the reduction of inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant and an-
tiapoptotic effects.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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