1) Mirabegron and antimuscarinics are both effective treatment options for overactive bladder, with mirabegron offering fewer anticholinergic side effects such as dry mouth.
2) Combination therapy with solifenacin and mirabegron provides greater improvement in overactive bladder symptoms compared to monotherapy, though it is associated with more anticholinergic side effects.
3) Efficacy and safety of solifenacin, mirabegron, and their combination is maintained in elderly patients over 65 years old with overactive bladder, with combination therapy demonstrating the greatest benefit.
Anticholinergic and mirabegron in detrusor overactivitySiddesh Dhanaraj
The document discusses treatments for overactive bladder (OAB). It finds:
1) The prevalence of OAB was 7.2% in 2013 and is projected to increase 48.1% by 2027, being highest in those over 74, white individuals, and urban dwellers.
2) Treatment options for OAB include behavioral interventions, medications, injections, nerve stimulation, and surgery. Common medications are anticholinergics/antimuscarinics and the beta-3 adrenergic drug mirabegron.
3) Combination therapy with an antimuscarinic like solifenacin and mirabegron provides better efficacy than monotherapy with fewer side effects, especially in
1) Three ayurvedic publications on herbal medicines for obesity were systematically reviewed. Ephedra and caffeine were found to reduce body weight and fat over 12 weeks without serious side effects.
2) Several herbal supplements including Cissus quadrangularis, ephedra and caffeine, and extracts of ginger and other plants were found to reduce body weight, fat levels, and waist circumference in human studies on obesity.
3) Terminalia arjuna bark powder was found to have antioxidant effects comparable to vitamin E and significantly reduced cholesterol levels in patients with coronary heart disease.
The effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus in colorectal surgeryArjun Rajagopalan
Gum chewing is a safe and simple treatment to reduce postoperative ileum (POI), and is associated with a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and complications.
This document summarizes research on the effects of alternative hormonal treatments, including bazedoxifene, on various tissues in humans. It discusses preclinical and clinical data on the effects of ospemifene, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and bazedoxifene on the endometrium, vagina, breast, and bone. It then summarizes results from several clinical trials, known as the SMART trials, that evaluated the efficacy and safety of a combination of conjugated estrogens and bazedoxifene for vasomotor symptoms, quality of life, vaginal health, and bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction.
This document summarizes several studies related to weight loss interventions and outcomes. It shows that primary care visits increased with higher patient BMI. The Counterweight program resulted in a mean 4kg weight loss below expected levels at 12-24 months. Orlistat plus diet produced greater weight loss than diet alone. Liraglutide was more effective at achieving HbA1c and weight loss targets than other diabetes medications. Bariatric surgery reduced mortality compared to controls over 14 years according to the SOS study.
Pycnogenol® is widely used in topical and oral applications for various dermatological indications. A unique
combination of pharmacological functions of Pycnogenol® provides an unmatched variety of health benefits
for skin health.
This document discusses moving patients with type 2 diabetes beyond basal insulin alone to more complex insulin regimens. It begins by outlining the 3 types of insulin (bolus, basal, premixed), 3 main insulin regimens (basal alone, basal-bolus, premixed), and pros and cons of each. Studies comparing regimens are presented showing basal-bolus provides better A1C reduction than premixed. While initial regimens may control A1C, long-term most patients require a more complex regimen. Guidelines recommend intensifying treatment if A1C remains above target. The key is understanding insulin's time-action profiles and titrating doses based on blood sugar patterns in logbooks.
Our joints are subject to wear and tear and with increasing age the lining of joints, the cushioning cartilage, gradually degenerates. When cartilage has reached significant abrasion articular tissue will be affected and tissue trauma initiates a local inflammation. The consequence is a reduced flexibility of joints and predominantly pain. Inflammatory cells accelerate degeneration of joints by secreting reactive oxygen species (“oxidative
burst”), pro-inflammatory cytokines and degenerative enzymes matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
This process is paralleled by increasing pain which, left untreated, may reach excruciating levels.
Anticholinergic and mirabegron in detrusor overactivitySiddesh Dhanaraj
The document discusses treatments for overactive bladder (OAB). It finds:
1) The prevalence of OAB was 7.2% in 2013 and is projected to increase 48.1% by 2027, being highest in those over 74, white individuals, and urban dwellers.
2) Treatment options for OAB include behavioral interventions, medications, injections, nerve stimulation, and surgery. Common medications are anticholinergics/antimuscarinics and the beta-3 adrenergic drug mirabegron.
3) Combination therapy with an antimuscarinic like solifenacin and mirabegron provides better efficacy than monotherapy with fewer side effects, especially in
1) Three ayurvedic publications on herbal medicines for obesity were systematically reviewed. Ephedra and caffeine were found to reduce body weight and fat over 12 weeks without serious side effects.
2) Several herbal supplements including Cissus quadrangularis, ephedra and caffeine, and extracts of ginger and other plants were found to reduce body weight, fat levels, and waist circumference in human studies on obesity.
3) Terminalia arjuna bark powder was found to have antioxidant effects comparable to vitamin E and significantly reduced cholesterol levels in patients with coronary heart disease.
The effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus in colorectal surgeryArjun Rajagopalan
Gum chewing is a safe and simple treatment to reduce postoperative ileum (POI), and is associated with a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and complications.
This document summarizes research on the effects of alternative hormonal treatments, including bazedoxifene, on various tissues in humans. It discusses preclinical and clinical data on the effects of ospemifene, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and bazedoxifene on the endometrium, vagina, breast, and bone. It then summarizes results from several clinical trials, known as the SMART trials, that evaluated the efficacy and safety of a combination of conjugated estrogens and bazedoxifene for vasomotor symptoms, quality of life, vaginal health, and bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction.
This document summarizes several studies related to weight loss interventions and outcomes. It shows that primary care visits increased with higher patient BMI. The Counterweight program resulted in a mean 4kg weight loss below expected levels at 12-24 months. Orlistat plus diet produced greater weight loss than diet alone. Liraglutide was more effective at achieving HbA1c and weight loss targets than other diabetes medications. Bariatric surgery reduced mortality compared to controls over 14 years according to the SOS study.
Pycnogenol® is widely used in topical and oral applications for various dermatological indications. A unique
combination of pharmacological functions of Pycnogenol® provides an unmatched variety of health benefits
for skin health.
This document discusses moving patients with type 2 diabetes beyond basal insulin alone to more complex insulin regimens. It begins by outlining the 3 types of insulin (bolus, basal, premixed), 3 main insulin regimens (basal alone, basal-bolus, premixed), and pros and cons of each. Studies comparing regimens are presented showing basal-bolus provides better A1C reduction than premixed. While initial regimens may control A1C, long-term most patients require a more complex regimen. Guidelines recommend intensifying treatment if A1C remains above target. The key is understanding insulin's time-action profiles and titrating doses based on blood sugar patterns in logbooks.
Our joints are subject to wear and tear and with increasing age the lining of joints, the cushioning cartilage, gradually degenerates. When cartilage has reached significant abrasion articular tissue will be affected and tissue trauma initiates a local inflammation. The consequence is a reduced flexibility of joints and predominantly pain. Inflammatory cells accelerate degeneration of joints by secreting reactive oxygen species (“oxidative
burst”), pro-inflammatory cytokines and degenerative enzymes matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
This process is paralleled by increasing pain which, left untreated, may reach excruciating levels.
This study evaluated adherence to dietary and lifestyle recommendations in 77 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) bariatric surgery. The study found that only a minority of patients adhered to the recommended protein intake of at least 60 g per day at 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery. Half of patients met the physical activity recommendation of at least 150 minutes per week at each time point. Adherence to supplementation recommendations was higher, ranging from 57.1-100% across time points. Adherence was generally medium to high but was not significantly associated with excess weight loss of at least 60% at 12 months.
Ueda2016 symposium - basal plus & basal bolus - lobna el toonyueda2015
This document discusses the stepwise intensification of insulin therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It recommends starting with basal insulin as the first step, such as intermediate- or long-acting insulin added to oral antidiabetic drugs. Basal insulin is effective at improving fasting plasma glucose and provides an easy and generally safe treatment approach with a low risk of hypoglycemia. The document reviews the advantages of different basal insulin options and provides guidelines for initiating and titrating a basal insulin regimen to optimize glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
FOR the Motion- in a debate on "Vaginal route is the preferred route of Prog...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr. Sujoy Dasgupta is a reproductive medicine specialist with extensive qualifications and experience in India and the UK. He holds leadership roles in several obstetrics and gynecology professional societies. The document discusses the preferred route of progesterone administration, noting vaginal administration is preferred over oral or intramuscular routes due to the "first uterine pass effect" which results in higher concentrations in the uterus. Several studies are referenced showing vaginal progesterone results in normal endometrial changes and secretory transformation despite lower serum levels compared to other routes. The risks of oral administration are also outlined.
1) Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease with significant health risks and economic costs. Lifestyle interventions are often ineffective long-term, so medications and surgery may be considered.
2) Common obesity drug options include phentermine, orlistat, sibutramine, topiramate, metformin, exenatide, and rimonabant. They work via appetite suppression, fat absorption inhibition, or other mechanisms.
3) While medications can modestly aid weight loss, they also carry risks and are generally not intended for long-term use. Bariatric surgery may be considered for patients with BMI >35 and comorbidities.
The SONIC trial compared azathioprine, infliximab, and a combination of both for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease in patients who had not previously received biologics or immunosuppressants. It found that the combination of azathioprine and infliximab resulted in the highest rate of steroid-free remission at 26 weeks compared to either drug alone. Infliximab monotherapy led to higher rates of steroid-free remission than azathioprine alone. The trial demonstrated benefit for anti-TNF induction therapy in this patient population.
Gingival crevicular fluid turnover markers in premenopausal vs postmenopausal...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
1) The study evaluated levels of bone biomarkers RANKL and OPN in the gingival crevicular fluid of 50 women undergoing orthodontic treatment, dividing them into premenopausal (n=25) and postmenopausal (n=25) groups.
2) Baseline levels of RANKL and OPN were significantly different between the two groups but increased similarly with treatment in both.
3) Within each group, biomarker levels increased significantly from baseline to 24 hours after orthodontic force activation.
4) However, the changes in biomarker levels with treatment were not significantly different between the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups.
Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and ...Apollo Hospitals
Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type 2 diabetes: Analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment
This document summarizes results from the AURA-LV clinical trial studying the efficacy and safety of voclosporin in treating lupus nephritis. The trial found that patients receiving 23.7 mg of voclosporin twice daily were over twice as likely to achieve complete renal remission at 24 weeks compared to the placebo group. They were also more likely to achieve partial remission and saw faster time to response. At 48 weeks, the low-dose voclosporin group maintained higher remission rates and saw continued improvement in proteinuria levels over time, demonstrating voclosporin's potential as a new treatment for lupus nephritis.
This study examined the effects of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin on β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study found that after 24 weeks, combination therapy led to greater improvements in β-cell function measures like Φs and disposition index compared to monotherapy or placebo. Combination therapy also continued to show better β-cell function improvements than monotherapy out to 104 weeks. The study concluded that initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin demonstrated larger benefits to β-cell function over time compared to individual monotherapies.
Case study on Holistic Diabetic Care using Diet, Yoga, Resisted Exercises usi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Walking on Fasting Blood Sugar in Type 2 Diabetesiosrjce
This study examined the effect of 30 minutes of walking on fasting blood sugar levels in 25 male and female adults with type 2 diabetes who were on regular treatment for over one year. Fasting blood sugar levels were measured before and after 30 minutes of walking. The results found a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar levels after 30 minutes of walking compared to without walking, with a p-value of less than 0.001. The study concluded that 30 minutes of walking a day can help control blood sugar levels and plays an important role in managing type 2 diabetes.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This document discusses myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity. It begins with an introduction explaining how unsupported beliefs can lead to ineffective policies. It then outlines several myths about obesity that have been refuted by evidence, such as the myth that small sustained lifestyle changes lead to large long-term weight loss. It also discusses some presumptions about obesity for which the evidence is unclear or inconclusive, such as the presumption that regularly eating breakfast is protective against obesity. Finally, it outlines several facts about obesity that are supported by sufficient evidence.
1) Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with increasing incidence rates and poor survival outcomes.
2) EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS-CPN) and celiac ganglia neurolysis (EUS-CGN) provide effective pain relief for pancreatic cancer patients, with EUS-CGN showing potential for longer pain relief.
3) Randomized studies have shown EUS-CPN provides significantly better pain relief than sham treatment or percutaneous CPN. Bilateral neurolysis may offer longer pain relief than central injection.
The antibody aducanumab reduces amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in patients with Alzheimer's disease in a dose- and time-dependent manner according to interim results from a phase 1b clinical trial. Monthly intravenous infusions of aducanumab for one year reduced brain Aβ plaques as measured by PET imaging in patients with prodromal or mild Alzheimer's disease. This Aβ reduction was accompanied by a slowing of clinical decline on measures of cognition and function. The main safety finding was amyloid-related imaging abnormalities that generally resolved over time and did not require hospitalization. These results support further development of aducanumab as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
Bariatric surgery is associated with improved pregnancy outcomes such as lower rates of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and fetal macrosomia compared to obese women who did not undergo bariatric surgery. Several studies found lower rates of these complications after surgery, though results were mixed. There is also evidence of lower c-section rates after bariatric surgery compared to obese pregnant women without surgery based on multiple studies. However, interpretation of studies is limited by varying designs, small sample sizes, and different control and comparison groups.
This study examined the relationship between vitamin D status and quality of life measures in patients who underwent total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP-IAT). The researchers found that 53% of patients were vitamin D deficient after surgery. Patients who were vitamin D deficient reported twice as high morphine use and higher pain scores six months after surgery compared to vitamin D sufficient patients. This suggests that vitamin D status may impact quality of life outcomes after TP-IAT surgery and monitoring vitamin D levels and supplementing as needed could help improve patient well-being and pain management.
1. The document discusses extended cycle oral contraceptives that provide contraception for 84 days by suppressing ovulation through a combination of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, followed by 7 days of placebo or low-dose estrogen pills.
2. Clinical trials showed that extended cycle pills were as effective at preventing pregnancy as conventional 28-day pills, with similar safety profiles. Adverse effects were mild and consistent with other combined oral contraceptives.
3. The extended cycle regimen was found to be over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy when taken correctly, and resulted in less frequent bleeding and spotting compared to a 28-day regimen.
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Doxycycline As An Adjunct to Non-Surg...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: The association between diabetes and periodontal disease has long been discussed with conflicting conclusions. Earlier studies demonstrating the relationship between diabetes and severity of periodontal disease has been equivocal. However, recent studies have clearly proven that diabetes increases the risk of periodontal disease progression. Less clear is the impact of periodontal disease on diabetes. It has been hypothesised that periodontal therapy may improve the metabolic control of diabetes. Aim: To determine the effect of doxycycline as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in improving the metabolic control of poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic generalized periodontitis. Method: 30 poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic generalized periodontitis and receiving antidiabetic therapy were selected for the study. The subjects were randomly allotted to either of two treatment groups containing 15 subjects each: Group 1 (scaling and root planing(SRP)+ 15 days Doxycycline) or Group 2 (scaling and root planing(SRP). The Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values, Gingival Index(GI), and Probing pocket depth of both the groups were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. Results: Both the treatment groups exhibited reductions in HbA1c, G I and Probing pocket depth compared to baseline over time. The amount of reduction in the glycated haemoglobin and gingival parameters was higher in Group I compared to group 2 after 3 months. Conclusion: Both treatments improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes; however, the reduction in HbA1c values reached statistical significance only in the group receiving doxycycline as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.
Medical management of dub – new modalities dr. jyoti bhaskar lecture 4Lifecare Centre
This document discusses treatment options for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). It begins by defining heavy menstrual bleeding and noting the goals of treatment. It recommends a woman-centered approach. The NICE guidelines recommend levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) as first-line treatment, followed by tranexamic acid or NSAIDs as second-line options. Third-line includes oral or injected progestogens. It also discusses the use of oral contraceptives, progestational agents like medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators like ormeloxifene. Surgical and medical management are compared.
This document discusses medical management options for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). It begins by defining DUB and outlining treatment goals of controlling bleeding, correcting related conditions, preventing recurrence, and improving quality of life. First line treatment is recommended to be a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Other options discussed include tranexamic acid, NSAIDs, combined oral contraceptives, and various progestogen therapies. Ormeloxifene is presented as an ideal selective estrogen receptor modulator for DUB due to its tissue-specific effects and safety profile. Studies demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing bleeding and improving outcomes for women with DUB.
This study evaluated adherence to dietary and lifestyle recommendations in 77 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) bariatric surgery. The study found that only a minority of patients adhered to the recommended protein intake of at least 60 g per day at 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery. Half of patients met the physical activity recommendation of at least 150 minutes per week at each time point. Adherence to supplementation recommendations was higher, ranging from 57.1-100% across time points. Adherence was generally medium to high but was not significantly associated with excess weight loss of at least 60% at 12 months.
Ueda2016 symposium - basal plus & basal bolus - lobna el toonyueda2015
This document discusses the stepwise intensification of insulin therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It recommends starting with basal insulin as the first step, such as intermediate- or long-acting insulin added to oral antidiabetic drugs. Basal insulin is effective at improving fasting plasma glucose and provides an easy and generally safe treatment approach with a low risk of hypoglycemia. The document reviews the advantages of different basal insulin options and provides guidelines for initiating and titrating a basal insulin regimen to optimize glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
FOR the Motion- in a debate on "Vaginal route is the preferred route of Prog...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr. Sujoy Dasgupta is a reproductive medicine specialist with extensive qualifications and experience in India and the UK. He holds leadership roles in several obstetrics and gynecology professional societies. The document discusses the preferred route of progesterone administration, noting vaginal administration is preferred over oral or intramuscular routes due to the "first uterine pass effect" which results in higher concentrations in the uterus. Several studies are referenced showing vaginal progesterone results in normal endometrial changes and secretory transformation despite lower serum levels compared to other routes. The risks of oral administration are also outlined.
1) Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease with significant health risks and economic costs. Lifestyle interventions are often ineffective long-term, so medications and surgery may be considered.
2) Common obesity drug options include phentermine, orlistat, sibutramine, topiramate, metformin, exenatide, and rimonabant. They work via appetite suppression, fat absorption inhibition, or other mechanisms.
3) While medications can modestly aid weight loss, they also carry risks and are generally not intended for long-term use. Bariatric surgery may be considered for patients with BMI >35 and comorbidities.
The SONIC trial compared azathioprine, infliximab, and a combination of both for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease in patients who had not previously received biologics or immunosuppressants. It found that the combination of azathioprine and infliximab resulted in the highest rate of steroid-free remission at 26 weeks compared to either drug alone. Infliximab monotherapy led to higher rates of steroid-free remission than azathioprine alone. The trial demonstrated benefit for anti-TNF induction therapy in this patient population.
Gingival crevicular fluid turnover markers in premenopausal vs postmenopausal...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
1) The study evaluated levels of bone biomarkers RANKL and OPN in the gingival crevicular fluid of 50 women undergoing orthodontic treatment, dividing them into premenopausal (n=25) and postmenopausal (n=25) groups.
2) Baseline levels of RANKL and OPN were significantly different between the two groups but increased similarly with treatment in both.
3) Within each group, biomarker levels increased significantly from baseline to 24 hours after orthodontic force activation.
4) However, the changes in biomarker levels with treatment were not significantly different between the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups.
Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and ...Apollo Hospitals
Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and type 2 diabetes: Analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment
This document summarizes results from the AURA-LV clinical trial studying the efficacy and safety of voclosporin in treating lupus nephritis. The trial found that patients receiving 23.7 mg of voclosporin twice daily were over twice as likely to achieve complete renal remission at 24 weeks compared to the placebo group. They were also more likely to achieve partial remission and saw faster time to response. At 48 weeks, the low-dose voclosporin group maintained higher remission rates and saw continued improvement in proteinuria levels over time, demonstrating voclosporin's potential as a new treatment for lupus nephritis.
This study examined the effects of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin on β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study found that after 24 weeks, combination therapy led to greater improvements in β-cell function measures like Φs and disposition index compared to monotherapy or placebo. Combination therapy also continued to show better β-cell function improvements than monotherapy out to 104 weeks. The study concluded that initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin demonstrated larger benefits to β-cell function over time compared to individual monotherapies.
Case study on Holistic Diabetic Care using Diet, Yoga, Resisted Exercises usi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of Walking on Fasting Blood Sugar in Type 2 Diabetesiosrjce
This study examined the effect of 30 minutes of walking on fasting blood sugar levels in 25 male and female adults with type 2 diabetes who were on regular treatment for over one year. Fasting blood sugar levels were measured before and after 30 minutes of walking. The results found a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar levels after 30 minutes of walking compared to without walking, with a p-value of less than 0.001. The study concluded that 30 minutes of walking a day can help control blood sugar levels and plays an important role in managing type 2 diabetes.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This document discusses myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity. It begins with an introduction explaining how unsupported beliefs can lead to ineffective policies. It then outlines several myths about obesity that have been refuted by evidence, such as the myth that small sustained lifestyle changes lead to large long-term weight loss. It also discusses some presumptions about obesity for which the evidence is unclear or inconclusive, such as the presumption that regularly eating breakfast is protective against obesity. Finally, it outlines several facts about obesity that are supported by sufficient evidence.
1) Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with increasing incidence rates and poor survival outcomes.
2) EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (EUS-CPN) and celiac ganglia neurolysis (EUS-CGN) provide effective pain relief for pancreatic cancer patients, with EUS-CGN showing potential for longer pain relief.
3) Randomized studies have shown EUS-CPN provides significantly better pain relief than sham treatment or percutaneous CPN. Bilateral neurolysis may offer longer pain relief than central injection.
The antibody aducanumab reduces amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in patients with Alzheimer's disease in a dose- and time-dependent manner according to interim results from a phase 1b clinical trial. Monthly intravenous infusions of aducanumab for one year reduced brain Aβ plaques as measured by PET imaging in patients with prodromal or mild Alzheimer's disease. This Aβ reduction was accompanied by a slowing of clinical decline on measures of cognition and function. The main safety finding was amyloid-related imaging abnormalities that generally resolved over time and did not require hospitalization. These results support further development of aducanumab as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
Bariatric surgery is associated with improved pregnancy outcomes such as lower rates of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and fetal macrosomia compared to obese women who did not undergo bariatric surgery. Several studies found lower rates of these complications after surgery, though results were mixed. There is also evidence of lower c-section rates after bariatric surgery compared to obese pregnant women without surgery based on multiple studies. However, interpretation of studies is limited by varying designs, small sample sizes, and different control and comparison groups.
This study examined the relationship between vitamin D status and quality of life measures in patients who underwent total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP-IAT). The researchers found that 53% of patients were vitamin D deficient after surgery. Patients who were vitamin D deficient reported twice as high morphine use and higher pain scores six months after surgery compared to vitamin D sufficient patients. This suggests that vitamin D status may impact quality of life outcomes after TP-IAT surgery and monitoring vitamin D levels and supplementing as needed could help improve patient well-being and pain management.
1. The document discusses extended cycle oral contraceptives that provide contraception for 84 days by suppressing ovulation through a combination of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, followed by 7 days of placebo or low-dose estrogen pills.
2. Clinical trials showed that extended cycle pills were as effective at preventing pregnancy as conventional 28-day pills, with similar safety profiles. Adverse effects were mild and consistent with other combined oral contraceptives.
3. The extended cycle regimen was found to be over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy when taken correctly, and resulted in less frequent bleeding and spotting compared to a 28-day regimen.
Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Doxycycline As An Adjunct to Non-Surg...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: The association between diabetes and periodontal disease has long been discussed with conflicting conclusions. Earlier studies demonstrating the relationship between diabetes and severity of periodontal disease has been equivocal. However, recent studies have clearly proven that diabetes increases the risk of periodontal disease progression. Less clear is the impact of periodontal disease on diabetes. It has been hypothesised that periodontal therapy may improve the metabolic control of diabetes. Aim: To determine the effect of doxycycline as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy in improving the metabolic control of poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic generalized periodontitis. Method: 30 poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic generalized periodontitis and receiving antidiabetic therapy were selected for the study. The subjects were randomly allotted to either of two treatment groups containing 15 subjects each: Group 1 (scaling and root planing(SRP)+ 15 days Doxycycline) or Group 2 (scaling and root planing(SRP). The Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values, Gingival Index(GI), and Probing pocket depth of both the groups were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. Results: Both the treatment groups exhibited reductions in HbA1c, G I and Probing pocket depth compared to baseline over time. The amount of reduction in the glycated haemoglobin and gingival parameters was higher in Group I compared to group 2 after 3 months. Conclusion: Both treatments improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes; however, the reduction in HbA1c values reached statistical significance only in the group receiving doxycycline as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.
Medical management of dub – new modalities dr. jyoti bhaskar lecture 4Lifecare Centre
This document discusses treatment options for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). It begins by defining heavy menstrual bleeding and noting the goals of treatment. It recommends a woman-centered approach. The NICE guidelines recommend levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) as first-line treatment, followed by tranexamic acid or NSAIDs as second-line options. Third-line includes oral or injected progestogens. It also discusses the use of oral contraceptives, progestational agents like medroxyprogesterone acetate, and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators like ormeloxifene. Surgical and medical management are compared.
This document discusses medical management options for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). It begins by defining DUB and outlining treatment goals of controlling bleeding, correcting related conditions, preventing recurrence, and improving quality of life. First line treatment is recommended to be a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Other options discussed include tranexamic acid, NSAIDs, combined oral contraceptives, and various progestogen therapies. Ormeloxifene is presented as an ideal selective estrogen receptor modulator for DUB due to its tissue-specific effects and safety profile. Studies demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing bleeding and improving outcomes for women with DUB.
Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti Agarwal, and Dr. Jyoti Bhaskar presented an interactive session on the medical management of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) in 2014. Ormeloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, was discussed as a non-steroidal treatment option for DUB that has shown efficacy in several pilot studies and randomized controlled trials. Ormeloxifene has advantages of a convenient dosing schedule and few side effects, and has been used to successfully treat over 700 patients with DUB. Feedback was encouraged from participants on experiences treating DUB.
Uterine Fibroids: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors & Treatment uterine fibroids aren't associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and almost never develop into cancer
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition characterized by urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence. Behavioral therapies are recommended as first-line treatment, with antimuscarinic drugs and beta-3 agonists as pharmacologic options. Combination therapy with drugs from different classes may provide improved efficacy over monotherapy. Newer drugs like mirabegron, vibegron and combinations of existing drugs show promise based on clinical trial results demonstrating reductions in OAB symptoms and improvements in quality of life. However, OAB likely encompasses different phenotypes, supporting a shift towards more personalized treatment approaches tailored to individual patient characteristics.
A benign tumor of muscular and fibrous tissues, typically developing in the wall of the uterus.
Prevalence varies among studies and countries (4.5-68.6%)
Nearly 20-30% Indian women in reproductive age group have fibroid uterus
At any given time, nearly 15-25 million Indian women have fibroid uterus
Understand fibroids in a better way
LNG-IUS: heavy menstrual bleeding What is new??? Dr. Jyoti Agarwal / Dr. Sha...Lifecare Centre
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2. • In the 2013 dataset, the prevalence of OAB was 7.2%
(Male: 7.7%; Female: 6.7%).
• Prevalence was the highest among those aged more
than 74 years (9.3%), identifying as White (7.4%), and
residing in urban areas (7.5%).
• By 2027, OAB is projected to increase by 48.1%
World Wide
12. Muscarinic receptors are
distributed to most of the
organs in the body.
Antimuscarinics have
important sites of action
outside the bladder that
cause effects limiting
their clinical use.
14. 1. Treatment for overactive bladder using antimuscarinics in adults
aged 65 or older resulted in significant increases in risk for several
AEs compared to placebo including anticholinergic and non-
anticholinergic AEs. (Arch Gerontol Geriatr.2017;69:77-96).
2. Heart rate significantly increased in OAB patients treated with non-
selective antimuscarinic drugs. Trospium chloride, tolterodine tartrate,
fesoterodine fumarate and propiverine hydrochloride seem to have the
most unfavorable properties with regard to increased heart rate side
effect when compared to the other antimuscarinic drugs (darifenacin
hydrobromide, solifenacin succinate and oxybutynin hydrochloride).
• Int Urol Nephrol. 2019;51(3):417-424.
3. Which anticholinergic is best for people with overactive bladders? A
network meta-analysis
(Int Urogynecol J.2019;30(10):1603-1617).
All the anticholinergic drugs were better than placebo but apart from
dry mouth were similar in effect. Transdermal oxybutynin caused less
dry mouth than the other treatments, so may be worth considering as
the first treatment.
Antimuscarinic AE’s-
15. Mirabegron: clinical considerations in OAB*
First b3-adrenoceptor agonist approved for OAB
Once-daily oral administration
Reduces the frequency of micturition, incontinence
and urgency and improves HR-QOL
Sustains these improvements over 52 weeks’ therapy
Generally well tolerated
Beta-3 adrenergic drug for the treatment of OAB -
16. • Sympathetic and parasympathetic
innervation diametrically regulates the
function of the lower urinary tract.
• Sympathetic nerve activity triggers the
release of noradrenaline (NA),which relaxes
the detrusormuscle and promotes
contraction of the urethra, thereby
promoting the storage of urine.
• During urination, parasympathetic nerve
activity predominates; the release of nitric
oxide (NO) inhibits contraction of the
urethra, and acetylcholine (ACh) release
triggers contraction of the detrusor muscle.
• Like noradrenaline, mirabegron acts on the
β3-adrenoreceptor, triggering detrusor
muscle relaxation and improved urine
storage
* Br J Clin Pharmacol-2015,80:4; 762–764
Beta-3 adrenergic drug MOA* -
17. Patients with OAB
Anticholinergic/
Antimuscarinic drugs
β3 – adrenoceptor agonist
(Mirabegron)
Effective and Tolerate
treatment
1. Insufficient efficacy
2. Poor tolerability
Anticholinergic/
Antimuscarinic drugs
Possible utilisation of Mirabegron in the treatment of patients with OAB -*
18. Pharmacologic Management
Consider dose modification or alternate
medication if initial treatment is effective but
adverse events or other considerations preclude
continuation; consider combination therapy
with an anti-muscarinic and ß3-adrenoceptor
agonist for patients refractory to monotherapy
with either.
Diagnosis & Treatment Algorithm: AUA/SUFU Guideline on Non-
Neurogenic Overactive Bladder in Adults*-2019
19. 1. Impact of body mass index on treatment efficacy of mirabegron
for overactive bladder in females* (Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016 Jan;196:64-8).
CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides evidence in support of documented data obtained do
not confirm hypothesis that the body weight influences the treatment
outcome of mirabegron.
2. The β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron improves glucose
homeostasis in obese humans* (J Clin Invest.2020 Jan 21).
CONCLUSION:
Mirabegron treatment significantly improves glucose tolerance in
obese, insulin resistant humans. Since β-cells and skeletal muscle do not
express β3-ARs, these data suggest that the beiging of SC WAT
(subcutaneous white adipose tissue) by mirabegron reduces adipose
tissue dysfunction, which enhances muscle oxidative capacity and
improves β-cell function.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Possible utilisation of Mirabegron in the treatment
of patients with OAB -*
21. Objective
To evaluate the potential of solifenacin 5 mg combined with Mirabegron 25 or 50 mg to deliver superior efficacy
compared with monotherapy, with acceptable tolerability, in the general overactive bladder (OAB) population with
urinary incontinence (UI).
Conclusion
• In the largest OAB study to date, combined therapy with solifenacin 5 mg + mirabegron 25 mg and solifenacin 5
mg + mirabegron 50 mg provided consistent improvements in efficacy compared with the respective
monotherapies across most of the outcome parameters, with effect sizes generally consistent with an additive
effect
• Most effects of combined therapy vs monotherapy were observable by week 4.
• The clinical relevance of the improvements seen with combined therapy for several objective OAB outcome
measures was also supported by the improvements of combined therapy vs monotherapy in the responder
analyses.
Efficacy and safety of combinations of Mirabegron and solifenacin compared with monotherapy and placebo in
patients with overactive bladder (SYNERGY study) - BJU Int 2017; 120: 562–575.
22. Objective:
To assess efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron 50 mg versus antimuscarinic monotherapies
and combination therapies.
Patient summary:
This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of different drug treatments for
OAB. Mirabegron 50 mg was as effective as antimuscarinic therapy, with fewer common, bothersome
side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention. Combination treatment of
solifenacin 5 mg plus mirabegron 25 or 50 mg was more effective than mirabegron 50 mg alone,
but with more anticholinergic side effects.
Conclusion
The relief of key OAB symptoms produced by mirabegron 50 mg is significantly better than placebo, and similar to a
range of common antimuscarinics, with the benefit of significantly fewer bothersome anticholinergic side effects
such as dry mouth. Combination treatment of solifenacin 5 mg plus mirabegron 25 or 50 mg appears to provide an
efficacy benefit compared with mirabegron 50 mg, with the expected side effects of individual antimuscarinics.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Mirabegron Compared with Antimuscarinic Monotherapy or Combination Therapies
for Overactive Bladder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
-Eur Urol. 2018 Sep;74(3):324-333.
23. Objective: To ensure efficacy and safety is maintained in older patients (>65 yr), who usually experience greater symptom
severity and comorbidities, a prespecified subanalysis stratified by age group was conducted.
Design, setting, and participants: Patients remaining incontinent (episode during 3-d diary) following 4-wk single-blind
daily solifenacin 5 mg were randomized 1:1:1 to a daily double-blind combination (solifenacin 5 mg and mirabegron 25 mg,
increased to 50 mg at wk 4), solifenacin 5 mg or 10 mg for 12 wk. Four cohorts stratified by age (<65 yr, 65 yr and
< 75 yr, 75 yr) were investigated.
Conclusion
Efficacy and safety in the overall population is maintained in older ( 65 yr) and elderly ( 75 yr) patients treated
with a combination of solifenacin and mirabegron, or solifenacin monotherapy; irrespective of age, combination was
associated with the greatest improvement in overactive bladder symptoms.
Patient summary: This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of a combination of two different treatments
(mirabegron 50 mg and solifenacin 5 mg) or solifenacin (5 mg or 10 mg) alone in patients aged <65 yr or 65 yr,
and <75 yr or 75 yr with overactive bladder. Symptoms of overactive bladder, such as the urgent need to visit the
toilet, incontinence, and frequent urination, were improved with all treatments regardless of the patient’s age, but
combination treatment demonstrated the greatest benefit, and was well tolerated.
Treating Overactive Bladder in Older Patients with a Combination of Mirabegron and Solifenacin:
A Prespecified Analysis from the BESIDE Study - Eur Urol Focus.2017 Dec;3(6):629-638.
24. Cholinergic pelvic nerves release acetylcholine
(ACh), which, via activation of muscarinic M3
receptors, induce contraction of the detrusor
muscle and emptying of the bladder.
Anti-muscarinic agents (e.g., solifenacin) block the
muscarinic receptor and reduce detrusor muscle
contractions. Hypogastric adrenergic nerves release
norepinephrine (NE), which causes urinary
retention by activating β3-adrenergic receptors in
the detrusor muscle and alpha-adrenergic
receptors in the internal sphincter of the urethra.
Mirabegron, a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist,
reduces bladder contractions in patients with
neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
Of note, the classical nomenclature of the sacral
autonomic outflow has been recently challenged
Sites of action and mechanisms of therapeutic agents used for the treatment of neurogenic overactive bladder
- Mov Disord. 2018 Mar; 33(3): 372–390.
25. Treatment Recommended dosing regimen Adverse events Receptor selectivity CNS penetration
Anticholinergic agents
Darifenacin 7.5 or 15 mg/day Constipation, dry mouth, urinary retention M3 selective Low
Trospium
20 mg twice a day
60 mg/day (extended release form)
Constipation, dry mouth, dry eyes, headache, urinary
retention
Non-selective Low
Solifenacin 5 or 10 mg/day
Constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, nausea,
dyspepsia, urinary retention
M3 and M1 selective Moderate
Oxybutinin
5 mg up to 4 times/day
5-30 mg/day (extended release form)
3 pumps once a day (gel)
1 patch every 3-4 days (patch)
Constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, nausea,
dyspepsia, urinary retention
M3 and M1 selective Moderate
Tolterodine
2 mg twice a day
2 or 4 mg/day (long acting form)
Constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, dizziness, blurry
vision, urinary retention
Non-selective Moderate
Fesoterodine 4 or 8 mg
Constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, dizziness, blurry
vision, urinary retention
Non-selective Moderate
β3-adrenergic agonists
Mirabegron 25 or 50 mg/day
Hypertension, irregular heart rate, abdominal or pelvic
pain, worsening dyskinesias in PD (one case report)
β3-selective Low
Pharmacological treatments for neurogenic detrusor overactivity
Mov Disord. 2018 Mar; 33(3): 372–390.
26. β3-adrenergic agonists-
β3-adrenergic receptors contribute to detrusor muscle relaxation.
Mirabegron, a selective β3-adrenergic receptor, elicits relaxation of the detrusor muscle during the
storage phase, thereby improving bladder capacity without impeding bladder voiding.
Mirabegron is available in most countries.
Oral mirabegron administered once daily (25-50 mg) is effective to improve urinary frequency,
urgency, and incontinence in patients with overactive bladder.
Mirabegron is devoid of anticholinergic adverse events but can cause urinary retention,
pelvic/abdominal pain, and hypertension
27. Antimuscarinic agents-
Antimuscarinic drugs improve symptoms of detrusor overactivity by reducing cholinergic output to the bladder
and, thus, relaxing the detrusor muscle and reducing the urge to urinate.
Antimuscarinic agents can worsen the post-void residual volume and cause urinary retention, dry mouth, dry
eyes, gastroparesis and constipation.
There are several antimuscarinic agents, the majority of which are available in most world regions: they share
mechanism of action but differ in selectivity of M3 receptors, and CNS permeability.
Centrally acting antimuscarinic (e.g., atropine or scopolamine) or predominantly peripheral with CNS penetrance
(oxybutynin, fesoterodine) can cause/aggravate cognitive impairment and should be avoided.
Peripherally acting antimuscarinics with low CNS penetrance (e.g., trospium, darifernacine) are preferable.
Only solifenacin 5-10 mg daily has been specifically studied in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of patients
with PD showing a significant reduction in urinary frequency compared to placebo.
28. Other treatments-
Alpha-adrenergic blockers (Tamsulosin, Silodosin) should be used very cautiously, or not at all, in patients with
autonomic dysfunction as they can aggravate OH and increase the risk of falls and syncope.
Open label studies showed that intramural botulinum toxin injections in the bladder can improve refractory
neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with PD and MSA; potential adverse events include urinary
retention.198-200 Nocturnal natriuresis in patients with supine hypertension and nOH should be distinguished
from neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
29. Treatment of detrusor underactivity-
Incomplete bladder emptying as a consequence of detrusor underactivity is common in MSA (multiple system
atrophy) and seldom reported in patients with PD (Parkinson disease), DLB (dementia with Lewy bodies) or PAF
(pure autonomic failure).
Estimation of the post-void residual (PVR) bladder volume is a simple and useful test in patients with MSA; even
though their urinary complaints may be limited to urinary urgency or frequency, patients are usually unaware
that their bladders do not empty completely. PVR can be measured by ultrasound echography or transurethral
catheterization.
If the patient has a PVR > 100 ml, clean intermittent self-catheterization must be recommended. Either the
patient or the caregiver can usually perform this after education is provided. In patients with advanced disease
and severe neurological disability, a permanent indwelling catheter, usually suprapubic, may be required.
Antimuscarinic or β3-adrenergic treatment to reduce bladder overactivity should be added regardless of the
PVR. The caveats are the same as with the treatment of overactive bladder. Replaceable remote-controlled intra-
urethral prosthesis for women with underactive bladder have been recently approved by the U.S. FDA;209 these
do not require surgery, increase quality of life, and reduce the risk of urinary complications, although the
experience in patients with MSA is still limited
30. Incomplete bladder emptying as a consequence of detrusor
underactivity is common in multiple system atrophy (MSA)
but seldom reported in patients with other synucleinopathies.
Estimation of the post-void residual (PVR) bladder volume is
a simple and useful test in patients with MSA; even though
their urinary complaints may be limited to urinary urgency or
frequency, patients are usually unaware that their bladders do
not empty completely.
PVR can be measured by ultrasound echography or
transurethral catheterization. If the patient has a PVR > 100
ml, clean intermittent self-catheterization must be
recommended. Either the patient or the caregiver can usually
perform this after education is provided. In patients with
advanced disease and severe neurological disability, a
permanent indwelling catheter, usually suprapubic, may be
required. Antimuscarinic or β3-adrenergic treatment to
reduce bladder overactivity should be added regardless of the
PVR. (*) Replaceable remote-controlled intra-urethral
prosthesis for women with underactive bladder have been
recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Our
experience in women with MSA, although limited, is very
positive.
Algorithm for the management of underactive bladder in patients with synucleinopathies
Mov Disord. 2018 Mar; 33(3): 372–390.