I have tried to provide an outline regarding the general antivirals available in our country..and discussed regarding MOA,indications and Therapeutic uses.
I have tried to provide an outline regarding the general antivirals available in our country..and discussed regarding MOA,indications and Therapeutic uses.
Definition: Antiviral agents are substances used in the treatment and prophylaxis of disease caused by viruses.
Classification:
A] Agents involves the inhibition of early stage of viral replication (Adamantane derivatives)
Admantane
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Tromantadine
B] Interferon:
Tilorane
ABPP (Bromopirimine)
CP20,961
Neuraminidase inhibitors are antiviral drugs used to treat acute respiratory infections and influenza (a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality) Zanamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza virus in persons aged greater than or equal to 12 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days.
Definition: Antiviral agents are substances used in the treatment and prophylaxis of disease caused by viruses.
Classification:
A] Agents involves the inhibition of early stage of viral replication (Adamantane derivatives)
Admantane
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Tromantadine
B] Interferon:
Tilorane
ABPP (Bromopirimine)
CP20,961
Neuraminidase inhibitors are antiviral drugs used to treat acute respiratory infections and influenza (a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality) Zanamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza virus in persons aged greater than or equal to 12 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days.
Pharmacology and therapeutics of Antiretroviral agentPrajwalGhatol1
Title: Antiretroviral Agents Pharmacology
Introduction:
Antiretroviral agents play a crucial role in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to various infections. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) aims to suppress viral replication, maintain or restore immune function, and improve overall quality of life. This note provides a detailed overview of the pharmacology of antiretroviral agents.
Classification of Antiretroviral Agents:
Antiretroviral agents are classified into several classes based on their mechanism of action:
a. Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs):
- Examples: Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Tenofovir.
- Mechanism: They inhibit reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for viral DNA synthesis, by acting as faulty substrates.
b. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs):
- Examples: Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Rilpivirine.
- Mechanism: They bind directly to reverse transcriptase, causing conformational changes that inhibit its activity.
c. Protease Inhibitors (PIs):
- Examples: Atazanavir, Darunavir, Ritonavir.
- Mechanism: PIs interfere with the protease enzyme, hindering the cleavage of viral polyproteins and preventing the maturation of infectious viral particles.
d. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs):
- Examples: Raltegravir, Elvitegravir, Dolutegravir.
- Mechanism: INSTIs block the integrase enzyme, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome.
e. Entry Inhibitors:
- Examples: Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc.
- Mechanism: Enfuvirtide inhibits the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, while Maraviroc blocks the CCR5 receptor, preventing viral entry into the cell.
Pharmacokinetics:
a. Absorption:
Antiretroviral drugs can be taken orally, and their absorption may be affected by food. For instance, some PIs are better absorbed with food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach.
b. Distribution:
Antiretrovirals distribute widely in the body, including the central nervous system. Some drugs have specific formulations to enhance their penetration into sanctuary sites.
c. Metabolism:
Many antiretrovirals undergo hepatic metabolism, primarily through the cytochrome P450 system. Drug interactions may occur, influencing the metabolism of co-administered medications.
d. Excretion:
Renal excretion is a significant route for some antiretrovirals. Dosing adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment.
Resistance:
a. Mechanisms:
HIV has a high mutation rate, leading to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Resistance can result from mutations in the viral genome, reducing drug binding or increasing the efficiency of viral replication.
b. Prevention:
Combination therapy, or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), is employed to reduce the risk of resistance. This involves using
Antiviral drugs are a class of medications used to treat viral infections by inhibiting the replication or growth of viruses in the body. These drugs work by targeting specific components of a virus, such as the viral enzymes, proteins, or nucleic acids, and disrupting their ability to infect or replicate inside host cells. This can help reduce the severity of symptoms, prevent complications, and speed up recovery.
There are many types of antiviral drugs available, including:
1. Nucleoside or nucleotide analogues: These drugs mimic the structure of the nucleosides or nucleotides needed for viral replication, thereby interfering with virus replication.
2. Protease inhibitors: These drugs block the activity of viral proteases, which are enzymes that are required for the replication and assembly of some viruses.
3. Interferons: These drugs are naturally occurring proteins that help the immune system fight viral infections by boosting the body's antiviral response.
4. Neuraminidase inhibitors: These drugs block the activity of viral neuraminidase, an enzyme that is required for the release of virus particles from infected cells.
5. Fusion inhibitors: These drugs block the fusion of viral and host cell membranes, which is an essential step in viral entry and replication.
Antiviral drugs can be used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, herpes, and Ebola. However, the effectiveness of these drugs can vary depending on the specific virus and the stage of infection. Antiviral drugs may also have side effects, and it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking them.
Introduction to virus & antivirals.
Treatment of Influenza virus.
Treatment of RSV
Viruses are intracellular parasites with no metabolic machinery of their own.
Lack cell wall & cell membrane.
To replicate, viruses must attach to & enter a living host cell – animal, plant, or bacterium – and use its metabolic process.
Viral replication requires DNA or RNA synthesis.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
12. Panel C shows the translational products of the HIV gag–pol gene and the sites at which the gene product is cleaved by the virus-encoded protease. p17 denotes capsid protein, p24 matrix protein, and p7 nucleocapsid; p2, p1, and p6 are small proteins with unknown functions. The arrows denote cleavage events catalyzed by the HIV-specific protease. Protease Inhibitors Protease action
13. Fig. 3. HIV-1 virion forms. (a) Particles assembling and budding at the cell membrane. (b) An immature virus particle. (c) Mature forms of HIV-1.
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