The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 2 COMBATING GRAND CORRUPTION: THE NEED FOR A NEW INTERNATIONAL APPROACH United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan rightly wrote in 2004 that: Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to violations of human rights, distorts markets, erodes the quality of life and allows organized crime, terrorism and other threats to human security to flourish.2 However, this rhetoric contrasts starkly with the reality of the ineffective international efforts to combat corruption. The experience of the United States provides a model for a new international approach to combating corruption. Public corruption exists in the United States. State and local officials, particularly, at times abuse their public offices for private gain. However, in contrast to many other nations, the United States is serious about combating corruption. In the United States, we do not rely on elected state prosecutors to do this because they are often part of the political establishment that must be challenged and, in any event, lack the necessary legal authority and resources. Rather, we rely primarily on federal investigators, prosecutors, and courts to pursue and punish corrupt state and local officials. In the United States, sometimes acting on information provided by private parties who want to remain anonymous, independent media often expose corruption. Federal investigators are authorized to conduct undercover operations and secretly record conversations, and are adept at unraveling complicated financial transactions.
Narcotics trafficking has a much larger global economic impact than human trafficking, generating $322 billion annually compared to $32 billion from human trafficking. Narcotics trafficking can destabilize entire countries and undermine the rule of law as organized crime networks corrupt political systems. It has led to the rise of powerful drug cartels in Mexico and the fall of democratic governments in countries in West Africa. The profits from drug trafficking also fund many terrorist organizations around the world. As a result, greater attention and political/social reaction should be given to combating illicit narcotics trafficking over human trafficking due to its far-reaching effects on national security, regional stability, and the global economy.
https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_184189_en.pdf
Sources of Corruption: Military in Politics, Income Distribution
http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Thailand/sub5_8f/entry-3279.html
CORRUPTION IN THAILAND: CRONYISM, POLICE, MILITARY, THAKSIN AND POLITICIANS AFTER THAKSIN
https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/chinas-senior-general-commits-suicide-under-corruption-investigation/
Chinese Senior General Commits Suicide Under Corruption Investigation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar
Corruption in Myanmar
http://www.wired.co.uk/article/jade-trade-burma-corruption
Global Witness: corruption inside Myanmar's military-run jade trade
https://www.globalwitness.org/fr/campaigns/myanmar/jade-and-generals/
Jade and the Generals | Global Witness
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-24/how-military-controls-myanmar-not-aung-san-suu-kyi/8978042
Myanmar: How the military still controls the country, not Aung San Suu Kyi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwGuSUM2kh0
Monitoring the impact of the economic crisis on crime final-1UN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) research: “Monitoring the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Crime,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
This document compares perceptions of corruption in Ethiopia and Sudan using two different data sets. In Sudan, the data focuses on identifying corruption as the most important problem facing the country. In Ethiopia, the data examines perceptions of corruption among local state agents. The analysis finds that concerns and perceptions of corruption increase with education and age, and are also influenced by local conditions like quality of services or drought. Regression analysis is used to examine factors influencing perceptions of corruption at the regional and individual levels in both countries.
White collar crime poses the greatest threat to society compared to violent and organized crime. It affects the most people since victims are often unaware of the crime until much later. There are three types of white collar crime - embezzlement, fraud, and forgery/counterfeiting. Embezzlement, such as in the mortgage crisis, has had widespread economic impacts. Fraud by businesses increases costs to all consumers. Forgery/counterfeiting undermines foreign policy and trade agreements when discovered, as in the case of indicted Blackwater executives. Overall, white collar crime has broader negative consequences than other crimes.
[Spacek moderated Concurrent Panel on “Succession Building” at 2015 Conference]
Powerpoint discusses Past and Present-day American Public Servant Corruption; Public Servant Convictions in the 12-State Northeastern US (NeCoPA) Area; Definitions and Notions, of Public Servant Corruption; Measuring Public Servant Corruption "Culture" in the Northeast USA: a "Reality Check."
Geo-Political Events and Business Impact - September 2018paul young cpa, cga
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
Global protectionism is on the rise as USA is looking for fair trade deals
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Narcotics trafficking has a much larger global economic impact than human trafficking, generating $322 billion annually compared to $32 billion from human trafficking. Narcotics trafficking can destabilize entire countries and undermine the rule of law as organized crime networks corrupt political systems. It has led to the rise of powerful drug cartels in Mexico and the fall of democratic governments in countries in West Africa. The profits from drug trafficking also fund many terrorist organizations around the world. As a result, greater attention and political/social reaction should be given to combating illicit narcotics trafficking over human trafficking due to its far-reaching effects on national security, regional stability, and the global economy.
https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_184189_en.pdf
Sources of Corruption: Military in Politics, Income Distribution
http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Thailand/sub5_8f/entry-3279.html
CORRUPTION IN THAILAND: CRONYISM, POLICE, MILITARY, THAKSIN AND POLITICIANS AFTER THAKSIN
https://thediplomat.com/2017/11/chinas-senior-general-commits-suicide-under-corruption-investigation/
Chinese Senior General Commits Suicide Under Corruption Investigation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar
Corruption in Myanmar
http://www.wired.co.uk/article/jade-trade-burma-corruption
Global Witness: corruption inside Myanmar's military-run jade trade
https://www.globalwitness.org/fr/campaigns/myanmar/jade-and-generals/
Jade and the Generals | Global Witness
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-24/how-military-controls-myanmar-not-aung-san-suu-kyi/8978042
Myanmar: How the military still controls the country, not Aung San Suu Kyi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwGuSUM2kh0
Monitoring the impact of the economic crisis on crime final-1UN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) research: “Monitoring the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Crime,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
This document compares perceptions of corruption in Ethiopia and Sudan using two different data sets. In Sudan, the data focuses on identifying corruption as the most important problem facing the country. In Ethiopia, the data examines perceptions of corruption among local state agents. The analysis finds that concerns and perceptions of corruption increase with education and age, and are also influenced by local conditions like quality of services or drought. Regression analysis is used to examine factors influencing perceptions of corruption at the regional and individual levels in both countries.
White collar crime poses the greatest threat to society compared to violent and organized crime. It affects the most people since victims are often unaware of the crime until much later. There are three types of white collar crime - embezzlement, fraud, and forgery/counterfeiting. Embezzlement, such as in the mortgage crisis, has had widespread economic impacts. Fraud by businesses increases costs to all consumers. Forgery/counterfeiting undermines foreign policy and trade agreements when discovered, as in the case of indicted Blackwater executives. Overall, white collar crime has broader negative consequences than other crimes.
[Spacek moderated Concurrent Panel on “Succession Building” at 2015 Conference]
Powerpoint discusses Past and Present-day American Public Servant Corruption; Public Servant Convictions in the 12-State Northeastern US (NeCoPA) Area; Definitions and Notions, of Public Servant Corruption; Measuring Public Servant Corruption "Culture" in the Northeast USA: a "Reality Check."
Geo-Political Events and Business Impact - September 2018paul young cpa, cga
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
Global protectionism is on the rise as USA is looking for fair trade deals
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
This document discusses Mexico's capacity to combat transnational organized crime according to the UN Palermo Convention. It argues that Mexico faces significant challenges in complying with the Convention's standards due to weaknesses in its state capacity. Specifically, Mexican laws and institutions are insufficiently equipped to deal with issues like trafficking of persons, smuggling of migrants, arms trafficking, and drug trafficking as defined by the Convention. Without strengthening its ability to respond effectively, Mexico's efforts to combat transnational crime will be in vain and democracy will suffer.
- The document provides a biography of Paul Young, a CPA and expert on geopolitics and its impact on business.
- It then outlines Young's agenda for discussing various geopolitical issues happening around the world and how they impact business, including events related to the UN, supply chain management, government roles, and specific countries.
- Key geopolitical risks to businesses in 2018 are identified as escalation on the Korean peninsula, cyber attacks, US protectionism, and assertive leadership in various countries.
This document discusses the refugee crisis in Central America and Mexico stemming from drug violence and poverty. It outlines factors driving instability like drug trafficking through the region, income inequality, and violent crime. Cocaine production in South America and trafficking routes through Central America have empowered violent drug cartels in Mexico, where the drug war has resulted in over 17,000 deaths in 2011. Widespread poverty, inequality, and lack of economic opportunity have also exacerbated crime and violence. However, the US accepts relatively few refugees from Latin America despite its proximity and similarities to other refugee situations globally.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
This document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the complex issue of human sex trafficking. It draws on the disciplines of information technology, general business, and organizational leadership. Information technology can help by using data mining and security techniques to identify patterns and track traffickers online. General business principles can provide insights into the market dynamics of trafficking. Organizational leadership is needed to manage collaborative efforts across different groups working on this issue. While conflicts may arise from other disciplines, an interdisciplinary team incorporating these three areas could help reduce and prevent trafficking by utilizing technological tools and data, understanding the business of trafficking, and coordinating organizational responses.
This document summarizes the key findings of the 9th edition of Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer survey. Some of the main results include:
- Nearly 6 in 10 people thought their government was doing a bad job fighting corruption. Police and elected representatives were seen as the most corrupt public institutions.
- On average, 1 in 4 public service users had to pay a bribe in the past year. The average bribery rate was highest in the Middle East/North Africa and Commonwealth of Independent States.
- Over half of respondents felt ordinary citizens can make a difference in fighting corruption, though views varied significantly by country.
Transnational Crime and the Global CommunityMark Wojnarek
Transnational crime involves marketing illegal products or services across international borders to generate profits that support further criminal activity. It affects the global community by destabilizing governments and creating fear among citizens. Over 50 activities fall under transnational crime, including human trafficking, weapons smuggling, and drug trafficking. These criminal operations have far-reaching impacts on human rights and strain local resources and systems. Criminal organizations operate transnational drug and human trafficking rings like businesses, exploiting consumer demand and generating over $193 billion annually from drug sales in the U.S. alone. Violence is often used by these organizations to maintain control and influence.
- The document discusses how geopolitical events impact business and provides examples of current geopolitical risks and issues. It summarizes the author's background and credentials. The bulk of the document covers specific geopolitical situations impacting business, including North Korea, Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the role of international organizations like the UN. It emphasizes that businesses must be aware of changing government policies and geopolitical risks in order to make informed investment and operational decisions.
Understanding Cause and Effect of Geo Political Events - January 2019paul young cpa, cga
This document provides an overview and analysis of key geopolitical events and issues shaping the world in 2019. It discusses events including tensions with North Korea and Iran, the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, unrest in Latin America, and the role of major powers like the US, EU, China, and Saudi Arabia. It also analyzes issues like corruption at the UN and risks to global supply chains from political instability. The document aims to help readers understand international risks and their implications for business interests around the world.
A lo largo de sus 16 páginas, este documento desglosa los factores amenazantes percibidos en varias tipologías (actores estatales externos, organizaciones extremistas violentas y organizaciones criminales transnacionales) y detalla a continuación cuál es el papel de las fuerzas armadas del país frente a cada uno de estos problemas, en virtud de la Estrategia Nacional de Defensa (NDS, por sus siglas en Inglés).
This document summarizes an article from the African Human Mobility Review about upholding refugee rights in the context of the cessation clause. The key points are:
1. The cessation clause in the 1951 Refugee Convention allows for refugee status to be revoked if the circumstances causing a person to flee their home country no longer exist. However, applying this clause risks infringing on refugees' human rights.
2. Examining the controversial application of the cessation clause to Rwandan refugees shows how it led to rights violations by forcing repatriation. It also highlights the problem of prioritizing institutional perspectives over refugees' own knowledge and experiences.
3. There are debates around how to interpret
Fighting corruption lessons learned from colombiaElGammalm
The document summarizes Colombia's efforts to fight corruption through initiatives undertaken by various stakeholders, including the government, civil society, private sector, and international organizations. It describes some of the key initiatives, such as the Presidential Program to Combat Corruption established by the government in 1998. It also discusses the role of civil society groups like Colombiemos and citizen oversight groups, as well as private sector associations. International organizations such as the OAS and World Bank provided support through agreements like the Inter-American Convention against Corruption. The initiatives aimed to strengthen anti-corruption laws and increase transparency, accountability, and civic participation.
This document provides a summary of geopolitical events and risks that could impact business in 2018-2019. It discusses key issues like US protectionism, Brexit, elections in various countries, and conflicts in the Middle East. Specific risks highlighted include US-China trade wars, instability in Italy and conflict escalation on the Korean peninsula. The document also examines how events in Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and Saudi Arabia could spill over geopolitically. It emphasizes the need for supply chain integration and the role of governments and businesses in navigating these risks.
The world can change on a dime depending on the party in power for each country along with government corruption. Not enough is being done by the UN as part of ensuring security and prosperity for its' member nations.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
EXPERIENCES OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST AND THE MOST SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRACIES ,
“DEMOCRACY NEVER LASTS LONG. IT SOON WASTES, EXHAUSTS AND MURDERS ITSELF”
FAILED REASON: FAILED DEMOCRACY,
THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY TOPS ALL HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS, BUT IT AILS IF REASON FAILS .
RULE OF LAW BACKED BY COLLECTIVE REASON CAN BEST ANSWER THE DEMOCRATIC DECAY .
The world is heading into a period of the most instability since the cold war in the 1980s. Countries like Iran, China and India are growing in terms of size and power.
The document contains templates and instructions for capturing results from advocacy efforts, including quick wins. It includes worksheets for documenting a quick win, results cascade, and decision tree to map incremental outcomes leading to broader goals. Sections are titled to identify advocacy opportunities, accomplish quick wins, and capture results in an advocacy portfolio.
These are short courses for junior staff to prepare them for teaching and
research supervision. They will focus on pedagogy, research ethics, supervision skills,
mentoring and advising students.
• Associate Professor: These are courses for mid-career staff to enhance their skills in
research management, proposal development, networking and resource mobilization.
• Professoriate: These are courses for senior staff to enhance their leadership,
management and mentoring skills. They will also focus on developing research
networks and consortia.
It was suggested that these courses could be jointly developed and offered to staff in partner
universities of the Nile Basin Research Project.
3. PUBLICATION
This document discusses Mexico's capacity to combat transnational organized crime according to the UN Palermo Convention. It argues that Mexico faces significant challenges in complying with the Convention's standards due to weaknesses in its state capacity. Specifically, Mexican laws and institutions are insufficiently equipped to deal with issues like trafficking of persons, smuggling of migrants, arms trafficking, and drug trafficking as defined by the Convention. Without strengthening its ability to respond effectively, Mexico's efforts to combat transnational crime will be in vain and democracy will suffer.
- The document provides a biography of Paul Young, a CPA and expert on geopolitics and its impact on business.
- It then outlines Young's agenda for discussing various geopolitical issues happening around the world and how they impact business, including events related to the UN, supply chain management, government roles, and specific countries.
- Key geopolitical risks to businesses in 2018 are identified as escalation on the Korean peninsula, cyber attacks, US protectionism, and assertive leadership in various countries.
This document discusses the refugee crisis in Central America and Mexico stemming from drug violence and poverty. It outlines factors driving instability like drug trafficking through the region, income inequality, and violent crime. Cocaine production in South America and trafficking routes through Central America have empowered violent drug cartels in Mexico, where the drug war has resulted in over 17,000 deaths in 2011. Widespread poverty, inequality, and lack of economic opportunity have also exacerbated crime and violence. However, the US accepts relatively few refugees from Latin America despite its proximity and similarities to other refugee situations globally.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
This document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the complex issue of human sex trafficking. It draws on the disciplines of information technology, general business, and organizational leadership. Information technology can help by using data mining and security techniques to identify patterns and track traffickers online. General business principles can provide insights into the market dynamics of trafficking. Organizational leadership is needed to manage collaborative efforts across different groups working on this issue. While conflicts may arise from other disciplines, an interdisciplinary team incorporating these three areas could help reduce and prevent trafficking by utilizing technological tools and data, understanding the business of trafficking, and coordinating organizational responses.
This document summarizes the key findings of the 9th edition of Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer survey. Some of the main results include:
- Nearly 6 in 10 people thought their government was doing a bad job fighting corruption. Police and elected representatives were seen as the most corrupt public institutions.
- On average, 1 in 4 public service users had to pay a bribe in the past year. The average bribery rate was highest in the Middle East/North Africa and Commonwealth of Independent States.
- Over half of respondents felt ordinary citizens can make a difference in fighting corruption, though views varied significantly by country.
Transnational Crime and the Global CommunityMark Wojnarek
Transnational crime involves marketing illegal products or services across international borders to generate profits that support further criminal activity. It affects the global community by destabilizing governments and creating fear among citizens. Over 50 activities fall under transnational crime, including human trafficking, weapons smuggling, and drug trafficking. These criminal operations have far-reaching impacts on human rights and strain local resources and systems. Criminal organizations operate transnational drug and human trafficking rings like businesses, exploiting consumer demand and generating over $193 billion annually from drug sales in the U.S. alone. Violence is often used by these organizations to maintain control and influence.
- The document discusses how geopolitical events impact business and provides examples of current geopolitical risks and issues. It summarizes the author's background and credentials. The bulk of the document covers specific geopolitical situations impacting business, including North Korea, Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and the role of international organizations like the UN. It emphasizes that businesses must be aware of changing government policies and geopolitical risks in order to make informed investment and operational decisions.
Understanding Cause and Effect of Geo Political Events - January 2019paul young cpa, cga
This document provides an overview and analysis of key geopolitical events and issues shaping the world in 2019. It discusses events including tensions with North Korea and Iran, the civil wars in Syria and Yemen, unrest in Latin America, and the role of major powers like the US, EU, China, and Saudi Arabia. It also analyzes issues like corruption at the UN and risks to global supply chains from political instability. The document aims to help readers understand international risks and their implications for business interests around the world.
A lo largo de sus 16 páginas, este documento desglosa los factores amenazantes percibidos en varias tipologías (actores estatales externos, organizaciones extremistas violentas y organizaciones criminales transnacionales) y detalla a continuación cuál es el papel de las fuerzas armadas del país frente a cada uno de estos problemas, en virtud de la Estrategia Nacional de Defensa (NDS, por sus siglas en Inglés).
This document summarizes an article from the African Human Mobility Review about upholding refugee rights in the context of the cessation clause. The key points are:
1. The cessation clause in the 1951 Refugee Convention allows for refugee status to be revoked if the circumstances causing a person to flee their home country no longer exist. However, applying this clause risks infringing on refugees' human rights.
2. Examining the controversial application of the cessation clause to Rwandan refugees shows how it led to rights violations by forcing repatriation. It also highlights the problem of prioritizing institutional perspectives over refugees' own knowledge and experiences.
3. There are debates around how to interpret
Fighting corruption lessons learned from colombiaElGammalm
The document summarizes Colombia's efforts to fight corruption through initiatives undertaken by various stakeholders, including the government, civil society, private sector, and international organizations. It describes some of the key initiatives, such as the Presidential Program to Combat Corruption established by the government in 1998. It also discusses the role of civil society groups like Colombiemos and citizen oversight groups, as well as private sector associations. International organizations such as the OAS and World Bank provided support through agreements like the Inter-American Convention against Corruption. The initiatives aimed to strengthen anti-corruption laws and increase transparency, accountability, and civic participation.
This document provides a summary of geopolitical events and risks that could impact business in 2018-2019. It discusses key issues like US protectionism, Brexit, elections in various countries, and conflicts in the Middle East. Specific risks highlighted include US-China trade wars, instability in Italy and conflict escalation on the Korean peninsula. The document also examines how events in Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Syria and Saudi Arabia could spill over geopolitically. It emphasizes the need for supply chain integration and the role of governments and businesses in navigating these risks.
The world can change on a dime depending on the party in power for each country along with government corruption. Not enough is being done by the UN as part of ensuring security and prosperity for its' member nations.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
EXPERIENCES OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST AND THE MOST SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRACIES ,
“DEMOCRACY NEVER LASTS LONG. IT SOON WASTES, EXHAUSTS AND MURDERS ITSELF”
FAILED REASON: FAILED DEMOCRACY,
THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY TOPS ALL HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS, BUT IT AILS IF REASON FAILS .
RULE OF LAW BACKED BY COLLECTIVE REASON CAN BEST ANSWER THE DEMOCRATIC DECAY .
The world is heading into a period of the most instability since the cold war in the 1980s. Countries like Iran, China and India are growing in terms of size and power.
The document contains templates and instructions for capturing results from advocacy efforts, including quick wins. It includes worksheets for documenting a quick win, results cascade, and decision tree to map incremental outcomes leading to broader goals. Sections are titled to identify advocacy opportunities, accomplish quick wins, and capture results in an advocacy portfolio.
These are short courses for junior staff to prepare them for teaching and
research supervision. They will focus on pedagogy, research ethics, supervision skills,
mentoring and advising students.
• Associate Professor: These are courses for mid-career staff to enhance their skills in
research management, proposal development, networking and resource mobilization.
• Professoriate: These are courses for senior staff to enhance their leadership,
management and mentoring skills. They will also focus on developing research
networks and consortia.
It was suggested that these courses could be jointly developed and offered to staff in partner
universities of the Nile Basin Research Project.
3. PUBLICATION
1) The document discusses gender inequality around the world and efforts to promote gender equality. It notes that while women represent half the world's population, they earn only 10% of global income and own just 1% of property.
2) The document examines issues contributing to gender inequality across the lifespans of childhood, adulthood and old age. In childhood, issues include lack of healthcare and education for girls. In adulthood, most female work is unpaid or informal with few opportunities for jobs, land ownership or business ownership. In old age, many women live in poverty without support.
3) Closing the gender gap could boost annual global GDP by up to 16% according to some estimates. The document advocates
Aid for trade at a glance 2013 connecting to value chainsDr Lendy Spires
…increasing trade performance, as well as… Econometric analysis suggests that bilateral aid for trade is broadly correlated with increases in trade performance. This report calculates that 1 USD in aid for trade is associated with an increase of nearly 8 USD in additional exports from all developing countries, 9 USD for all low and lower-middle income countries and 20 USD for International Development Association (IDA) countries. …trade in parts and components. Econometric analysis has also found that aid for trade is even more positively and significantly associated with growth in trade of parts and components. There is no need for major refocusing of aid for trade, but…
The progressive proliferation of value chains is changing global trade flows and widening trading opportunities for developing countries’ suppliers. Aid for trade is already addressing the right set of issues to further support this process. No major refocusing of the Aid-for-Trade Initiative seems required. …import efficiency requires more attention. At the same time, improving import efficiency appears to be one area that requires additional attention. Too frequently aid-for-trade programmes fail to exhibit sufficient concerns about this dimension of competitiveness, which is nevertheless vital for connecting developing country suppliers to value chains.
Aid effectiveness principles could better applied, and… All stakeholders emphasize that aid needs to be managed better to deliver tangible trade and development results. Governments that are working with donors to design aid-for-trade programmes with clear targets and performance indicators for each phase of the results chain are likely to have the greatest pay-off. … aid-for-trade programmes should take account of the broader policy environment. Aid-for-trade programmes also need to take into account the broader policy environment, particularly trade policy but also complementary policies.
What seems most needed now is a renewed commitment by all stakeholders to continue supporting developing countries in building the supply-side capacities and infrastructure they need to make trade an engine of growth and poverty reduction. The 4th Global Review in July 2013 and the 9th WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2013 provide important opportunities for Members to discuss how to ensure the continued relevance of the Aid-for-Trade Initiative in a changing environment for trade and development.
The document is an annual report from the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC) summarizing their activities and priorities in 2014. It discusses BIAC's engagement on several issues including: promoting structural economic reforms and balanced policies to support growth; ensuring a predictable international tax environment; strengthening job creation and skills; and fostering open markets and investment. A key focus was providing business input to the OECD's work on "Base Erosion and Profit Shifting" to develop international tax standards and restore confidence in cross-border trade and investment.
This document contains recommendations from African civil society organizations for African Union member states on population and development issues in the ICPD+20 review process. It addresses issues like leadership and coordination of sexual and reproductive health and rights responses, transparency and accountability, population growth and structure, SRHR, health issues, and vulnerable populations. The recommendations are based on human rights principles and aim to fulfill commitments made in various international declarations related to population and development.
Advancing equality in women's participation & influence in public life throug...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses advancing equality in women's participation and influence in public life through the post-2015 development framework. It argues that the new framework must address discriminatory social norms and encourage meaningful shifts in the balance of power between women and men. Specifically, it proposes including a cluster of targets on increasing women's representation in decision-making bodies, accompanied by quality indicators to assess if representation translates to real influence and outcomes for women in poverty.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the Atlas of African Agriculture Research & Development. It summarizes that the atlas covers over 30 topics organized under 7 themes related to smallholder agriculture in Africa. The atlas uses maps and supporting text to illustrate each topic and the underlying data. It was created through contributions from many partner organizations to provide spatial information to support agricultural policy and investment decisions with the goal of improving livelihoods. An online version is planned to allow continued contributions from the research community.
The document summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from regional consultations across Africa on priorities for a post-2015 development agenda. It identifies four broad development outcomes: 1) structural economic transformation and inclusive growth, with a focus on areas like sustainable growth, agriculture, and infrastructure, 2) innovation and technology transfer, 3) human development priorities in areas such as education, health, poverty reduction, and gender equality, and 4) financing and partnerships. It also discusses important development enablers needed like peace and security, governance, capacity building, and regional integration. The conclusion calls for a post-2015 agenda that is nationally-owned and addresses both development outcomes and enablers through economic and human development as well as innovation.
This document summarizes a survey of 100 civil society organizations on their priorities and expectations for the new UN Women agency. The overwhelming priority identified was addressing violence against women. Other top priorities included increasing women's participation in decision-making, access to reliable justice systems, and economic empowerment. The survey found that rural women, disabled women, and uneducated women need the most urgent attention. Respondents want UN Women to work in partnership with civil society and tailor its programs to specific groups, while also maintaining independence from governments to advocate effectively for women's rights.
Broad-based black economic empowerment (BEE) aims to increase black ownership and control of South Africa's economy through direct ownership of enterprises, human resource development, and preferential procurement policies. BEE is measured using a scorecard system where points are awarded for criteria like black equity holdings, management control, employment equity, skills development, procurement from black-owned businesses, and enterprise development. Higher scores on the scorecard correspond to higher BEE contribution levels, which are important for government procurement and determining the percentage of spending that qualifies as black economic empowerment. While BEE compliance is not mandatory for private businesses, there are economic, political, and moral incentives for companies to implement empowerment initiatives.
This document is the 2012 annual report of AWEPA (Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa). It summarizes AWEPA's activities in 2012, including programmes supporting parliaments in countries like Burundi, DRC, East Africa, Central Africa, Somalia, Southern Africa, and thematic programmes on issues like aid effectiveness and female genital mutilation. It thanks donors for their support, highlights a seminar held in Italy on natural resources in Africa, and introduces the president of AWEPA, Minister of State Miet Smet.
Financial Regulatory Reform: A New Foundation (1) Promote robust supervision and regulation of financial firms. Financial institutions that are critical to market functioning should be subject to strong oversight. No financial firm that poses a significant risk to the financial system should be unregulated or weakly regulated. We need clear accountability in financial oversight and supervision. We propose: • A new Financial Services Oversight Council of financial regulators to identify emerging systemic risks and improve interagency cooperation. • New authority for the Federal Reserve to supervise all firms that could pose a threat to financial stability, even those that do not own banks. • Stronger capital and other prudential standards for all financial firms, and even higher standards for large, interconnected firms. • A new National Bank Supervisor to supervise all federally chartered banks. • Elimination of the federal thrift charter and other loopholes that allowed some depository institutions to avoid bank holding company regulation by the Federal Reserve. • The registration of advisers of hedge funds and other private pools of capital with the SEC. (2) Establish comprehensive supervision of financial markets. Our major financial markets must be strong enough to withstand both system-wide stress and the failure of one or more large institutions. We propose: • Enhanced regulation of securitization markets, including new requirements for market transparency, stronger regulation of credit rating agencies, and a requirement that issuers and originators retain a financial interest in securitized loans. • Comprehensive regulation of all over-the-counter derivatives.
Corruption has devastating economic and political effects on countries. Economically, it undermines macroeconomic stability by reducing government revenue and increasing wasteful spending. It deters foreign investment and encourages tax evasion due to lack of trust in government. Politically, widespread corruption can increase calls for regime change and undermine conflict resolution mechanisms, weakening the rule of law. Two examples are given: in West Africa in the 1960s, corruption was rampant and fueled instability, while in the Philippines, a corrupt president demanded bribes for a failed nuclear power project that continues to burden the country financially. International initiatives aim to curb corruption, while Canada passed its own foreign anti-bribery law, though the fight against corruption remains ongoing
14 april transparency londa esadze [compatibility mode]Olga Kozhaeva
The document discusses several key aspects of corruption and transparency based on the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). It summarizes the damage caused by corruption globally in terms of costs. It also discusses transparency measures and systems in the public sector that are mandatory and optional requirements under key articles of UNCAC, such as codes of conduct for public officials, public procurement processes, and declarations of conflicts of interest. Civil society participation in preventing and fighting corruption is also highlighted as a mandatory requirement of UNCAC.
Bureaucratic Leadership and Corruption in the Cameroon Public Service The Cas...ijtsrd
Changes in the organizational environment of the Cameroon public sector are increasingly complex and competitive and as the nature, volume, and severity of crimes investigation increases from time to time among street level bureaucrats, efforts to curb this corruption have been tilted towards police leadership Jones 2014 6 . This study sought to investigate the link between bureaucratic leadership and corruption in the police service in Buea Municipality. Specifically, the study examined the link between the transformational, transactional and laissez faire leadership styles on corruption in the police service in Buea Municipality. Using a descriptive survey research design, the study adopted and modified Bass and Avolios 2000 Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire MLQ, Form 5X . The questionnaires were administered to 197 randomly sampled police officials alongside 5 drivers purposively selected in Buea with whom interviews were conducted. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 25 was used and the hypotheses tested using the Spearmans Rho Correlation Coefficient. This study found a very significant, negative and moderate relationship between transformational leadership style and corruption a significant, positive and moderate relationship between transactional leadership style and corruption and a very significant, positive and strong relationship was established between laissez faire leadership style and corruption. It was concluded that subordinate police officers greatly acknowledge the practice of the transactional leadership style in administration than the others. The laissez faire leadership style characterized by much leniency and much discretion greatly results in fraudulent acts and of criminality than the transformational and transactional leadership styles. It was recommended that police bosses should be strict and very observant institute positive competition and offer intellectual stimulation and appeal to their followers, provide relevant, moral, material and financial means as stated in the text. Loh Yai Ngwe Comfort "Bureaucratic Leadership and Corruption in the Cameroon Public Service: The Case of the Police Service in Buea Municipality, SW Region" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47569.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47569/bureaucratic-leadership-and-corruption-in-the-cameroon-public-service-the-case-of-the-police-service-in-buea-municipality-sw-region/loh-yai-ngwe-comfort
Pravesh Laloo Daya IE Business School Application Presentationpraveshlaloodaya
The document discusses corruption in Africa and actions that could be taken by the United Nations Secretary General. It notes that corruption costs Africa over $148 billion per year, stifling economic growth and deterring investment. While the UN already does work to fight corruption, more aggressive action is needed. The author would demand that the Secretary General establish an anti-corruption task force to investigate and prosecute severe corruption cases across Africa and globally, as local efforts are often ineffective due to corrupt politicians undermining nations. Some may argue this undermines sovereignty, but the author believes UN intervention is necessary given how widespread and damaging corruption has become.
Transnational organized crime(TOC) and the relationship to.docxturveycharlyn
Transnational organized crime
(TOC) and the relationship to
good governance in the Caribbean
Transnational organized crime
democracy (TOCD)
Miguel Goede
University of The Netherlands Antilles, Curacao, The Netherlands Antilles
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss transnational organized crime (TOC) and the
relationship to good governance in the Caribbean.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper is exploratory. It follows a path of inductive
reasoning, from observation of the eight global cases to a broader general analysis and the development
of a theoretical framework or ideal type.
Findings – The influence of TOC on governance in the Caribbean is worrying. Normative theories of
democracy, public administration and governance no longer apply. Economic growth diminishes,
unemployment rises, crime rises.
Originality/value – The paper contributes to the understanding of the impact of TOC on good
governance especially on Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean.
Keywords Caribbean, Good governance, Small Island Developing States, Transnational organized crime
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
This article is about transnational organized crime (TOC) in the Caribbean. It focuses
on the island of Curaçao. Geographically, Curaçao is in a unique position, less than
100 km from the Venezuelan coast and it is at the crossroads of routes from
South America and Europe and the USA. Historically and culturally the island has
strong links with Europe, which seems to make it an attractive route to Europe for TOC.
Politically, Curaçao is a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) with a tradition of
populism and relatively weak social institutions. And economically, Curaçao commands
few resources compared with those available to TOC. All of these characteristics, which
Curaçao shares with many other SIDS in the Caribbean, make the region vulnerable
to the influence of TOC. This article examines this complex network of influences to
show the interaction of TOC and political populism to make SIDS vulnerable to being
undermined in a process described as transnational organized crime democracy (TOCD)
or mafiacracy.
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1446-8956.htm
The author wants to thank for their contribution to this article: Prof. L. Huberts professor of
public administration at VU University of Amsterdam, Prof. R. in ‘t Veld of the University of
Tilburg in The Netherlands for their comments and Prof. D. Turner of the University
of Glamorgan in the UK.
International Journal of Development
Issues
Vol. 12 No. 3, 2013
pp. 253-270
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1446-8956
DOI 10.1108/IJDI-01-2013-0008
Transnational
organized crime
253
TOCD or mafiacracy
TOC is a global phenomenon. It is not an easy task to define TOC (Gilligan, 2007).
There is a large number of definitions[1]. This article adopts the UN definition:
The term organized crime ...
My engagement at the Second International Conference 2020 on “The Integrity, Transparency and Accountability Policies… Theory and Practice” via zoom platform, of the Palestinian Anti-Corruption Commission was conducted on December 9, 2020.
The following presentation is an integral part of this speech:
https://www.slideshare.net/MohammedMasoudCPACFE/the-ten-principles-of-fighting-corruption-institutionalizing-integrity-transparency-and-accountability
Judicial Independence in Latin America and the (Conflicting) Influence of Cul...Christopher Ellison
This document summarizes a working paper about judicial independence in Latin America and the influence of cultural norms. It discusses how despite judicial reforms sponsored by international organizations, judiciaries in Latin America remain dependent on political influence. It argues that addressing judicial corruption requires understanding the role of informal social norms and favoritism. Billions have been spent on promoting independent judiciaries but corruption persists due to cultural norms prioritizing friends and allies over impartial rule of law. Future reforms need a deeper examination of how informal norms undermine formal institutions.
The War on Global CrimeCrime has always represented a threat to th.docxcarmanl5wisc
The War on Global Crime
Crime has always represented a threat to the security of ordinary people in all countries and occasionally to state institutions. The changing nature of threats to global crime has become greater in recent years and has undermined the capacity of governments to protect citizens and themselves.
The threat to the United States from international crime continues to grow through rapid changes in technology providing a foundation for criminals to exploit the globalization of trade and finance. These developments have helped create new mechanisms for trafficking contraband, conducting illicit trade, laundering money, and engaging in large-scale economic crimes. They have also opened the door to new criminal opportunities.
Submission Details:
In at least 250 words, post to the
Discussion Area
your responses to the following:
Build a case that examines the country that according to your research will pose the greatest global threat in terms of crime.
Identify and describe the specific crime that is produced by this country.
State measures that have been taken by government agencies or international organizations in the past to curtail the crime and recommend solutions to the crime.
Use APA citations to show resources that support your viewpoint.
.
A Broken Windows Theory Of International Corruption - AlfordDon Dooley
This document discusses applying a "broken windows theory" to international corruption. It begins by providing background on the broken windows theory of community policing and how minor instances of disorder or crime can lead to more serious issues if left unchecked. It then examines empirical evidence that links higher levels of corruption in a country to poorer performance on indices measuring competitiveness, human development, civil liberties, and democracy. Seeing corruption as a "broken window" suggests it undermines public trust in institutions and is linked to threats to social order. Effectively addressing corruption may thus require taking all instances seriously, as with broken windows, and strengthening public-private partnerships against corruption overall.
A Broken Windows Theory Of International CorruptionLinda Garcia
This document summarizes a law review article that applies a "broken windows theory" to international corruption. The article makes two claims: 1) Corruption undermines public trust in institutions and orderly society, and 2) Corruption is linked to other social issues like competitiveness, development, civil liberties, and democracy. The article provides empirical evidence showing strong correlations between a country's corruption ranking and its rankings on other indices measuring these issues. This supports the idea that reducing corruption signals a government's commitment to social order and public welfare. The implications are that the fight against corruption may also help address other important social concerns.
New and emerging forms of crime threats the world must reckon withDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses new and emerging forms of crime that threaten the world. Technological advancements, globalization, and growing markets have enabled criminal activities online and across borders, making detection and prevention more challenging. New crimes mentioned include cybercrime, environmental crime, trafficking of cultural property, and piracy. Factors driving the emergence of these crimes include globalization, proximity of poverty/conflict to markets, and new technologies. The document advocates raising awareness, addressing vulnerabilities, and utilizing technology to help law enforcement while recognizing crimes will continue evolving with globalization and technology.
The document discusses the needs of a state in order to function properly and avoid failure. It argues that the most important needs are:
1. Firm laws and regulations to protect citizens and enable proper functioning.
2. Proper governance from the government to lead the country in the right direction and diminish corruption.
3. Accountability and transparency to eliminate issues like nepotism and ensure proper budget oversight.
4. A charismatic leader with a vision to enact positive change and plans based on agreements. Other needs include managing public funds, limiting unnecessary borrowing, and creating opportunities for citizens. Meeting these needs helps states to be sovereign and avoid relying on external support.
This document discusses corruption in Nepal and advocates for zero tolerance. It notes that Nepal ranked 143rd out of 180 countries on Transparency International's corruption index for 2009, down from 138th the previous year. Corruption has dominated governance at all levels and has not been made a political priority. Corruption violates democracy and hinders development. Both corruption and violence weaken the state and political institutions. Strong civic action and advocacy are needed to build pressure for zero tolerance of political corruption.
Effects of corruption on international trade in bangladeshKanok Chowdhury
The document discusses corruption and its effects on international trade. It begins with background on the increasing issue of corruption globally and how it has impacted governments and politicians. It then outlines the objectives and scope of a study on how corruption relates to and hampers international trade. The study included surveys and interviews with key personnel at three companies involved in international trade. Finally, it reviews literature on definitions of international trade and corruption, and the effects corruption has on distorting markets and increasing costs for international businesses.
Why Islamic Common Market if not an Islamic Union is necessarySUN&FZ Associates
It is challenging but not impossible!
Economic Power of any country is its real power in today’s world. Every other tangible and intangible element of national power without substantive economic power is worthless in international relations and global power politics.
Expertise in commercial diplomacy is an essential pre-requisite to configure a country’s tangible and intangible elements of national power. This is exactly what the rulers of the emerging economies have done to break the barriers of demographic constraints and to get out of the debt trap.
The world’s richest natural resource and human talent market with close to more than two billion potential consumers is a reasonably promising consumer community to start thinking of and working on!
This paper sets out the current legal regime in place to combat corruption and fraud and explains how international arbitration tribunals handle such allegations.
Corruption in public sphere and its impact pptsudarsan prasad
This document defines and discusses corruption. It begins by defining corruption as the abuse of power for personal gain. It then discusses different types of corruption, including government/political corruption. It explores causes of corruption like bureaucracy and inequality. The impacts of corruption discussed include lower economic growth and foreign investment, greater inequality, and distortion of public spending. Corruption is described as having hidden costs like increased transaction costs and as reducing economic efficiency. The document also examines corruption from several sources.
Similar to A case for an International Anti-Corruption Court (18)
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019Partito democratico
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AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
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The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).
A case for an International Anti-Corruption Court
1. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court1
P
ublic corruption is endemic at the highest levels of government in many na-
tions. Such “grand corruption” is costly, is closely correlated with the most
serious abuses of human rights, and threatens the stability of many nations
and the world. Grand corruption depends on a culture of impunity that exists because
of the unwillingness of leaders to permit the honest and able investigation of their
friends, families, and, indeed, themselves.
International efforts to combat grand corruption have been inadequate and
ineffective. Similar circumstances concerning genocide and other egregious abuses
of human rights led to the creation of the International Criminal Court (“ICC”) in
2002.
An International Anti-Corruption Court (“IACC”), similar to the ICC or as part of
it, should now be established to provide a forum for the criminal enforcement of
the laws prohibiting grand corruption that exist in virtually every country, and
the undertakings that are requirements of various treaties and international
organizations. Staffed by elite investigators and prosecutors as well as impartial
judges, an IACC would have the potential to erode the widespread culture of
impunity, contribute to creating conditions conducive to the democratic election
of honest officials in countries which have long histories of grand corruption, and
honor the courageous efforts of the many people, particularly young people, who are
increasingly exposing and opposing corruption at great personal peril.
1 Judge Wolf first proposed an International Anti-Corruption Court in Russia, at the 2012 St. Petersburg
International Legal Forum, and received valuable advice on the proposal at the 2014 World Forum on
Governance, convened by the Brookings Institution and Zaostreno in Prague, Czech Republic.
Judge Wolf gratefully acknowledges the assistance in preparing this article of Nathan Samuels, the
Managing Director of Not in My Country, Lindita Ciko, Jonathan Cox, Analisa Smith-Perez, and Gina
Starfield.
Learn more at anticorruptioncourt.org.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Mark L. Wolf
is a Senior United
States District Judge
for the District of
Massachusetts.
Before his
appointment in
1985, he served as
a Special Assistant
to United States
Attorney General
Edward H. Levi
(1975-1977) and as
the chief federal
public corruption
prosecutor in
Massachusetts
(1981-1985).
July 2014
2. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 2
COMBATING GRAND CORRUPTION: THE NEED FOR A NEW
INTERNATIONAL APPROACH
United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan rightly wrote in 2004 that:
Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on
societies. It undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to violations of human
rights, distorts markets, erodes the quality of life and allows organized crime, terrorism
and other threats to human security to flourish.2
However, this rhetoric contrasts starkly with the reality of the ineffective international efforts
to combat corruption.
The experience of the United States provides a model for a new international approach to
combating corruption. Public corruption exists in the United States. State and local officials,
particularly, at times abuse their public offices for private gain. However, in contrast to many
other nations, the United States is serious about combating corruption.
In the United States, we do not rely on elected state prosecutors to do this because they are
often part of the political establishment that must be challenged and, in any event, lack the
necessary legal authority and resources. Rather, we rely primarily on federal investigators,
prosecutors, and courts to pursue and punish corrupt state and local officials.
In the United States, sometimes acting on information provided by private parties who want
to remain anonymous, independent media often expose corruption. Federal investigators are
authorized to conduct undercover operations and secretly record conversations, and are adept
at unraveling complicated financial transactions. Federal prosecutors are capable of trying
complex cases successfully before impartial judges and juries. As a result, public officials
convicted of corruption often receive serious sentences, which have the potential to deter
others and to create a political climate in which good government is also good politics.
In many other countries, however, corruption is pervasive at the highest levels of the national
government and is unpunished. Such misconduct has come to be known as “grand corruption,”
which occurs “when ‘politicians and state agents entitled to make and enforce the law in the
name of the people, are misusing this authority to sustain their power, status and wealth.’”3
Grand corruption depends on the existence of a culture of impunity. In countries with such a
culture, there is neither the will nor the capacity to investigate, prosecute, and punish grand
2 Kofi A. Annan, Foreword to United Nations Convention Against Corruption, G.A. Res. 58/4, U.N. Doc. A/RES/58/4,
at iii (Oct. 31, 2003), available at http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-
50026_E.pdf.
3 Global Org. of Parliamentarians Against Corruption, Prosecuting Grand Corruption as an International Crime 2
(2013) (quoting The Basics of Anti-Corruption, U4: The Anti-Corruption Resource Center, http://
www.u4.no/articles/the-basics-of-anti-corruption (2013)), available at http://gopacnetwork.org/Docs/DiscussionPa-
per_ProsecutingGrandCorruption_EN.pdf.
3. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 3
corruption. The enormous wealth obtained by corrupt officials in those countries is often
laundered through a series of complex financial transactions, invested abroad, sometimes
hidden, and sometimes enjoyed in appealing places by those officials.
Massive violations of human rights by high level officials in countries with a culture of
impunity led to the creation of the International Criminal Court, in 2002, for the prosecution of
genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. An International Anti-Corruption Court, as
part of the ICC or as an independent entity, is now equally necessary and appropriate because
of the consequences of grand corruption.
Corruption is clearly costly. It has been estimated that $1 trillion is paid in bribes annually, and
the cost of all forms of corruption is more than 5% of global GDP.4
An estimated $8.4 trillion
was lost in developing regions due to illicit financial flows between 2000 and 2009, which is
ten times more than those regions received in foreign aid,5
and roughly the annual GDP of
China in 2012.6
The cost of corruption is not limited to poorer countries, however. In 2011, Global Financial
Integrity found that Russia had the third largest outflow of illicit capital in the world, and
bribery, theft, kickbacks, and corruption had cost Russia $427 billion from 2000 to 2008.7
In 2010, a World Bank working paper estimated that Russia’s corruption-fueled “shadow
economy” constituted 43.6% of the country’s GDP.8
Corruption also creates a political climate in which organized crime and terrorist organizations
thrive. For example, drug lords operate easily in Mexico with the protection of corrupt officials,
including law enforcement officers. Similarly, al Qaeda long found safe havens in countries
characterized by corruption such as Afghanistan and Yemen.
Nevertheless, the greatest consequence of grand corruption is not its economic cost or the
protection it provides to criminals. Grand corruption is most significant because it destroys
4 Int’l Chamber of Com. et al., Clean Business is Good Business 2 (2008), available at http://www.weforum.org/
pdf/paci/BusinessCaseAgainstCorruption.pdf; see also The Costs of Corruption, World Bank (Apr. 8, 2004), http://
go.worldbank.org/LJA29GHA80.
5 Dev Kar & Sarah Freitas, Illicit Financial Flows from the Developing World Over the Decade Ending 2009, Global
Fin. Integrity (Dec. 15, 2011), http://www.gfintegrity.org/report/illicit-financial-flows-from-the-developing-world-over-
the-decade-ending-2009/.
6 GDP (Current US$), World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP CD?display=default.
7 Dev Kar & Sarah Freitas, Global Fin. Integrity, Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries over the Decade
Ending 2009, at 12 tbl.C (2011), available at http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/IFFDec2011/
illicit_financial_flows_from_developing_countries_over_the_decade_ending_2009.pdf.
8 Friedrich Schneider et al., Shadow Economies All Over the World 23 tbl.3.3.3 (World Bank Dev. Res. Grp., Working
Paper No. 5356, 2010), available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/201
0/10/14/000158349_20101014160704/Rendered/PDF/WPS5356.pdf.
4. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 4
democracy and is devastating to the human rights that governments are constituted
to protect.
People throughout the world increasingly share the understanding, expressed in the American
Declaration of Independence:
that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.—
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just
powers from the consent of the governed . . . .9
No nation’s citizens have consented to the abuse of public office for personal profit. Corruption
is a violation of the right to honest government which is essential to protecting and promoting
the most fundamental human rights.
This truth is being increasingly recognized. In 2013, the United Nations High Commissioner
for Human Rights, Navi Pillay, stated: “[C]orruption is an enormous obstacle to the
realization of all human rights—civil, political, economic, social and cultural, as well as the
right to development. Corruption violates the core human rights principles of transparency,
accountability, non-discrimination and meaningful participation in every aspect of life of the
community.”10
Moreover, corruption is not a victimless crime. Rather, “[v]ulnerable people—hated because
they look or sound different, worship another God, or once came from somewhere else—rely
on the rule of law for their safety and survival. When the rule of law is replaced by graft, the
outcome for the weakest among us is too often catastrophic.”11
This contention is confirmed by
the Corruption Perception Index, which ranks Somalia and Afghanistan tied for last (175/175),
followed closely by Sudan (174), Iraq (171), Syria (168), and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo (154).12
In view of the universal right to honest government, and the close correlation between grand
corruption and egregious abuses of the most fundamental human rights, the White House
9 The Declaration of Independence para. 2 (U.S. 1776).
10 Navi Pillay, Opening Statement by Navi Pillay, High Commissioner for Human Rights: Panel on “The Negative Im-
pact of Corruption on Human Rights,” Off. of the High Commissioner for Hum. Rts. (Mar. 13, 2013), available at http://
www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13131&LangID=e.
11 Richard L. Cassin, Rampant Graft and the Risk of Atrocities, FCPA Blog (May 15, 2014, 7:28 AM), http://www.
fcpablog.com/blog/2014/5/15/rampant-graft-and-the-risk-of-atrocities.html.
12 Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, Transparency Int’l, http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/ (last visited
July 1, 2014).
5. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 5
National Security Strategy of 2010 appropriately characterized corruption as “a violation of
basic human rights.”13
Because corruption is a perversion of the purpose for which governments are constituted, it is
not surprising that current events demonstrate the universal and enduring wisdom of Supreme
Court Justice Louis Brandeis’ observation that:
[G]overnment is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or for ill, it teaches
the whole people by its example. Crime is contagious. If the government becomes
a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto
himself; it invites anarchy.14
People around the world, particularly younger people, are now demonstrating that grand
corruption will not be tolerated and, indeed, will incite unrest, if not revolution. For example,
“[t]he runaway corruption of [Viktor] Yanukovych’s rule—and the cynicism that it symbolised
—was one of the motors of the Maidan protests that toppled him from power.”15
After
Yanukovych fled, “[t]he pictures of the former president’s plush compound—his vintage car
collection and fancy pheasants, the private restaurant and golf course—[] struck a chord in
the same way the palaces of Ben Ali and the wealth of Hosni Mubarak angered the people of
Tunisia and Egypt.”16
A CULTURE OF IMPUNITY: THE CHALLENGE OF CONFRONTING CORRUPTION
Powerful, corrupt leaders understandably do not permit the honest, energetic investigation
and prosecution of their friends, families, and, indeed, themselves. Rather, to perpetuate
the culture of impunity on which corruption depends, they often prompt the persecution of
those who expose official misconduct. For example, President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria
dismissed the country’s bank governor after the governor informed the Nigerian Senate that
the treasury was missing billions of dollars in expected oil revenue.17
13 The White House, National Security Strategy 38 (2010), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/
files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf; see also Andrew Brady Spalding, Corruption, Corporations, and The
New Human Right, Wash. U. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2014).
14 Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438, 485 (1928) (Brandeis, J., dissenting).
15 The Curse of Corruption in Ukraine: Ostrich Zoo and Vintage Cars, Economist, June 14, 2014, available at http://
www.economist.com/news/europe/21604234-fight-against-corruption-steep-uphill-battle-ostrich-zoo-and-vintage-
cars.
16 Oleksii Khmara, Viktor Yanukovych is Gone, But Where are Ukraine’s Missing Millions?, Guardian (Feb. 25, 2014,
6:35 AM), http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/25/viktor-yanukovych-gone-where-ukraine-miss-
ing-millions.
17 Adam Nossiter, Governor of Nigeria’s Central Bank is Fired After Warning of Missing Oil Revenue, N.Y. Times, Feb.
21, 2014, at A4, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/world/africa/governor-of-nigerias-central-bank-is-
fired-after-warning-of-missing-oil-revenue.html.
6. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 6
Similarly, Russia does not pursue investigations of corruption by its officials even when
presented with compelling evidence of it. In April 2010, Daimler AG and its subsidiaries
pled guilty in Washington, D.C. to violating the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act (“FCPA”) by, among other things, paying more than €3 million in bribes in Russia for
contracts for vehicles.18
Daimler’s Russian subsidiary paid a $27 million fine and agreed to
cooperate in future investigations.19
The evidence was provided to the Russian government.
After anti-corruption advocate Aleksei Navalny publicized the matter, then Russian President
Dmitri Medvedev pledged to pursue it.20
However, four years later, no Russian official has been
prosecuted.
Similarly, in 2008, Siemens AG was accused of paying $1.4 billion in bribes around the world,
including more than $55 million in Russia.21
Siemens agreed to pay a $450 million fine and
to disgorge $350 million in profits to settle the case and related criminal charges.22
Seimens’
subsidiaries in Russia were barred from World Bank projects for four years.23
Germany released
the names of twelve Russian officials reportedly bribed by Siemens.24
Yet none of them have
been prosecuted either.
Rather, in Russia, as in Nigeria, it is often those who expose corruption who are punished.
Sergei Magnitsky was probing the embezzlement of $230 million from his client, Hermitage
Capital, when he was arrested for alleged tax fraud, was denied medical care in prison, and
died there.25
Similarly, Navalny was prosecuted and convicted on corruption charges that had
previously been abandoned twice, after he exposed substantially inflated payments evidencing
kickbacks by Russia’s Gazprom and VTB Bank, and revealed that the head of the Russian
Investigative Committee, which directed his prosecution, had a hidden interest in real estate in
the Czech Republic, where he had Permanent Resident status.26
18 Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Daimler AG and Three Subsidiaries Resolve Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Investigation and Agree to Pay $93.6 Million in Criminal Penalties (Apr. 1, 2010), available at http://www.justice.gov/
opa/pr/2010/April/10-crm-360.html; Information ¶19, United States v. Daimler AG, No. 1:10-cr-00063-RJL (D.D.C. Mar.
22, 2010).
19 See Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of Justice, supra note 18.
20 This is How We Roll: Russians Learn How to Pronounce FCPA, Russia Monitor (May 4, 2010), http://therussia-
monitor.com/2010/05/04/this-is-how-we-roll-russians-learn-how-to-pronounce-FCPA/.
21 Compl. ¶¶60, 63, SEC v. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, No. 1:08-cv-02167-RJL (D.D.C. Dec. 12, 2008).
22 Press Release, U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery (Dec. 15,
2008), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-294.htm.
23 Press Release, Siemens AG, Legal Proceedings (Apr. 29, 2010), available at http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/
de/events/corporate/2010-q2/2010-q2-legal-proceedings-e.pdf.
24 Andrew E. Kramer, Russia Slow to Pick Up the Lead in Bribery Cases, N.Y. Times (Apr. 29, 2010), http://www.
nytimes.com/2010/04/30/business/global/30ruble.html.
25 Ellen Barry, Lawyer Held in Tax Case in Russia Dies in Jail, N.Y. Times, Nov. 18, 2009, at A10, available at http://
www.nytimes.com/2009/11/18/world/europe/18russia.html.
26 Julia Ioffe, Net Impact: One Man’s Cyber Crusade Against Russian Corruption, New Yorker (Apr. 4, 2011), http://
www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/04/04/110404fa_fact_ioffe; Nataliya Vasilyeva, Activist Presses Russian Corpo-
7. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 7
In many countries, the only high level officials prosecuted for corruption are those who have
fallen from favor and whose incapacitation will serve partisan purposes. For example, in China,
President Xi Jinping has made his rival, Zhou Yongkang, and his family a target of a high
profile corruption investigation because, some believe, “Mr. Xi regarded [Mr. Zhou] as a direct
threat to his power. In other words, Mr. Zhou is the loser in a political struggle. His family’s
financial dealings lost their immunity only because Mr. Zhou fell from favor . . . .”27
Similarly, while Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was long regarded as corrupt, he was only
convicted of embezzling many millions of dollars of public funds for his personal use in lavish
homes and palaces in May 2014, after he was removed from office, convicted of directing
the killing of hundreds of protestors, and granted a new trial on appeal. Mubarak’s recent
conviction for grand corruption has been reported to be an effort to “spare the government
installed last summer by the country’s defense minister . . . a potential embarrassment: the
chance that Mr. Mubarak might be a free man again.”28
Grand corruption in many countries is supported by the quiet complicity of other nations,
which benefit from foreign investment and official favor. Corruption results in the expatriation
of billions of dollars annually. Officials place some of the proceeds of their crimes where they
can be enjoyed. This is possible only because existing anti-corruption and money laundering
measures are not vigorously or consistently enforced.
For example, in 2006, Prime Minister Tony Blair ordered the termination of an investigation of
alleged bribes paid by a British weapons firm, BAE Systems, in Saudi Arabia after that nation
threatened to break diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom.29
Ultimately, those bribes
were proven in an FCPA prosecution in the United States.
The more recent experience of the Ukraine is also illustrative. As the Guardian has reported:
The Ukrainian elites have for years salted away ill-gotten gains throughout the EU while
the authorities, specifically in the UK, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland
and Latvia, failed to apply their anti-corruption and anti-money laundering legislation
to stop them.
rations for Openness, Bos. Globe (April 1, 2010), http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/04/01/activist_press-
es_russian_corporations_for_openness/; Andrew E. Kramer, Putin Aide Said to Hold Secret Assets in Europe, N.Y.
Times, July 27, 2012, at A4, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/world/europe/in-russia-aleksei-navalny-
accuses-chief-investigator-of-secret-european-holdings.html.
27 Michael Forsythe et al., Investigating Family’s Wealth, China’s Leader Signals a Change, N.Y. Times, April 20,
2014, at A1, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/world/asia/severing-a-familys-ties-chinas-president-
signals-a-change.html.
28 David D. Kirkpatrick, Mubarak Gets 3 Years for Embezzlement, and His Sons Get 4, N.Y. Times, May 22, 2014, at
A8, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/world/middleeast/hosni-mubarak-trial.html.
29 Paul D. Carrington, Law and Transnational Corruption: The Need for Lincoln’s Law Abroad, Law & Contemp.
Probs., Autumn 2007, at 109, 120.
8. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 8
***
Although the UK government estimates that £23bn-£57bn a year might be laundered
through its financial centre, it issued the first fine for lax anti-money laundering
controls in January [2014]. The UK branch of Standard Bank Group was fined $12.6m—
less than 2% of its 2013 first-half earnings.
According to a report by Transparency International UK, the global anti-corruption
movement, there is a “tendency to tackle corruption only where there is strong
bilateral political support.”
In other words, the British government is reluctant to charge foreign citizens with
money laundering without the explicit approval and co-operation of that citizen’s
government. How is this system supposed to work if it is the government officials that
are stashing cash and buying villas in faraway places around the world?
The real world consequences of this policy are obvious: the only foreign citizens in
danger of investigation, let alone prosecution—Ukrainian or otherwise—are those out of
favour with their home governments. Those shielded from prosecution in Ukraine are
automatically afforded the same protection in the UK and elsewhere.30
A WAY FORWARD: AN INTERNATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION COURT
The inadequacy and ineffectiveness of national and international efforts to combat grand
corruption demonstrate the need for a new approach. In 2012, drawing on my experience
in the Department of Justice and as a federal judge, I outlined the case for an International
Anti-Corruption Court at the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum, in part by explaining
how we contend with corruption in the United States.
As I said, Watergate demonstrated that in the United States every person, even the President,
must obey the law and court orders, and will be investigated if there are legitimate suspicions
about his conduct. I also described how corruption had been found to be “a way of life”31
in public contracting in Massachusetts in the 1970’s, and how I had been rewarded with a
Presidential appointment as a judge after the team of federal prosecutors I led for four years
achieved more than 40 consecutive convictions in public corruption cases.
I also discussed the then recent trial of the former Speaker of the Massachusetts House
of Representatives, which resulted in my sentencing him to serve eight years in prison for
30 Khmara, supra note 16.
31 John William Ward et al., Final Report to the General Court of the Special Commission Concerning State and
County Buildings 21 (1980).
9. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 9
extorting bribes in connection with computer contracts worth $17 million. The case was
started by a disappointed bidder, who expected a fair process and suspected impropriety.
His complaint to the state Inspector General led to the discovery of flaws in the award of
the contract and its invalidation. As a result of the Inspector General’s public decision, the
Boston Globe investigated for months and reported that the winning bidder had been paying
the Speaker’s law partner $5000 a month, with most of the money going to the Speaker.
Federal, not state, prosecutors and the Federal Bureau of Investigation then continued the
investigation. They found hundreds of thousands of dollars had also been paid to a friend of
the Speaker. When the Speaker was charged in federal court, the case was randomly assigned
to me. A jury found the Speaker was proven guilty. I sentenced him to serve eight years in
prison, in part because his two immediate predecessors had been convicted on more minor
charges and not incarcerated.
As I explained in Russia, the resources that made the successful prosecution of the former
Speaker possible in the United States exist in few other countries. In many nations lawmakers
enact legislative immunities that prohibit investigations unless the Parliament itself authorizes
them. At a minimum, this eliminates the opportunity for secret investigations and frequently
blocks any investigation at all. Indeed, in many nations legislation prohibits undercover
operations, wiretapping, or consensual recording of conversations, which are often essential to
proving crimes that are structured to be difficult to detect and prove.
Few countries have an independent media, in part because, in contrast to the United States,
journalists risk being ordered by courts to pay substantial litigation costs and libel judgments
if they report on official misconduct. As is now occurring in Turkey, prosecutors and judges
can be removed from office by the targets of their investigations if they act independently and
impartially.32
In any event, investigators and prosecutors generally lack the training, experience,
and tools to conduct complex financial investigations or to present their cases capably in
court. Few countries use jurors to decide criminal cases, although jurors are harder for officials
to influence than judges, who in many countries take direction from those in power and thus
administer the kind of “telephone justice” that is infamous in Russia.
There have been positive developments in the international effort to combat corruption. There
are now innumerable organizations that do exceptional work in exposing corruption, aided
greatly by their ability to use the Internet to document and disseminate information which
traditional, government-controlled media will not report. In addition, certain international
institutions, such as the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) and the European Union, require
the adoption of national laws and the creation of national agencies to combat corruption as
conditions for membership.
32 Andrew Finkel, The Filth in Erdogan’s Closet, N.Y. Times (Dec. 27, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/
opinion/the-filth-in-erdogans-closet.html.
10. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 10
At the 2013 St. Petersburg International Legal Forum, experts from the United Nations, the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”), and the European Union
praised the Russian Federation for the laws and regulations it has enacted. However, as I said
at the same program, there is substantial evidence to support Global Integrity’s finding that
there is a significant “implementation gap”33
between the measures Russia, among others, has
adopted and the rampant grand corruption that remains.
Russia exemplifies why an International Anti-Corruption Court, modeled on or as part of
the International Criminal Court, is needed. As described earlier, the International Criminal
Court was established because some states were unwilling or unable to prosecute violations
of human rights in nations whose leaders were the primary perpetrators of genocide, crimes
against humanity, and war crimes. The ICC was established as an alternative forum for the
prosecution of these crimes. It is constituted only to complement national systems. If a country
is willing and able to investigate and prosecute violations of human rights, the ICC defers to it.
Similar principles should be the foundation of an International Anti-Corruption Court. Grand
corruption is a crime in virtually every country. It is also a violation of the United Nations
Convention Against Corruption, which more than 100 countries have ratified, and the OECD
Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials, which 40 nations, including Russia, have
signed. A commitment to combat grand corruption is also a requirement of membership in the
WTO. Grand Corruption should, like those offenses now within the jurisdiction of the ICC, be
expressly made, or recognized as, criminal violations of international law as well. In any event,
an International Anti-Corruption Court would only be a new forum for prosecuting violations
of universal, existing obligations of honesty, rather than a place for the enforcement of new
norms.
An International Anti-Corruption Court would require the creation and employment of an
elite corps of investigators who are expert at unraveling complex financial transactions, and
prosecutors experienced in preparing and presenting complicated cases. It should also include
experienced, impartial judges. Like the ICC, the International Anti-Corruption Court should
operate on the principle of complementarity.
In addition, the International Anti-Corruption Court should, like federal courts in the United
States, be empowered by international law to hear civil fraud and corruption cases brought by
private “whistleblowers.”34
The United States False Claims Act authorizes qui tam actions by
private citizens, who sue on behalf of the United States those who have allegedly defrauded
33 Global Integrity Report 2010: Russian Federation, Global Integrity, https://www.globalintegrity.org/global/the-
global-integrity-report-2010/.
34 Carrington, supra note 29, at 130.
11. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 11
the government.35
A successful qui tam action can result in an award of treble damages
against the perpetrator of fraud against the government, which in some cases involves the
payment of bribes. If the Department of Justice takes over the prosecution of the claim,
the private “relator” who initiated the action is entitled to a substantial payment from any
settlement or judgment. If the Department of Justice declines to intervene and the suit is
settled or won, the relator receives at least 25% of the amount recovered for the government,
which at times provides a payment of hundreds of millions of dollars.
In contrast to criminal cases, which require proof beyond a reasonable doubt to obtain a
conviction, a civil fraud charge must be proved only by a preponderance of the evidence and is,
therefore, easier to establish. Relators’ lawyers typically work on a contingent fee basis. Thus,
lawyers are available to private citizens who are financially unable to match the companies
being sued. In addition, under the American system, a relator who brings an unsuccessful claim
does not usually have to pay the prevailing defendant’s attorneys’ fees.
All of these features of the False Claims Act greatly expand the resources devoted to
combating fraud against the United States, including fraud perpetrated with the collusion of
corrupt officials, and minimize the risk that politically powerful government contractors will
succeed in keeping well-founded cases from being brought against them by the Department
of Justice. As a result, in nine thousand False Claims Act cases between 1987 and 2005, the
United States recovered $15 billion, two-thirds of which came from cases first brought by
private citizens.36
A comparable international civil statute, enforceable in the International Anti-Corruption
Court, would create a powerful incentive for whistleblowers, greatly enhance the resources
devoted to combating fraud and corruption, and enhance the potential for restitution for its
victims.37
In any event, submission to the jurisdiction of the International Anti-Corruption Court should
be incorporated in the United Nations Convention Against Corruption. It should also be made
a condition of membership in international organizations such as the OECD and WTO, and for
obtaining loans from international lenders such as the World Bank. Similarly, among other
new measures to combat corruption being discussed in the current negotiations of the fifth
round of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment partnership, participation in an International
Anti-Corruption Court should be included, which would then serve as a model for other trade
treaties.38
35 False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§3729-3733.
36 Carrington, supra note 29, at 127.
37 Id.
38 Colette van der Ven, The TTIP Is an Ideal Opportunity to Strengthen Anticorruption Measures, Global Anticor-
ruption Blog (May 18, 2014), http://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2014/05/18/the-ttip-is-an-ideal-opportunity-to-
strengthen-anticorruption-measures/.
12. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 12
The threat of prosecution in the International Anti-Corruption Court would give many
nations an incentive to strengthen their capacity to prosecute grand corruption. If a state
demonstrates the determination and ability to prosecute grand corruption itself, the
principle of complementarity would preclude prosecution of its officials in the International
Anti-Corruption Court. An International Anti-Corruption Court should, therefore, encourage
efforts to establish specialized national anti-corruption courts in countries in which judges are
often corrupt, such as the court now Prime Minister Dmitri Medvedev has discussed for Russia.
It may be argued that an IACC would violate national sovereignty. However, the FCPA, and
comparable statutes enacted in other countries, already create a form of universal jurisdiction
for the bribery of foreign officials. Multilateral decisions would be required to initiate a
prosecution in an International Anti-Corruption Court. Prosecution in The Hague, or some
similar venue, should be a less offensive incursion on national sovereignty than an FCPA
prosecution in the United States based on the decision of a single country.
There are other foreseeable arguments against the establishment of an International
Anti-Corruption Court. Some members of the international human rights establishment may
fear that increasing attention to corruption will diffuse the focus on genocide and other crimes
against humanity.39
However, it should instead be recognized that, as the then United Nations
High Commissioner for Human Rights recently explained, “corruption is an enormous obstacle
to the realization of all human rights.”40
Therefore, as she correctly contended, “[t]here is
an urgent need to increase the synergy between efforts to implement the United Nations
Convention Against Corruption and international human rights conventions.”41
Indeed,
“[t]he international anti-corruption movement has the potential to enhance and augment
human rights rhetoric enormously. Both movements rely on arguments about justice and the
rule of law, and both appeal to the human instinct for fairness.”42
Moreover, recognizing the link between grand corruption and abuses of human rights has the
potential to lead to the more effective prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of those
abuses. High-level officials responsible for genocide, for example, typically operate through
subordinates and allies, making their criminal culpability difficult to prove by the eyewitness
testimony of victims. However, the money laundering frequently associated with grand
corruption can often be proven based on more easily acquired documentary evidence alone.
Therefore, if an IACC is established and empowered to decide cases involving bribery and other
39 Karen Alter & Juliet Sorensen, Let Nations, Not the World, Prosecute Corruption, U.S. News & World Rep. (Apr.
30, 2013, 3:45 PM), http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2014/04/30/dont-add-corruption-to-the-international-
criminal-courts-mandate.
40 Pillay, supra note 10.
41 Id.
42 Anne Applebaum, A Global Human Rights Opportunity, Wash. Post, Dec. 15, 2012, at A19.
13. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 13
financial crimes, it should be possible to successfully prosecute and punish powerful officials
for crimes relating to corruption when it would not be possible to do so for genocide, war
crimes, or crimes against humanity. This would be comparable to the experience in the United
States, where members of the Mafia and other dangerous criminals are sometimes convicted
and imprisoned for tax evasion when their violent crimes cannot be proven.
It may be argued that the performance of the International Criminal Court does not justify
either expansion of its jurisdiction or emulation. The initial work of the ICC has been
ponderously slow; it took more than six years to try the first suspect captured, Thomas
Lubanga of the Congo, and his appeal is still pending.43
In addition, the ICC has been criticized as a form of Western imperialism because its
prosecutions have focused solely on Africa. However, this is attributable, in part, to the facts
that: thirty-three African states joined the court, the most from any region; genocide and
crimes against humanity have occurred repeatedly in Africa since the ICC was created in 2002;
and the culture of impunity is particularly pronounced in African nations.44
Nevertheless,
it is true that the ICC has not opened full investigations into violence in countries such as
Afghanistan, Iraq, or Myanmar, where the United States and other members of the United
Nations Security Council have strong interests.45
However, an International Anti-Corruption Court should have at least one major advantage
over the ICC—the support of the United States. The United States has not joined the ICC and
initially used its power to restrict the ICC’s efforts because of a fear that United States citizens
would be prosecuted there despite the principle of complementarity which should preclude
such cases.
In contrast, the United States has good reason to fully support an International Anti-Corruption
Court. American companies generally behave ethically and, in any event, are significantly
deterred from paying bribes by the threat of prosecution for violating the FCPA. They would
benefit from the more level international playing field an IACC would provide.
Undoubtedly, other practical, and perhaps principled, arguments can be made against the
creation of an IACC. However, again, Secretary General Annan was right when he wrote that
corruption is an “insidious plague” that destroys the capacity of government to protect the
rights and improve the plight of the people it is constituted to serve. Grand corruption depends
43 Wairagala Wakabi, Age of Soldiers at Center of Lubanga Appeals Hearing, Int’l Justice Monitor (May 20, 2014),
http://www.ijmonitor.org/2014/05/age-of-soldiers-at-center-of-lubanga-appeals-hearing/.
44 David Bosco, Justice Delayed, Foreign Pol’y, June 29, 2012, available at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/arti-
cles/2012/06/29/justice_delayed.
45 Id.
14. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 14
upon a culture of impunity that many nations have been unwilling or unable to end. The efforts
of the international community have not been sufficient or successful. People, especially young
people, throughout the world are now demonstrating that grand corruption is intolerable. They
are increasingly exposing and protesting it at great personal peril.
For these people, the best hope is an international forum for the effective prosecution of grand
corruption, eroding the culture of impunity, and contributing to the opportunity for democratic
elections to produce honest officials with the will to serve the public good in countries
which have long been led by corrupt criminals. The effort to establish an International
Anti-Corruption Court will both encourage and engage these courageous people. If and when
the effort succeeds, their courage will be rewarded. If the effort fails, at least they, and the
democratic ideal of honest government that inspires them, will have been honored by the
international community.
15. The Case for an International Anti-Corruption Court 15
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