The document discusses the needs of a state in order to function properly and avoid failure. It argues that the most important needs are:
1. Firm laws and regulations to protect citizens and enable proper functioning.
2. Proper governance from the government to lead the country in the right direction and diminish corruption.
3. Accountability and transparency to eliminate issues like nepotism and ensure proper budget oversight.
4. A charismatic leader with a vision to enact positive change and plans based on agreements. Other needs include managing public funds, limiting unnecessary borrowing, and creating opportunities for citizens. Meeting these needs helps states to be sovereign and avoid relying on external support.
Direct democracy allows all citizens to vote directly on policy initiatives. Representative democracy is a system where elected representatives make decisions on behalf of citizens. While democracies aim to give citizens a voice, dictatorships concentrate power in one ruler. Some controversies around democracies include violations of rights, debates around reforms like social security cuts, and tensions between secularism and theocracy in countries with religious laws. Globalization has increased access to information but also censorship in some non-democratic nations.
Rulers class to meet their own personal interestmdafsarali
The document summarizes how India's ruling class has failed to meet the expectations of the people after independence in several key areas:
1. Politically, democracy has lost its soul of representation, with weaker communities and women making up a small minority in legislature.
2. Economically, GDP growth has declined sharply while inflation and wealth disparity have increased drastically.
3. In foreign policy, relations with neighbors have become strained by abruptly shifting policies designed to win elections rather than benefit the people.
4. Public assets are being increasingly privatized while corruption and bank fraud have risen tremendously.
The document discusses corruption and the gap between the rich and poor. It begins by listing the names of group members who were discussing these topics. It then provides examples of issues caused by corruption like poverty, starvation, and exploitation. The document goes on to discuss types of corruption, examples of political corruption, factors that cause people to become corrupt, and statistics on corruption. It also addresses how corruption causes poverty and its effect on inequality. Finally, it outlines some things governments are doing now to address corruption through anti-corruption laws and strengthening enforcement. The group plans to promote awareness of these issues on social media and through editorials to the newspaper club.
This document discusses corruption, governance, and political instability as metaphors for underdevelopment in Nigeria. It argues that since independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled with high-level corruption among political leaders, weak governance, and political instability. This has led to a legitimacy crisis for the government as citizens lose faith in their leaders. Corruption has been institutionalized and individual wealth accumulation by political elites contrasts with widespread poverty in the country. As a result, national development is hindered and the political environment remains uncertain.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
EXPERIENCES OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST AND THE MOST SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRACIES ,
“DEMOCRACY NEVER LASTS LONG. IT SOON WASTES, EXHAUSTS AND MURDERS ITSELF”
FAILED REASON: FAILED DEMOCRACY,
THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY TOPS ALL HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS, BUT IT AILS IF REASON FAILS .
RULE OF LAW BACKED BY COLLECTIVE REASON CAN BEST ANSWER THE DEMOCRATIC DECAY .
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
Direct democracy allows all citizens to vote directly on policy initiatives. Representative democracy is a system where elected representatives make decisions on behalf of citizens. While democracies aim to give citizens a voice, dictatorships concentrate power in one ruler. Some controversies around democracies include violations of rights, debates around reforms like social security cuts, and tensions between secularism and theocracy in countries with religious laws. Globalization has increased access to information but also censorship in some non-democratic nations.
Rulers class to meet their own personal interestmdafsarali
The document summarizes how India's ruling class has failed to meet the expectations of the people after independence in several key areas:
1. Politically, democracy has lost its soul of representation, with weaker communities and women making up a small minority in legislature.
2. Economically, GDP growth has declined sharply while inflation and wealth disparity have increased drastically.
3. In foreign policy, relations with neighbors have become strained by abruptly shifting policies designed to win elections rather than benefit the people.
4. Public assets are being increasingly privatized while corruption and bank fraud have risen tremendously.
The document discusses corruption and the gap between the rich and poor. It begins by listing the names of group members who were discussing these topics. It then provides examples of issues caused by corruption like poverty, starvation, and exploitation. The document goes on to discuss types of corruption, examples of political corruption, factors that cause people to become corrupt, and statistics on corruption. It also addresses how corruption causes poverty and its effect on inequality. Finally, it outlines some things governments are doing now to address corruption through anti-corruption laws and strengthening enforcement. The group plans to promote awareness of these issues on social media and through editorials to the newspaper club.
This document discusses corruption, governance, and political instability as metaphors for underdevelopment in Nigeria. It argues that since independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled with high-level corruption among political leaders, weak governance, and political instability. This has led to a legitimacy crisis for the government as citizens lose faith in their leaders. Corruption has been institutionalized and individual wealth accumulation by political elites contrasts with widespread poverty in the country. As a result, national development is hindered and the political environment remains uncertain.
Text book on political parties and pressure groups full.ogbaji udochukwu
This document provides an overview of the concept of politics including various definitions from scholars. It discusses how politics involves interactions between people as they try to define their positions in society and struggle over scarce resources. Politics can be seen as the authoritative allocation of values as influenced by the shaping, distribution, and exercise of power. The document also notes that politics involves negotiation, arguments, and discussions to resolve issues and settle conflicts in a society. It aims to give students context on the meaning of politics before discussing political parties and pressure groups in Nigeria.
EXPERIENCES OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST AND THE MOST SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRACIES ,
“DEMOCRACY NEVER LASTS LONG. IT SOON WASTES, EXHAUSTS AND MURDERS ITSELF”
FAILED REASON: FAILED DEMOCRACY,
THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY TOPS ALL HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS, BUT IT AILS IF REASON FAILS .
RULE OF LAW BACKED BY COLLECTIVE REASON CAN BEST ANSWER THE DEMOCRATIC DECAY .
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
The African Debate: Money, Power and Sex; Has democracy Blinded the Hopes Of ...Nana Acquaye
The document provides background and context for debates on whether democracy has brought blind hope to three African countries: Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa. It discusses the disenchantment with democracy in Africa as its promises of freedom and equality have not been fully realized. For each country, it outlines some key political and economic issues, such as inequality in South Africa, post-election violence in Kenya, and lack of women's emancipation in Ghana. It then proposes debate questions on these topics to examine if democracy has delivered on its promises or if alternative systems of governance should be considered.
This document discusses political instability and corruption in Pakistan. It analyzes the sources of political instability in the country since independence, including conflicts, American influence that supported dictators, the role of opposition parties and media in perpetuating instability, and the bureaucracy's role in weakening democracy. It also examines the high levels of corruption across various sectors such as police, judiciary, power, tax collection, healthcare and education. The document provides recommendations to strengthen the political system and overcome corruption through institutional reforms, rule of law, education, independent media, and addressing corruption at all levels of government.
Voter ID Law is a law that needs some sort of authority distinguishing proof all together for a man to enlist to vote, get a poll for an election, or to vote. Voter distinguishing proof laws are important to battle the genuine peril of voter misrepresentation. There is a long history of voter pantomime all through the United States. Voter extortion meddles with individual races, as well as undermines voter trust in delegate government by and large.
Agenda 21 is a broad course of action of move to be made thoroughly, extensively and at local level by relationship of the United Nations System, Govt., and Main Groups in every region in which human consequences for the earth. A June 2013 study of 1,301 United States voters by the American Planning Association found that 9.1% supported this Agenda, 6.2% confined it, and 85.1% thought they didn't have enough data to shape a feeling.
MYD, the Manhattan Young Democrats, explain key causes behind corruption and dysfunction in the New York State Legislature, with a particular focus on the State Senate. We explore the story of the June 8 Coup and the relevance of Albany to the lives of everyday New Yorkers -- and lay out a plan for how to restore democracy to state governance and make it work better for New Yorkers everywhere.
There's also a short video version of the presentation available here: http://vimeo.com/11553305
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
This document outlines a case study on human trafficking of Filipino migrant workers. It begins by defining human trafficking as the trade and commodification of human beings through recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threats, deception or abuse of power for the purpose of slavery, forced labor, prostitution or sexual exploitation. It then discusses how the Philippines' Labor Export Policy encourages migration but also facilitates trafficking. The document presents findings from interviews with trafficked Filipino workers showing they experienced discrimination, abuse and slavery. It concludes that trafficking results from unjust policies in the Philippines and US and that solutions require partnerships between organizations, educating workers and the public, enforcing laws, promoting immigration reform, and ending policies that promote
This document discusses theoretical approaches to cooperation among member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to curb terrorism and maintain peace and security in the region. It outlines three main power-based theories of international cooperation: the Hegemonic Stability Theory, which posits that a dominant power provides stability by supplying public goods; the Power-based Research Programme, which emphasizes security and rationality in state interactions; and Realist Theory, which views cooperation through the lens of national interests in an anarchic system. The document recommends that IGAD members strengthen cooperation and commitment to each other to more effectively counter terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab and achieve lasting regional stability.
Slide 7 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Bureaucratic Power
2. Iron Triangles
3. Presidential Control Of The Bureaucracy
4. Congress And Its Members
5. Congress Versus The Executive Branch
6. Supreme Court
7. Legitimacy Factor In Law Making
8. Federal Court Structure
9. Elite Propaganda & Cinemocracy
10. Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Pakistan was founded in 1947 by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and emerged as an independent state on August 14th, 1947. It has a total area of 796,095 sq km and a population of over 167 million people. Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan. The country faces a governance crisis due to factors such as lack of competent leadership, political instability, corruption, weak institutions, fragile economy, terrorism, and nepotism. Key events that exacerbated the crisis include periods of martial law beginning in 1958 and the fall of Dhaka in 1971.
This document summarizes a dissertation examining whether Mexico is emerging as a powerful nation or failing as a state. It discusses Mexico's political and bureaucratic reforms, human security issues, and economic outlook. Regarding reforms, the document outlines Mexico's "Pact for Mexico" signed in 2012 which established 95 goals across education, telecommunications, judicial systems, and regional reforms to strengthen the state. It aims to transition Mexico towards greater democracy and address longstanding corruption issues. Violence from the drug war poses major human security challenges. However, economically Mexico has pursued NAFTA and reforms to become a potentially powerful MINT nation alongside emerging economies India, Nigeria and Turkey. Overall the dissertation evaluates arguments for and against Mexico's failure or emergence
This document appears to be a project report on the topic of whether corruption is morally bad but economically beneficial for a nation's prosperity. It includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, table of contents, and introduction. The introduction provides background on corruption in India, defines corruption, and outlines how the report will analyze corruption from an ethical and moral perspective. It will examine causes and effects of corruption and propose principles to reduce corruption by drawing from ethics, culture, and practices used in other countries.
This document discusses governance in the security sector in Africa. It notes that security forces in Africa have often caused insecurity rather than guaranteeing it. It argues that security sector reform is better viewed as a process of transformation than reform. The document outlines the major actors involved in security sector governance and discusses key issues like constitutionalism, leadership, capacity, and incentives for change. It emphasizes that transforming rather than just reforming the security sector is important for democratic governance and development in Africa.
This document discusses the differences between democracy and dictatorship in Pakistan. It argues that some dictatorships, like those of Ayub Khan and Musharraf, were able to achieve high economic growth rates and development projects. However, democracies in Pakistan have accumulated a large amount of debt and failed to improve people's lives. While democracy is important, the rulers in Pakistan's democracies have abused power and failed to establish rule of law or equality. Overall, the document questions whether democracy or dictatorship has been better for Pakistan's development and people.
The document summarizes and critiques the Puno ConCom constitution proposal. It argues that the proposal is objectionable due to the current populist context in the Philippines and some concerning content changes. Specifically, it argues that the proposal would further concentrate power in the presidency and weaken checks on executive authority. Additionally, it questions whether federalism is actually the best means to address poverty and inequality in the country based on empirical studies. The document raises doubts about the transition process and risks of political dynasties gaining more regional control under the proposed federal system.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Structural Violence and Nigeria’s Electoral System - the Unidentified ThreatKayode Fayemi
Structural violence in Nigeria's electoral system poses an unidentified threat to the country's fragile democracy. Elections commonly hold potential for violence due to high stakes for winners and lack of compromise culture. While Nigeria's democracy is maturing with an independent judiciary, military influence over politics persists, as seen by retired generals leading political parties. This militarization of society and entrenched conflicts threaten the viability of Nigeria's democratic project beyond adversarial elections.
This document summarizes a research paper on the impact of corruption on political stability in Nigeria and implications for reorienting political values. It finds that Nigerian politics has been characterized by unfulfilled promises, corruption, greed, violence, tribalism and intimidation compared to developed countries. Corruption manifests through fraud, embezzlement of public funds, inflated contracts, bribery and negatively impacts Nigeria's social, political and economic development, resulting in instability. The paper recommends ways to control corruption, including behavior modification, transparency in governance, political will, and sustaining democracy. It argues that diligent implementation of these recommendations could help Nigerians enjoy the benefits of democracy and development.
The document outlines the roles and employment of the Jamaica Defence Force (JDF). It states that the JDF is responsible for defending Jamaica and maintaining law and order within the country. The Prime Minister can give directions to the Chief of Defence Staff on the operational use of the JDF to maintain public safety and order. The JDF can also provide assistance to maintain peace when requested by the Commissioner of Police. The Governor-General may deploy parts of the JDF to serve outside of Jamaica.
This document summarizes David Whittaker's book on terrorism from 1968 to 2002. It outlines the book's structure, including the aim to explain Whittaker's concise account of terrorism and how it has evolved over the past 50 years. The introduction discusses the origins of the word "terror" and how Whittaker carefully presented evidence of terrorist activities. The main information indicates the book has 10 well-written chapters that provide a global view of terrorism over 36 years, though some figures are not clearly explained. The conclusion is that the book provides a good overall account of terrorism, but recommendations are made to improve data presentation.
The document outlines a presentation on Cuba and the U.S from 2016 and beyond. It provides background on the tense relationship between the two countries in the early 1960s when Fidel Castro overthrew the U.S.-backed government in Cuba and nationalized U.S. businesses. It then discusses the current relationship between Cuba and the U.S. and what may happen going forward. The presentation timeline allocates time for discussing background, key information provided to syndicate members, opinions on the topic, and a conclusion.
The African Debate: Money, Power and Sex; Has democracy Blinded the Hopes Of ...Nana Acquaye
The document provides background and context for debates on whether democracy has brought blind hope to three African countries: Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa. It discusses the disenchantment with democracy in Africa as its promises of freedom and equality have not been fully realized. For each country, it outlines some key political and economic issues, such as inequality in South Africa, post-election violence in Kenya, and lack of women's emancipation in Ghana. It then proposes debate questions on these topics to examine if democracy has delivered on its promises or if alternative systems of governance should be considered.
This document discusses political instability and corruption in Pakistan. It analyzes the sources of political instability in the country since independence, including conflicts, American influence that supported dictators, the role of opposition parties and media in perpetuating instability, and the bureaucracy's role in weakening democracy. It also examines the high levels of corruption across various sectors such as police, judiciary, power, tax collection, healthcare and education. The document provides recommendations to strengthen the political system and overcome corruption through institutional reforms, rule of law, education, independent media, and addressing corruption at all levels of government.
Voter ID Law is a law that needs some sort of authority distinguishing proof all together for a man to enlist to vote, get a poll for an election, or to vote. Voter distinguishing proof laws are important to battle the genuine peril of voter misrepresentation. There is a long history of voter pantomime all through the United States. Voter extortion meddles with individual races, as well as undermines voter trust in delegate government by and large.
Agenda 21 is a broad course of action of move to be made thoroughly, extensively and at local level by relationship of the United Nations System, Govt., and Main Groups in every region in which human consequences for the earth. A June 2013 study of 1,301 United States voters by the American Planning Association found that 9.1% supported this Agenda, 6.2% confined it, and 85.1% thought they didn't have enough data to shape a feeling.
MYD, the Manhattan Young Democrats, explain key causes behind corruption and dysfunction in the New York State Legislature, with a particular focus on the State Senate. We explore the story of the June 8 Coup and the relevance of Albany to the lives of everyday New Yorkers -- and lay out a plan for how to restore democracy to state governance and make it work better for New Yorkers everywhere.
There's also a short video version of the presentation available here: http://vimeo.com/11553305
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
This document outlines a case study on human trafficking of Filipino migrant workers. It begins by defining human trafficking as the trade and commodification of human beings through recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threats, deception or abuse of power for the purpose of slavery, forced labor, prostitution or sexual exploitation. It then discusses how the Philippines' Labor Export Policy encourages migration but also facilitates trafficking. The document presents findings from interviews with trafficked Filipino workers showing they experienced discrimination, abuse and slavery. It concludes that trafficking results from unjust policies in the Philippines and US and that solutions require partnerships between organizations, educating workers and the public, enforcing laws, promoting immigration reform, and ending policies that promote
This document discusses theoretical approaches to cooperation among member states of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to curb terrorism and maintain peace and security in the region. It outlines three main power-based theories of international cooperation: the Hegemonic Stability Theory, which posits that a dominant power provides stability by supplying public goods; the Power-based Research Programme, which emphasizes security and rationality in state interactions; and Realist Theory, which views cooperation through the lens of national interests in an anarchic system. The document recommends that IGAD members strengthen cooperation and commitment to each other to more effectively counter terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab and achieve lasting regional stability.
Slide 7 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Bureaucratic Power
2. Iron Triangles
3. Presidential Control Of The Bureaucracy
4. Congress And Its Members
5. Congress Versus The Executive Branch
6. Supreme Court
7. Legitimacy Factor In Law Making
8. Federal Court Structure
9. Elite Propaganda & Cinemocracy
10. Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Pakistan was founded in 1947 by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and emerged as an independent state on August 14th, 1947. It has a total area of 796,095 sq km and a population of over 167 million people. Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan. The country faces a governance crisis due to factors such as lack of competent leadership, political instability, corruption, weak institutions, fragile economy, terrorism, and nepotism. Key events that exacerbated the crisis include periods of martial law beginning in 1958 and the fall of Dhaka in 1971.
This document summarizes a dissertation examining whether Mexico is emerging as a powerful nation or failing as a state. It discusses Mexico's political and bureaucratic reforms, human security issues, and economic outlook. Regarding reforms, the document outlines Mexico's "Pact for Mexico" signed in 2012 which established 95 goals across education, telecommunications, judicial systems, and regional reforms to strengthen the state. It aims to transition Mexico towards greater democracy and address longstanding corruption issues. Violence from the drug war poses major human security challenges. However, economically Mexico has pursued NAFTA and reforms to become a potentially powerful MINT nation alongside emerging economies India, Nigeria and Turkey. Overall the dissertation evaluates arguments for and against Mexico's failure or emergence
This document appears to be a project report on the topic of whether corruption is morally bad but economically beneficial for a nation's prosperity. It includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, table of contents, and introduction. The introduction provides background on corruption in India, defines corruption, and outlines how the report will analyze corruption from an ethical and moral perspective. It will examine causes and effects of corruption and propose principles to reduce corruption by drawing from ethics, culture, and practices used in other countries.
This document discusses governance in the security sector in Africa. It notes that security forces in Africa have often caused insecurity rather than guaranteeing it. It argues that security sector reform is better viewed as a process of transformation than reform. The document outlines the major actors involved in security sector governance and discusses key issues like constitutionalism, leadership, capacity, and incentives for change. It emphasizes that transforming rather than just reforming the security sector is important for democratic governance and development in Africa.
This document discusses the differences between democracy and dictatorship in Pakistan. It argues that some dictatorships, like those of Ayub Khan and Musharraf, were able to achieve high economic growth rates and development projects. However, democracies in Pakistan have accumulated a large amount of debt and failed to improve people's lives. While democracy is important, the rulers in Pakistan's democracies have abused power and failed to establish rule of law or equality. Overall, the document questions whether democracy or dictatorship has been better for Pakistan's development and people.
The document summarizes and critiques the Puno ConCom constitution proposal. It argues that the proposal is objectionable due to the current populist context in the Philippines and some concerning content changes. Specifically, it argues that the proposal would further concentrate power in the presidency and weaken checks on executive authority. Additionally, it questions whether federalism is actually the best means to address poverty and inequality in the country based on empirical studies. The document raises doubts about the transition process and risks of political dynasties gaining more regional control under the proposed federal system.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Structural Violence and Nigeria’s Electoral System - the Unidentified ThreatKayode Fayemi
Structural violence in Nigeria's electoral system poses an unidentified threat to the country's fragile democracy. Elections commonly hold potential for violence due to high stakes for winners and lack of compromise culture. While Nigeria's democracy is maturing with an independent judiciary, military influence over politics persists, as seen by retired generals leading political parties. This militarization of society and entrenched conflicts threaten the viability of Nigeria's democratic project beyond adversarial elections.
This document summarizes a research paper on the impact of corruption on political stability in Nigeria and implications for reorienting political values. It finds that Nigerian politics has been characterized by unfulfilled promises, corruption, greed, violence, tribalism and intimidation compared to developed countries. Corruption manifests through fraud, embezzlement of public funds, inflated contracts, bribery and negatively impacts Nigeria's social, political and economic development, resulting in instability. The paper recommends ways to control corruption, including behavior modification, transparency in governance, political will, and sustaining democracy. It argues that diligent implementation of these recommendations could help Nigerians enjoy the benefits of democracy and development.
The document outlines the roles and employment of the Jamaica Defence Force (JDF). It states that the JDF is responsible for defending Jamaica and maintaining law and order within the country. The Prime Minister can give directions to the Chief of Defence Staff on the operational use of the JDF to maintain public safety and order. The JDF can also provide assistance to maintain peace when requested by the Commissioner of Police. The Governor-General may deploy parts of the JDF to serve outside of Jamaica.
This document summarizes David Whittaker's book on terrorism from 1968 to 2002. It outlines the book's structure, including the aim to explain Whittaker's concise account of terrorism and how it has evolved over the past 50 years. The introduction discusses the origins of the word "terror" and how Whittaker carefully presented evidence of terrorist activities. The main information indicates the book has 10 well-written chapters that provide a global view of terrorism over 36 years, though some figures are not clearly explained. The conclusion is that the book provides a good overall account of terrorism, but recommendations are made to improve data presentation.
The document outlines a presentation on Cuba and the U.S from 2016 and beyond. It provides background on the tense relationship between the two countries in the early 1960s when Fidel Castro overthrew the U.S.-backed government in Cuba and nationalized U.S. businesses. It then discusses the current relationship between Cuba and the U.S. and what may happen going forward. The presentation timeline allocates time for discussing background, key information provided to syndicate members, opinions on the topic, and a conclusion.
Shannon O'Neil's book "Two Nations Indivisible" examines the political, economic, and social transformation between Mexico and the United States and argues their relationship should be strengthened. O'Neil believes a wall between the two countries is the wrong approach and that expanding bilateral ties should be a priority. While Mexico's economy is growing, the drug war and corruption negatively impact security and inequality. O'Neil argues the U.S. needs a new approach that balances trade to benefit both countries and supports Mexico's efforts to fight poverty and reform its political system.
The document discusses the Garinagu people, who are descendants of Arawak and Carib slaves who shipwrecked in Honduras in the early 1800s. It outlines their cultural practices such as fishing, dancing, and drum playing. It also describes their religious beliefs, which incorporate both Catholicism and spiritual traditions involving dreams, animal sacrifices, and ceremonies to connect with deceased loved ones.
The document is a letter written by Jason Chavez sharing his experience growing up poor in Belize City and how he was able to improve his education level. He describes living with his family in a small, flooded house with no running water or electricity. Through hard work and determination, he was able to graduate high school and earn an associate's degree in math. He advises today's youth to read widely, further their education as much as possible, never give up on their goals, find an activity they enjoy, and work extremely hard, as education is the key to overcoming poverty.
NPS students and faculty deployed to the Philippines to provide relief following Typhoon Haiyan. However, the bulk of NPS's efforts to improve humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations occurs through student research projects and theses. The magazine article highlights several examples of student and faculty work, including evaluating small satellites for communications support, developing a short cyber training program, and numerous theses improving HADR operations. It also recognizes several students and faculty for their accomplishments.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
1. What Does a State Needs?
By: Captain Kenrick Lincoln Martinez Sr.
Several problems are emerging in the world that leave numerous unanswered questions.
Case in point, the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), Vladimir Putin’s belligerent
movement against Crimea, and the uncontrollable crime rate specifically in Central America.
These incidents can jeopardize the status of these states to be viewed as a weak or failed state. A
state is define as a power of authority by a body of people with its own borders and laws.1 A
leader or policy makers for a state could prevent failure by being proactive rather than reactive.
Therefore, this paper will attempt to answer questions such as, what “things” do states need in
order to function? Why? Which institutions are most important? Which should be developed
first? Why? What are the contributing factors that cause state failure?
A state needs checklists that can they aid in the development of the country and
transparency in its system. These lists that would be mentioned are just a few as they are
numerous. In this paper the utmost important point will be discussion and the order of their
ranking. A state needs firm laws and regulations, proper governance by the government,
accountability and transparency, and a charismatic leader with positive visions. These lists are
just an abbreviated version which may then aid a state providing efficient service for its people.
Ghani et al, mentioned that the goal of a state is accountability for delivering human security and
prosperity to its citizens and fulfilling its obligation as a legitimate member of the international
1 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield,MA: Merriam-
Webster, 1993.Also availableat http://www.merriam-webster.com/.
2. community.2 The above mentioned needs might aid state function and they are place in order of
most important to least priority.
Having firm laws and regulation aids a country to protect its people, for it provides a civil
society conducive to live in, and it enables a country to function properly. Take for example
Switzerland, a country with firm laws, yet has the lowest crime rate in the world. In Switzerland,
majority of its citizens abide by the law as simple as clothes may not be hung to dry on Sunday.3
This alone, tells lot about the people of that country. What additionally benefits the Swiss is the
culture of responsibility and safety despite having numerous gun owners.4 On the contrary, one
might say that this is not always the case for there are countries that have stringent laws, but its
people are not safe. Belize, a country in the same region as Honduras, is known also as the
murder capital of the world with about 19 persons murdered a day in 2013. Both Honduras and
Belize have a maximum sentence of life in prison for homicide if a person is found guilty for
murder, but this still does not deter gang members from committing crime in both countries.5
Having well regulated laws could be the number one issue to address for a state. Using
Switzerland as example solidifies my point that law and regulation should first be establish in a
state that will ensure safety and security in that country prior to demanding proper governance.
A state needs proper governance from the government, meaning a group of people who
can lead that particular country in the right direction. For clarification, when referring to the term
governance, a democratic system of governance is of interest here since it is the majority on the
2 Ghani,Ashraf, ClareLockhart, and Michael Carnahan. Closing the sovereignty gap: an approach to state-building.
London: Overseas Development Institute, 2005.
3 Martin,Putter, The Little Difference: Rules,Rules, Nothing but rules,06 Febuary, 2015, The Basel Journal,
http://baseljournal.ch/uncategorized/the-little-differences-9-rules-rules-nothing-but-rules/
4 Helena, Buchmann, The Swiss Difference: A Gun Culture That Works,20 December, 2012,
http://world.time.com/2012/12/20/the-swiss-difference-a-gun-culture-that-works/
5Rodan, Maya, Honduras is Still TheMurder Capital of the World, TIME, 14 February, 2014
http://world.time.com/2014/02/17/honduras-is-still-the-murder-capital-of-the-world/
3. globe rather than autocracy. Having proper governance might eventually diminish the corruption
from occurring in the government. However, one should be mindful that humans are not perfect,
some people are rapacious, and members of government are not exempted of that fact. Countries
that are recognized for good governance and less corruption are New Zealand, Denmark, Finland
and Sweden. These countries show freedom of press, government openness, civic activism, and
social trust to monitor members of government. These countries also hold their members of
government accountable for their action.6 Arguably, good governance will prevents a state from
failing. For instance, they are countries that are placed in the category as failed state for over a
decade. These countries are Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC), Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Sudan.7 Ostensibly, those states fail because having poor
governance could have been a contributing factor. This is why governance is place second in the
pyramid. After good governance, one can expect proper accountability and transparency.
The third point that is paramount in reference to needs of a state is accountability and
transparency. Having proper accountability and transparency could eliminate nepotism,
corruption, and could provide checks and balances of the public funds. Providing a clear budget
is a means to ensure proper spending of public fund. But, that alone is not all that should be
done, for details of spending should also be presented to the public. In addition, an independent
auditor could be called in so that he/she can verify that the funds were spent accordingly. Ghandi
6 Marie, Chene, What makes new Zealand,Denmark, Finland,Sweden and other “Cleaner” then most Countries?,7
December, 2011, http://blog.transparency.org/2011/12/07/what-makes-new-zealand-denmark-finland-
sweden-and-others-%E2%80%9Ccleaner%E2%80%9D-than-most-countries/
7 Robert, Rotberg, When State Fail,Princeton University Press,2003
4. et al stated that sound management of public finance in their view is one of the most critical
indicator of the autonomy of a state.8 The most salient point they claim is,
what denotes the effectiveness of the state in wealth creation and distribution of resources
on the expenditure side is the extent to which the government budget serves as the
instrument for setting the country’s priorities, the balance between ensuring growth and
service delivery, the extent to which the budget is subject to formal oversight by the
legislature and judiciary and the extent to which the budget is substantively transparent to
the citizens of the state.9
The quote above demonstrated one of the reasons why Haiti failed to develop its economy under
the leadership of Jean Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier. He was alleged to have embezzled
between$300 million and $800 million of the country’s assets during his presidency because of
poor accountability and transparency. 10 Haitians and their economy are still suffering from that
horrible and unfortunate government corruption all because of lacking transparency and
accountability in their government. Hence, this point is the third priority, but should not be taken
for granted. The type of leadership can be the final point that falls under needs of a state
category.
A charismatic leader can lead a democratic state and uplift that country to become
recognized worldwide. There are countless charismatic leaders in the past and present, for good
or bad reasons. However, a charismatic leader who uplifts his country is Nelson Mandela. One
may argues that he was a revolutionist, but he was adored by a significant amount of South
8
Ghani, Ashraf,ClareLockhart, and Michael Carnahan. Closing the sovereignty gap: an approach to state-
building. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2005.
9 Ghani,Ashraf, ClareLockhart, and Michael Carnahan. Closing the sovereignty gap: an approach to state-
building. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2005.
10 Joseph, Delva,Haiti’s Jean Claude Duvalier Trial:’Baby Doc’ Faces Corruption Charges, The World Post,
13 January,2012,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/30/haiti -jean-claude-duvalier-
trial_n_1241514.html
5. Africans. In or around 1962, racial segregation in South Africa was highly recognize and it is
also known as “apartheid”. Mandela heads an organization and advocated for equality; he was
jailed for 27 years, and after his release he was the president of South Africa from 1994-1999
whereby the apartheid system was abolished. This shows that charismatic leader could change
the status of its state. On the other hand, what a charismatic leader cannot do is guarantee that the
people of the state will act in a civil manner. But, this style of leadership could bring about
positive change similar to South Africa’s. Interestedly, Robert Perito highlighted that a critical
leadership responsibility should develop and execute integrate plans that are based on the peace
agreement or mission mandate.11 This is why the people of South Africa continues to praise
Mandela because this was exactly what he meticulously executed in his time in office. A
charismatic leader can aid a state, so it is the last point under state need that must not be
overlooked.
Contributing factors that cause a state to fail are misuse of public funds, unnecessary
borrowing, and lack of opportunities for its citizens. According to Ghani et al, they concluded
that no state can be sovereign while it relies on an external source to fund its ongoing
operation.12 They are making the point that a state must fund its own country and proper
management of public funds can aid achieving that mission. They additionally mentioned that
income generated from industries and is included in the state budget can serve as measures for
accountability. However, this can mitigate the misuse public funds and have better
accountability. One might say that what also affects a state to fail is unnecessary borrowing.
11 Perito, Robert, ed. Guide for participants in peace, stability, and relief operations. US Institute of Peace Press,
2007.
12 Ghani,Ashraf, ClareLockhart, and Michael Carnahan. Closing the sovereignty gap: an approach to state-
building. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2005.
6. Once proper borrowing is conclude a state can then create opportunities for its citizen out of that
funds.
It must be mentioned that even after all these checklists are carried out, this does not
guarantee that a state will not fail, but it can prevent such failure. The organization of ideas are
merely subjective rather than objective. As humans we all think differently and this list might be
view dissimilar by someone else. Therefore, the order of priority is first instill proper laws and
regulations. Second, having good governance from the government whereby clear vision is
presented. Third, adhering to check and balance so that this confirms accountability and
transparency. Last but certainly not least, electing a charismatic leader who can understand the
people and deliver the needs and services that could aid a state from failure. Finally, all these
characteristics are strongly related and they overlap each other, but a state needs more than just
these four lists to avoid failure. The understanding of religion, culture, and the nation of interest
history also might aid policy makers when addressing state issues.
About the Author:
Captain Kenrick Lincoln Martinez Sr. is an Officer in the Belize Defence Force and is expected
to graduate from the Naval Postgraduate School on 19 June, 2015 with a Master’s Degree in
Defense Analysis.
7. References
Buchmann, Helena. “The Swiss Difference: A Gun Culture That Works”, World Times, 20
December, 2012, http://world.time.com/2012/12/20/the-swiss-difference-a-gun-culture-that-
works/
Chene, Marie. “What makes new Zealand, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and other “Cleaner” then
most Countries?” 7 December, 2011,http://blog.transparency.org/2011/12/07/what- makes-
new-zealand-denmark-finland-sweden-and-others- %E2%80%9Ccleaner%E2%80%9D-than-
most-countries/
Delva, Joseph.” Haiti’s Jean Claude Duvalier Trial: ’Baby Doc’ Faces Corruption Charges.” The
World Post, 13 January, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/30/haiti-jean-
claude-duvalier-trial_n_1241514.html
Enriquez, Andre. “Belize Superbond: A fight to The Debt.” The Reporter, 31 August, 2012,
http://www.reporter.bz/business/belize-superbond-a-fight-to-the-debt/
Ghani, Ashraf, Clare Lockhart, and Michael Carnahan. “Closing the sovereignty gap: an
approach to statebuilding.” London: Overseas Development Institute, 2005.
Martin, Putter, “The Little Difference: Rules, Rules, Nothing but rules”, The Basel Journal, 06
Febuary, 2015, http://baseljournal.ch/uncategorized/the-little-differences-9-rules-rules-nothing-
but-rules/
Perito, Robert, ed. Guide for participants in peace, stability, and relief operations. US Institute
of Peace Press, 2007.
Robert, Rotberg, When State Fail, Princeton University Press, 2003
Rodan, Maya, Honduras is Still The Murder Capital of the World, TIME, 14 February, 2014
http://world.time.com/2014/02/17/honduras-is-still-the-murder-capital-of-the-world/
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged.
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1993. Also available at http://www.merriam-
webster.com/.