This document discusses modeling turbulent flows near walls. It describes three layers in the near-wall region: a viscous sublayer closest to the wall where viscosity dominates, an outer fully turbulent layer, and a buffer region in between. It presents two approaches to modeling this region - using wall functions that bridge between the wall and fully turbulent region without resolving the inner layers, or using near-wall models that can resolve the solution all the way to the wall. It outlines different types of wall functions and notes the near-wall modeling approach is needed when low-Reynolds number effects are important.