The document defines key nutrition terms and discusses the six major nutrients needed by chickens: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. It notes that the development of a chicken's gizzard can be affected by diet type and that oyster shell, limestone, or grit are sometimes included in feed but are not necessary if mash or pellets are fed alone. The best way to determine if chicks are eating after placement is to check the percentage of chicks with filled crops at various time intervals.

1. LET’S TALK
ABOUT

2. Definition of Terms
a. Nutrition – is the study of various physical
and chemical processes that transform food
elements to body elements and the influence
of various feed additives to various processes
in the body.
b. Food/Feed – a term given to any material
that embraces naturally in both plants and
animals including the by-products prepared
from them. Ex: corn, rice bran, fish meal.

3. c. Feedstuff – the term given to any material both
natural in origin and synthetically prepared
that when properly used have nutritional value
in the diet. Ex: Corn, DL methionine, feed
supplements, some vitamins and mineral
premixes, etc.
d. Nutrients – are substances or elements found
in feeds that are very necessary to support
animal life processes of the animals.

4. e. Ration – the food given to the animals with
balance of nutrients needed by the animals
within 24 hours requirement/food allowance
f. Diet – it is the kind of food given to the
animals regardless whether balance or
unbalance of nutrient requirements needed by
the animals.

5. g. Digestion – is the process of breaking down of
food particles through mechanical, enzymatic
and/or microbial processes in preparation for
absorption
h. Absorption – is the transport of all digested
nutrients to all parts of the body tissues and
cells

6. i. Metabolism – is the sum total of all the
physical and chemical changes occurring in the
body where nutrients are metabolized into
energy in the form of ATP, carbon dioxide, and
water(metabolic water).
j. Metabolic water – is the water produced from
the nutrients( carbohydrates, fats and proteins)
when metabolized in the cells.

7. IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT
NUTRITION
IS FIXED
NUTRITION
IS NOT FIXED

8. NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKING
WHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX
THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?

9. SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN
VITAMINS
MINERALS
WATER

10. Gross Chemical Composition of Plant
and Animal Tissues:
Proximate composition of plant and animal
tissues
Nutrient Plant Animal
Carbohydrates Very high-75% Zero - negligible
Fats Low – 3-10%
( pseudo fats)
High – 20%(true
fats)
Proteins Low-high(3-45%) High
Minerals Low- 0.5% High
Vitamins High High
Water High High

11. VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF
NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
…..ENERGY IS NOTA NUTRIENT…..
IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN

12. VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY
NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
MOST POULTRY
EAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN
ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT

13. IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER
…TODAY…
FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY
75% OF THE TOTAL COST OF
PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

14. “CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE
STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER

15. “CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET BY FEEDING
A “COMPLETE DIET” (BALANCED ENERGY & NUTRIENTS)
2) IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO FEED CRACKED CORN OR
SCRATCH FEED OR LIMESTONE OR OYSTERSHELLS
(REMEMBER: BLENDING WITH GRAINS DILUTES THE NUTRITION)
3) HOME-MIXED FEEDS MAY BE USED BUT INGREDIENTS
MAY BE DIFFICULT “AT TIMES” TO ACQUIRE
4) DO NOT LIMIT FEED CONSUMPTION BY RESTRICTING
FEED BECAUSE THIS WILL DECREASE PERFORMANCE

16. “ORGANIC PRODUCTION”
1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DO NOT CHANGE
2) THE FEED MUST BE “ORGANIC” (INCLUDES PASTURES)
3) FEED IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE
4) DRUGS, ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS, ANTIBIOTICS AND “GMO”
PRODUCTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE FEED
5) SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND MINERALS ARE ALLOWED
BUT SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS ARE NOT ALLOWED

17. “ORGANIC PRODUCTION”
6) FISHMEAL, ENZYMES AND OYSTER SHELL ARE ALLOWED
7) SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN DIETS
8) ALGAE, EARTHWORM AND INSECT MEALS ARE ALLOWED
9) PROBIOTICS ARE ALLOWED TO BE USED IN FEEDS
10) GRIT IS ALLOWED TO BE USED

18. WILL THE TYPE OF DIET THAT I FEED
HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIZZARD ?
QUESTION

19. WILL THE TYPE OF DIET THAT I FEED
HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIZZARD ?
QUESTION
YES

21. AVIAN/POULTRY/BIRDS
Examples: chicken, ducks
a.) Mouth – does not contain teeth, but
the beak is used to collect particles
of feed and to break some large
particles into smaller pieces
- tongue and salivary glands are
present, and the saliva does contain
salivary amylase

22. b.) esophagus – the esophagus of most
birds include an area called the Crop.
Crop functions as:
(1) temporary storage and moistening
of food
(2) a place for salivary amylase to
work; and
(3) for microbial fermentation in
some species

23. c.) proventriculus – corresponds to true
stomach as described for non-
ruminant and abomasum for the
ruminant
d.) ventriculus – commonly called the
gizzard
e.) small intestine – similar to the small
intestine of the non-ruminant and
ruminant
f.) large intestine – similar to non- ruminants
and ruminants in form and function
g.) cloaca/vent

25. GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS
(VENTRICULUS)

26. WHAT ABOUT USING
OYSTER SHELL, LIMESTONE OR GRIT ?
QUESTION
OYSTER SHELL LIMESTONE
GRANITE GRIT

27. GRIT
FED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE
NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE

28. KOILIN LAYER
GIZZARD
GRIT

29. KOILIN LINING

30. KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD
GROOVES

31. HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
QUESTION

32. HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
…ANSWER…
IT DEPENDS
QUESTION

33. BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION

34. DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML
“BROILERS”
(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)

35. DURING EMBRYOGENESIS
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS
BEFORE THE BRAIN

37. 1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK
RESIDUAL YOLK
IMMATURE
DIGESTIVE TRACT

38. HATCH
1 WEEK
OF AGE
TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLD
GREATER THAN REST OF BODY

39. ….FACT….
WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES
GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

40. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACED
IN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION

41. WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACED
IN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION

43. GOAL
HOURS AFTER
PLACEMENT
2
12
24
CROP FILL
(% OF CHICKS)
75
85
95+