Zaman açığı ve yoksulluk: Levy Enstitüsü Zaman ve Tüketim Yoksulluğu ölçümü T...UNDP Türkiye
This document summarizes a study that developed an alternative measure of poverty in Turkey called the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP). The study found that:
1) The LIMTCP identified a significantly higher rate of poverty in Turkey than official measures because it took into account time deficits from insufficient hours for necessary household production. For example, the LIMTCP household poverty rate was 51% compared to 39% for official measures.
2) Time poverty disproportionately affected women, rural populations, and the officially poor. Simulations found that if non-working adults in poor households were employed, poverty rates could be reduced but many would still face time deficits.
3)
Caring Labor as a Source of InequalitiesUNDP Eurasia
This document summarizes a presentation on caring labor as a source of inequalities. The presentation covers:
1) Recent UN assessments that found persisting gender inequalities in areas like income/jobs and political participation, despite gains in education/health. Unequal bargaining power and gendered allocation of time between paid and unpaid labor were identified as factors.
2) Data showing women spend significantly more time on unpaid caring labor than men in Turkey. This unequal allocation of time contributes to gender employment and wage gaps as well as job segregation.
3) Policy recommendations to redistribute caring labor through expanded social services, care leave reforms, and labor market regulations to reduce inequalities between and among women and men.
This document discusses the need to transform Uzbekistan's social protection model to align with its changing economic and social goals. The current model effectively supported the population during economic transition but now risks sustaining outdated structures. Future development goals require a more targeted model to facilitate economic transformation in sectors like industry and services. Transforming the economy, education system and social assistance can help ensure fiscal sustainability of the social protection system and support for citizens in an evolving Uzbekistan.
The document summarizes key points from the 2013 Human Development Report, including the rise of developing nations in driving global economic growth and lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty. It notes that China and India doubled per capita economic output in under 20 years. The report shows rapid human development and progress across the globe, especially in low HDI countries. Turkey is highlighted for its favorable economic conditions supporting job growth and strengthening social programs. Turkey's HDI value is 0.722, ranking it 90th globally and showing increases in life expectancy, education, and income. Inequality and gender inequality indices for Turkey are also presented.
This document summarizes a collaboration between the OECD's Better Life Initiative and the Clio Infra project to present estimates of various dimensions of well-being globally since 1820, including economic measures like GDP per capita as well as social indicators like life expectancy, education levels, gender inequality, and environmental quality. It describes the statistical data collected by the Clio Infra project from over 25 major countries and 100 smaller countries on these topics. Preliminary results show that most indicators strongly correlate with GDP per capita, though some like inequality, security, and environmental quality show weaker or negative correlations. The data is meant to broaden analyses of socio-economic development beyond just GDP.
This document summarizes progress on gender equality in the EU in 2014. It finds that while women's employment has increased, the gender employment gap remains at 11.5 percentage points. Progress in reducing the gender pay and pension gaps has also been slow. The document highlights the importance of work-life balance policies like affordable childcare and parental leave to further women's economic independence. It provides examples of EU-funded projects that aim to improve access to childcare and support for female entrepreneurship. Overall, the report finds that while some progress has been made on gender equality, significant challenges and gaps remain.
Ville-Veikko Pulkka. From idea to experiment. Notes on the Finnish basic income experiment study. Presentation at The 6th International Conference Well-being in the Information Society (WIS). Tampere 17.9.2016.
Zaman açığı ve yoksulluk: Levy Enstitüsü Zaman ve Tüketim Yoksulluğu ölçümü T...UNDP Türkiye
This document summarizes a study that developed an alternative measure of poverty in Turkey called the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP). The study found that:
1) The LIMTCP identified a significantly higher rate of poverty in Turkey than official measures because it took into account time deficits from insufficient hours for necessary household production. For example, the LIMTCP household poverty rate was 51% compared to 39% for official measures.
2) Time poverty disproportionately affected women, rural populations, and the officially poor. Simulations found that if non-working adults in poor households were employed, poverty rates could be reduced but many would still face time deficits.
3)
Caring Labor as a Source of InequalitiesUNDP Eurasia
This document summarizes a presentation on caring labor as a source of inequalities. The presentation covers:
1) Recent UN assessments that found persisting gender inequalities in areas like income/jobs and political participation, despite gains in education/health. Unequal bargaining power and gendered allocation of time between paid and unpaid labor were identified as factors.
2) Data showing women spend significantly more time on unpaid caring labor than men in Turkey. This unequal allocation of time contributes to gender employment and wage gaps as well as job segregation.
3) Policy recommendations to redistribute caring labor through expanded social services, care leave reforms, and labor market regulations to reduce inequalities between and among women and men.
This document discusses the need to transform Uzbekistan's social protection model to align with its changing economic and social goals. The current model effectively supported the population during economic transition but now risks sustaining outdated structures. Future development goals require a more targeted model to facilitate economic transformation in sectors like industry and services. Transforming the economy, education system and social assistance can help ensure fiscal sustainability of the social protection system and support for citizens in an evolving Uzbekistan.
The document summarizes key points from the 2013 Human Development Report, including the rise of developing nations in driving global economic growth and lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty. It notes that China and India doubled per capita economic output in under 20 years. The report shows rapid human development and progress across the globe, especially in low HDI countries. Turkey is highlighted for its favorable economic conditions supporting job growth and strengthening social programs. Turkey's HDI value is 0.722, ranking it 90th globally and showing increases in life expectancy, education, and income. Inequality and gender inequality indices for Turkey are also presented.
This document summarizes a collaboration between the OECD's Better Life Initiative and the Clio Infra project to present estimates of various dimensions of well-being globally since 1820, including economic measures like GDP per capita as well as social indicators like life expectancy, education levels, gender inequality, and environmental quality. It describes the statistical data collected by the Clio Infra project from over 25 major countries and 100 smaller countries on these topics. Preliminary results show that most indicators strongly correlate with GDP per capita, though some like inequality, security, and environmental quality show weaker or negative correlations. The data is meant to broaden analyses of socio-economic development beyond just GDP.
This document summarizes progress on gender equality in the EU in 2014. It finds that while women's employment has increased, the gender employment gap remains at 11.5 percentage points. Progress in reducing the gender pay and pension gaps has also been slow. The document highlights the importance of work-life balance policies like affordable childcare and parental leave to further women's economic independence. It provides examples of EU-funded projects that aim to improve access to childcare and support for female entrepreneurship. Overall, the report finds that while some progress has been made on gender equality, significant challenges and gaps remain.
Ville-Veikko Pulkka. From idea to experiment. Notes on the Finnish basic income experiment study. Presentation at The 6th International Conference Well-being in the Information Society (WIS). Tampere 17.9.2016.
The document discusses employment growth in India after independence. It is divided into four phases: 1) Independence to mid-1960s, characterized by high growth in agriculture and manufacturing. 2) Mid-1960s to 1980s, saw slower growth due to various factors. 3) 1980s to early 1990s, marked by sharp GDP growth and a major shift to the services sector. 4) Early 1990s onwards, began privatization and liberalization, accelerating structural shift away from agriculture towards services. Key problems discussed include slow agriculture growth, underutilization of manufacturing capacity, and inadequate infrastructure across sectors.
This document discusses poverty reduction, employment, and wages in rural Pakistan. It notes that rural real wages declined in Pakistan from the 1980s despite outward migration, indicating a lack of minimum wage protection for rural workers. Agricultural labor lacks benefits like social security and pensions afforded to other sectors. The document recommends establishing minimum wages and workers' protections for the agricultural sector. It also analyzes trends in the formal and informal non-farm rural job sectors, and concludes that promoting labor-intensive agriculture and industrialization can lead to broad-based employment growth, income distribution, and poverty reduction.
Item 12 - Whole of Government Gender Strategy - Olga PIETRUCHOVA (Slovakia)OECD Governance
Presentation given at the OECD Gender Budgeting Experts Meeting, Vienna, Austria. 18-19 June 2018
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/gender-budgeting-experts-meeting-2018.htm
This document analyzes the economic value of unpaid care work in the Republic of Serbia. It finds that women spend significantly more time than men on unpaid work like housework, childcare, and eldercare. This time spent on unpaid care work contributes to gender inequalities in the labor market and income distribution. The document reviews national strategies and data on gender gaps in time use. It estimates that unpaid care work constitutes a significant contribution to Serbia's GDP that is not currently measured or valued. The document calls for policies to promote more equal sharing of unpaid care responsibilities between men and women.
Maximising the opportunities of an ageing workforceILC- UK
1. The document discusses the economic challenges and opportunities presented by an aging population in the UK. While an aging population will increase costs related to healthcare and pensions, it also presents opportunities to boost the economy through longer working lives.
2. Current projections estimate a labor shortage of over 1 million workers by 2025, but not enough is being done to retain older workers. Around 1 million older workers left the workforce involuntarily due to health issues or care responsibilities.
3. Several solutions are proposed to better retain older workers, including promoting flexible work arrangements, tackling age discrimination, investing in training programs, and supporting workers' health and financial needs to allow working beyond traditional retirement ages.
Participation of Women in Public AdministrationUNDP Uzbekistan
The document discusses Uzbekistan's development goals and challenges towards 2030. It notes that to achieve the ultimate goal of becoming an upper-middle income country, structural reforms are needed such as transforming the GDP structure and patterns of enterprises. Expanding women's role in public administration is identified as an important reserve factor to accelerate this transition to a new growth pattern. Currently, women's representation in public administration is low at around 5-16% despite measures taken. The document outlines that to have a catalytic effect, the share of women needs to exceed 16-18% critical value. It proposes focusing on improving education quality, expanding higher education enrollments, and short-term courses for women to develop the necessary human capital. Strengthen
Jerome de Henau: Costing a Feminist Plan for a Caring EconomyAnna Elomäki
This document proposes a plan for universal free childcare in the UK to address lack of affordable, high-quality childcare and barriers to women's employment. It estimates the costs of providing childcare for all children aged 6 months to primary school by qualified staff paid comparable to teachers or living wages. While the total annual public investment would be £55 billion or £33 billion respectively, employment effects could create 1.7 million jobs and increased tax revenue would fund 88-96% of costs. Universal childcare would boost gender equality, economic growth, and is argued to be more beneficial than austerity policies.
The Research Centre for Gender Equality (KETHI) aims to advance gender equality in Greece through research, projects, and policy work. Greece has a significant gender economic gap, with high female unemployment and a wage gap between men and women. To help close this gap, Greece has implemented some policies around quotas for women in job training programs and supporting women's career advancement. However, challenges remain like traditional gender roles, lack of childcare, and segregation of male- and female-dominated professions. KETHI hopes its involvement in the G4G project will help Greece further through experience sharing with other European countries.
19 essay on unemployment, its causes and solutions the college studyMary Smith
Unemployment is a serious problem that negatively impacts individuals and society. It leaves people without purpose and dignity, and often leads to poverty, crime, political instability, and other social issues. In Pakistan, millions of people are unemployed despite ongoing efforts to solve the problem. Common causes of unemployment include deficiencies in the education system, a lack of industrialization, overpopulation, and political instability. Potential solutions involve expanding vocational education, promoting self-employment, improving agriculture, controlling population growth, and fostering overall economic and industrial development. Unemployment remains a difficult challenge to overcome.
Is Public Health on a Treadmill of Inequality?
Paul McGill
IPH, Open, Conference, Belfast, Northern, Ireland, Dublin, Titanic, October, 2014, Health Public
The document discusses economic and socioeconomic challenges facing Indonesia's new president Jokowi-JK, including managing growth after the commodity boom ends, creating sufficient jobs, and reducing inequality. Key reforms needed are fiscal reforms like reducing fuel subsidies to create fiscal space for infrastructure spending, making the labor market more flexible while protecting workers, investing more in social protection and skills training, and addressing income and regional disparities.
South african welfare state and the demographic dividend's window of opportunityFabio Torreggiani
In this paper, I analysed the main characteristics of the South African Welfare State in terms of inputs and outputs of the key policies usually identified by the literature to be useful to exploit a demographic dividend. In particular, I focused on the state of the labour market, the social assistance policies and the education and healthcare systems. To do this I studied some quantitative indicators of both inputs and outputs and I reported the qualitative analysis of some other articles of these individuals sectors. The conclusion is that, despite some important progress made by the democratic governments, there are many improvements needed to create a consistent and inclusive growth.
Presentation by Stefano Scarpetta, OECD Director for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs during the meeting of the OECD Global Parliamentary Network on 2 October 2014.
The OECD supports the G20 employment track by reviewing labour market and social developments in G20 countries and highlighting the key policy challenges, as well as by identifying good practices in G20 countries and policy options for a more inclusive labour market tailored to the specific conditions of each country. The OECD has provided extensive support to the G20 Task Force on Employment, notably by contributing to the identification of concrete commitments in the context of the country employment plans, which will feed into the G20 national growth strategies. This includes recommendations on actions to promote a more gender-balanced economy, safer workplaces as well as on policies to tackle structural unemployment and under-employment in low productivity and low paid jobs.
On 1 December 2015, the final M-CARE conference was organised in Brussels, Belgium at VLEVA premises. The event “Caring for people with disabilities and older people: challenges, opportunities and (mobile/online) training solutions” focussed on the importance of good quality personal caregiving (PCG) for people with disabilities and older people. Focus was on caring in a broader perspective, and how M-CARE’s (mobile/online) training solutions can contribute to successful PCGs.
More information at:
http://mcare-project.eu/
http://twitter.com/MCareproject
http://www.facebook.com/MCareproj
This project (M-Care - 539913-LLP-1-2013-1-TR-LEONARDO-LMP) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
The document discusses employment, unemployment, and policies related to employment in India. It notes that employment generation declined in the mid-1990s but increased in the late 1990s and 2000s. The majority of employment is in the primary sector, with decreasing shares in agriculture and increasing shares in secondary and tertiary sectors over time. Unemployment, both rural and urban, has increased over the decades. Causes of unemployment include slow economic growth, population growth, and inadequate employment planning. Measures to address unemployment and underemployment focus on high economic growth, increasing investment, rural development, rural industrialization, and education and skill development.
Social Progress Index 2014 Executive Summarysocprog
The document provides an executive summary of the Social Progress Index 2014. It discusses the need to measure social progress beyond just economic metrics like GDP. The Social Progress Index aims to fill this need by measuring social and environmental performance across three dimensions - basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing, and opportunity. The top scoring countries are New Zealand, Switzerland, and Iceland. While higher GDP countries generally score higher, GDP alone does not guarantee social progress. Social progress improves rapidly with economic growth at low incomes but the relationship levels off at higher incomes.
Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth and poverty reduction over the last decade, with an average annual GDP growth of 10.9%. This growth has been driven primarily by the agricultural sector and public investment in infrastructure. The economy is transitioning from primarily agrarian to greater roles for secondary and tertiary sectors. Population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for continued economic expansion. Education and skills development will need to keep pace with structural changes in the economy and labor market. Social protection programs have helped support livelihoods but further expansion will be important. Sustaining growth will require developing domestic industry and managing macroeconomic and demographic factors.
This document summarizes Uganda's experience in measuring women's labor force participation. It discusses data sources like censuses and national household surveys that provide information on women's work. Efforts to improve measurement include developing gender concepts, conducting consultative meetings, attaching labor modules to surveys, and analyzing existing data to identify gaps. A Gender and Productivity Survey collected detailed data on women's paid and unpaid work. Preliminary findings show higher participation rates for rural women and their concentration in unpaid family work. Institutional efforts aim to integrate women's activity lists into surveys and strengthen gender statistics capacity.
Putting Children First: Session 1.6.D Alebel Weldesilassie - Towards ensuring...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
The document discusses domestic worker policy issues in India. It notes that domestic workers face inequality, including gender disparity, child labor, and lack of social benefits. The current policy aims to improve skills but has not addressed underlying issues like working conditions. Reforms are needed to focus on education to better protect domestic workers and address issues like low education rates, gender gaps in education, and child labor.
The document discusses employment growth in India after independence. It is divided into four phases: 1) Independence to mid-1960s, characterized by high growth in agriculture and manufacturing. 2) Mid-1960s to 1980s, saw slower growth due to various factors. 3) 1980s to early 1990s, marked by sharp GDP growth and a major shift to the services sector. 4) Early 1990s onwards, began privatization and liberalization, accelerating structural shift away from agriculture towards services. Key problems discussed include slow agriculture growth, underutilization of manufacturing capacity, and inadequate infrastructure across sectors.
This document discusses poverty reduction, employment, and wages in rural Pakistan. It notes that rural real wages declined in Pakistan from the 1980s despite outward migration, indicating a lack of minimum wage protection for rural workers. Agricultural labor lacks benefits like social security and pensions afforded to other sectors. The document recommends establishing minimum wages and workers' protections for the agricultural sector. It also analyzes trends in the formal and informal non-farm rural job sectors, and concludes that promoting labor-intensive agriculture and industrialization can lead to broad-based employment growth, income distribution, and poverty reduction.
Item 12 - Whole of Government Gender Strategy - Olga PIETRUCHOVA (Slovakia)OECD Governance
Presentation given at the OECD Gender Budgeting Experts Meeting, Vienna, Austria. 18-19 June 2018
For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/gender-budgeting-experts-meeting-2018.htm
This document analyzes the economic value of unpaid care work in the Republic of Serbia. It finds that women spend significantly more time than men on unpaid work like housework, childcare, and eldercare. This time spent on unpaid care work contributes to gender inequalities in the labor market and income distribution. The document reviews national strategies and data on gender gaps in time use. It estimates that unpaid care work constitutes a significant contribution to Serbia's GDP that is not currently measured or valued. The document calls for policies to promote more equal sharing of unpaid care responsibilities between men and women.
Maximising the opportunities of an ageing workforceILC- UK
1. The document discusses the economic challenges and opportunities presented by an aging population in the UK. While an aging population will increase costs related to healthcare and pensions, it also presents opportunities to boost the economy through longer working lives.
2. Current projections estimate a labor shortage of over 1 million workers by 2025, but not enough is being done to retain older workers. Around 1 million older workers left the workforce involuntarily due to health issues or care responsibilities.
3. Several solutions are proposed to better retain older workers, including promoting flexible work arrangements, tackling age discrimination, investing in training programs, and supporting workers' health and financial needs to allow working beyond traditional retirement ages.
Participation of Women in Public AdministrationUNDP Uzbekistan
The document discusses Uzbekistan's development goals and challenges towards 2030. It notes that to achieve the ultimate goal of becoming an upper-middle income country, structural reforms are needed such as transforming the GDP structure and patterns of enterprises. Expanding women's role in public administration is identified as an important reserve factor to accelerate this transition to a new growth pattern. Currently, women's representation in public administration is low at around 5-16% despite measures taken. The document outlines that to have a catalytic effect, the share of women needs to exceed 16-18% critical value. It proposes focusing on improving education quality, expanding higher education enrollments, and short-term courses for women to develop the necessary human capital. Strengthen
Jerome de Henau: Costing a Feminist Plan for a Caring EconomyAnna Elomäki
This document proposes a plan for universal free childcare in the UK to address lack of affordable, high-quality childcare and barriers to women's employment. It estimates the costs of providing childcare for all children aged 6 months to primary school by qualified staff paid comparable to teachers or living wages. While the total annual public investment would be £55 billion or £33 billion respectively, employment effects could create 1.7 million jobs and increased tax revenue would fund 88-96% of costs. Universal childcare would boost gender equality, economic growth, and is argued to be more beneficial than austerity policies.
The Research Centre for Gender Equality (KETHI) aims to advance gender equality in Greece through research, projects, and policy work. Greece has a significant gender economic gap, with high female unemployment and a wage gap between men and women. To help close this gap, Greece has implemented some policies around quotas for women in job training programs and supporting women's career advancement. However, challenges remain like traditional gender roles, lack of childcare, and segregation of male- and female-dominated professions. KETHI hopes its involvement in the G4G project will help Greece further through experience sharing with other European countries.
19 essay on unemployment, its causes and solutions the college studyMary Smith
Unemployment is a serious problem that negatively impacts individuals and society. It leaves people without purpose and dignity, and often leads to poverty, crime, political instability, and other social issues. In Pakistan, millions of people are unemployed despite ongoing efforts to solve the problem. Common causes of unemployment include deficiencies in the education system, a lack of industrialization, overpopulation, and political instability. Potential solutions involve expanding vocational education, promoting self-employment, improving agriculture, controlling population growth, and fostering overall economic and industrial development. Unemployment remains a difficult challenge to overcome.
Is Public Health on a Treadmill of Inequality?
Paul McGill
IPH, Open, Conference, Belfast, Northern, Ireland, Dublin, Titanic, October, 2014, Health Public
The document discusses economic and socioeconomic challenges facing Indonesia's new president Jokowi-JK, including managing growth after the commodity boom ends, creating sufficient jobs, and reducing inequality. Key reforms needed are fiscal reforms like reducing fuel subsidies to create fiscal space for infrastructure spending, making the labor market more flexible while protecting workers, investing more in social protection and skills training, and addressing income and regional disparities.
South african welfare state and the demographic dividend's window of opportunityFabio Torreggiani
In this paper, I analysed the main characteristics of the South African Welfare State in terms of inputs and outputs of the key policies usually identified by the literature to be useful to exploit a demographic dividend. In particular, I focused on the state of the labour market, the social assistance policies and the education and healthcare systems. To do this I studied some quantitative indicators of both inputs and outputs and I reported the qualitative analysis of some other articles of these individuals sectors. The conclusion is that, despite some important progress made by the democratic governments, there are many improvements needed to create a consistent and inclusive growth.
Presentation by Stefano Scarpetta, OECD Director for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs during the meeting of the OECD Global Parliamentary Network on 2 October 2014.
The OECD supports the G20 employment track by reviewing labour market and social developments in G20 countries and highlighting the key policy challenges, as well as by identifying good practices in G20 countries and policy options for a more inclusive labour market tailored to the specific conditions of each country. The OECD has provided extensive support to the G20 Task Force on Employment, notably by contributing to the identification of concrete commitments in the context of the country employment plans, which will feed into the G20 national growth strategies. This includes recommendations on actions to promote a more gender-balanced economy, safer workplaces as well as on policies to tackle structural unemployment and under-employment in low productivity and low paid jobs.
On 1 December 2015, the final M-CARE conference was organised in Brussels, Belgium at VLEVA premises. The event “Caring for people with disabilities and older people: challenges, opportunities and (mobile/online) training solutions” focussed on the importance of good quality personal caregiving (PCG) for people with disabilities and older people. Focus was on caring in a broader perspective, and how M-CARE’s (mobile/online) training solutions can contribute to successful PCGs.
More information at:
http://mcare-project.eu/
http://twitter.com/MCareproject
http://www.facebook.com/MCareproj
This project (M-Care - 539913-LLP-1-2013-1-TR-LEONARDO-LMP) has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
The document discusses employment, unemployment, and policies related to employment in India. It notes that employment generation declined in the mid-1990s but increased in the late 1990s and 2000s. The majority of employment is in the primary sector, with decreasing shares in agriculture and increasing shares in secondary and tertiary sectors over time. Unemployment, both rural and urban, has increased over the decades. Causes of unemployment include slow economic growth, population growth, and inadequate employment planning. Measures to address unemployment and underemployment focus on high economic growth, increasing investment, rural development, rural industrialization, and education and skill development.
Social Progress Index 2014 Executive Summarysocprog
The document provides an executive summary of the Social Progress Index 2014. It discusses the need to measure social progress beyond just economic metrics like GDP. The Social Progress Index aims to fill this need by measuring social and environmental performance across three dimensions - basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing, and opportunity. The top scoring countries are New Zealand, Switzerland, and Iceland. While higher GDP countries generally score higher, GDP alone does not guarantee social progress. Social progress improves rapidly with economic growth at low incomes but the relationship levels off at higher incomes.
Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth and poverty reduction over the last decade, with an average annual GDP growth of 10.9%. This growth has been driven primarily by the agricultural sector and public investment in infrastructure. The economy is transitioning from primarily agrarian to greater roles for secondary and tertiary sectors. Population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for continued economic expansion. Education and skills development will need to keep pace with structural changes in the economy and labor market. Social protection programs have helped support livelihoods but further expansion will be important. Sustaining growth will require developing domestic industry and managing macroeconomic and demographic factors.
This document summarizes Uganda's experience in measuring women's labor force participation. It discusses data sources like censuses and national household surveys that provide information on women's work. Efforts to improve measurement include developing gender concepts, conducting consultative meetings, attaching labor modules to surveys, and analyzing existing data to identify gaps. A Gender and Productivity Survey collected detailed data on women's paid and unpaid work. Preliminary findings show higher participation rates for rural women and their concentration in unpaid family work. Institutional efforts aim to integrate women's activity lists into surveys and strengthen gender statistics capacity.
Putting Children First: Session 1.6.D Alebel Weldesilassie - Towards ensuring...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
The document discusses domestic worker policy issues in India. It notes that domestic workers face inequality, including gender disparity, child labor, and lack of social benefits. The current policy aims to improve skills but has not addressed underlying issues like working conditions. Reforms are needed to focus on education to better protect domestic workers and address issues like low education rates, gender gaps in education, and child labor.
This paper examines the impact of traditional gender roles on female labor force participation in Turkey. The author uses data from Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys from 1998 and 2008 to develop indices measuring traditional marriage norms, contraception knowledge, attitudes towards domestic violence, and attitudes towards gender equality. A multinomial logit model is used to estimate the probabilities of women being wage workers, unpaid family workers, self-employed, or not working based on these indices. The results suggest social norms and culture significantly impact women's employment status, with more traditional values reducing the probability of highly educated urban women being wage workers and increasing the chance they do not work. However, traditional values are also associated with rural poorly educated women more likely being unpaid family workers.
This document is a student term paper on youth unemployment in Nigeria. It begins with an introduction discussing global unemployment trends and how some countries have effectively addressed it while others like Nigeria have struggled. It then covers various topics related to unemployment in Nigeria in detail over multiple sections, including: defining unemployment; categorizing types of unemployment; reviewing literature on causes and theories of unemployment; examining unemployment data and trends in Nigeria specifically among youth; implications of high youth unemployment such as increased crime; and factors contributing to unemployment in Nigeria like rapid population growth, low education standards, lack of infrastructure, corruption, and more. The paper aims to explore and analyze the issue of unemployment in Nigeria in great depth.
Ireland and Society, Lecture Four: Women and Gender PoliticsConor McCabe
The document discusses how neoliberal policies over the past 30 years have privatized and eroded shared resources essential for human life, creating a crisis in social reproduction. It defines social reproduction as the means by which society reproduces families, citizens, and workers through both biological and social practices like childrearing. This challenges distinctions between productive and reproductive labor. Cuts to benefits and social services are forcing women out of the home and into low-paid work as families need more income.
Women's participation in the labour market is dependent on a number of factors. The policies and the budget has to be gender sensitive to create an enabling environment for the women workers. We need to shift from the gender neutral approach to the gender sensitive approach.by asking the right questions during budget preparation.
Lithuania has implemented several measures to address high youth unemployment:
1) The Youth Guarantee program ensures that young people under 30 receive a job, continued education, apprenticeship or traineeship within four months of becoming unemployed or leaving education.
2) Thirty-seven Youth Job Centers provide counseling, career guidance, training programs and assistance finding jobs for young people.
3) Active labor market policies prioritize vocational training, subsidized employment, and support for self-employment to help integrate youth into the workforce.
Introduction to Irish Politics - Lecture Seven: changing Face of Irish PoliticsConor McCabe
This document discusses the impact of austerity measures in Ireland and rising inequality. It notes that despite some progress, poverty and income inequality have increased since 2008. Long-term unemployment has had huge social and psychological impacts. Women have been disproportionately affected by austerity, bearing the brunt of cuts to public services and shouldering most of the unpaid care work. Many state agencies focused on equality and social justice have had their budgets cut or been closed down entirely since the late 2000s.
1) The document discusses diversity initiatives in Japan, focusing on increasing women's participation in the workforce and in leadership positions.
2) It outlines Japan's transition from an initial focus on equal opportunity to a current emphasis on diversity and inclusion, now utilizing both top-down quotas and targets as well as bottom-up cultural change.
3) Data presented shows progress made in supporting women researchers and increasing women's representation in various sectors, but also highlights ongoing challenges around issues like low rates of male parental leave and lack of female managers and directors.
The document discusses unemployment and its relationship to child labor. It begins by defining unemployment and outlining its various classifications, including frictional, cyclical, structural, natural, and disguised unemployment. Seasonal and underemployment are also mentioned. Causes of unemployment including population growth, inflation, recession, and lack of skills are provided. The effects on individuals and society are then summarized. The document concludes by describing various government policies and programs aimed at reducing unemployment such as NREGA, IRDP, SGRY, and PMEGP. Child labor is then defined and global statistics on child labor prevalence internationally are presented.
Zulfiqar Ali's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
Apresentação exibida pela delegação da África do Sul durante o seminário “População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafios”, realizado nos dias 21 e 22 de fevereiro, em Brasília. Detalhes em: www.sae.gov.br
This document discusses the need to reform Uzbekistan's social protection model to align with its future economic and social transformations through 2030. The current model effectively addressed challenges during transition but now replicates aspects of the existing system that need reform. Specifically, the labor market, social assistance, and education systems do not fully support the goals of increasing skilled employment, economic growth from industry/services, and an innovative workforce. Unless reforms are made, sustainability issues will arise for social programs due to constraints on fiscal resources and pension funding. Transforming the economy and ensuring a larger formal sector are keys to enabling necessary changes to social protection.
On 11 September, Adele Whelan presented 'The gender gap in retirement incomes' at the 'Gender, pensions and income in retirement' conference. The report is available to download here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/gender-pensions-and-income-in-retirement
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Levy Enstitüsü Zaman ve Tüketim Yoksulluğu ölçümü Türkiye değerlendirmesi ışığında yoksulluk ile ilgili stratejiler
1. Workshop on New Approaches to Poverty Measurement
20 February 2014, Ankara University
Strategies against Poverty
in light of
the LIMTCP Study on Turkey
İpek İlkkaracan Ajas
İstanbul Technical University
Faculty of Management
2. The LIMTCP Study on Turkey Implications for Economic and Social Policy Design
LIMTCP Study relates to two persistent structural economic
challenges in Turkey:
1. Very low employment rate (under 50% in the past decade)
caused by very low female employment rate (around 25%
female vs. 65% male employment rate)
2. One of the highest poverty rates in the OECD (child poverty
at 24.6% almost twice the OECD average)
•
•
The LIMTCP study sets the linkages between the two:
Shows that employment generation has a strong potential for
poverty alleviation;
Yet also points out to the limitations of employment generation as
an anti-poverty strategy given substantial time deficits faced by
households.
3. The LIMTCP Study on Turkey Implications for Economic and Social Policy Design
Gendered nature of the findings:
The study shows that in poor households most able bodied eligible
men are already in employment; hence
An overwhelming majority of job recepients in poor households would
consist of women;
Emerging perspective on poverty alleviation:
•
Transforming household structure from ‘male breadwinner, female carer
families’ to ‘dual earner, dual carer’ families as an anti-poverty strategy
Different from the current policy discourse on anti-poverty policy in Turkey emphasizes:
1. Social transfers - Focused primarily on women
– Conditional cash transfers to women for elderly, sick and disabled care
– Conditional cash transfers to mothers for children’s education
– ‘Family Insurance’ paid to women – a proposal by main opposition party in the last
elections
2. Employment – Focused primarily on male employment
4. Distribution of Households by Labor Supply Structure (SILC 2010)
Total Sample
Sample Excluding Family
Farming
Populat
ion
%
HHs
%
Population
%
HHs
%
15,372
21.55
3,821
19.77
6,988
11.64
1,930
11.53
23,748
33.29
6,105
31.60
22,987
38.29
5,871
35.09
7,715
10.81
1,462
7.57
6,625
11.04
1,290
7.71
Female Headed
7,307
10.24
2,901
15.01
6,896
11.49
2,771
16.56
Other
17,200
24.11
5,033
26.05
16,531
27.54
4,870
29.11
Total
71,343
100
19,321
100
60,027
100
16,732
100
Dual Earner
Single Male
Breadwinners
Male
Breadwinners
with Multiple
Earners
İ. İlkkaracan and S. Değirmenci (2013), The Impact of Household Labor Supply Structure
on Poverty, ITU Working Paper.
5. Poverty Rates by Household Labor Supply Structure (SILC 2010)
relative poverty rate (60% median)
No. of
Population
Median
Poor
Ratio of
(in 1000's) Income (TL) (in 1000's) Poor (%)
Dual Earner
Poverty
Gap
6,988
11,604
763
10.92
19.60
22,987
7,406
5,547
24.13
26.31
6,625
8,331
1,323
19.97
26.48
Female Headed
6,896
8,069
1,420
20.59
27.59
Other
16,531
7,701
4,427
26.78
33.92
Total
60,027
7,907
13,480
22.46
28.69
Single Male
Breadwinners
Male Breadwinners
with Multiple
Earners
İlkkaracan and Değirmenci, 2013
6. Poverty Rates by Household Labor Supply Structure and Education of HH
Reference Person (SILC 2010)
Population
(in 1000’s)
Median Income
(TL)
No. of Poor
(in 1000’s)
Ratio of
Poor
(%)
2,865
11,137
7,150
5,846
627
4,087
21.88
36.70
4,756
7,093
1,162
24.43
785
3,254
10,938
6,788
58
693
7.39
21.30
655
9,178
84
12.82
1,513
5,718
12,915
8,567
78
718
5.16
12.56
849
10,076
77
9.07
1,824
2,879
24,270
13,099
1
48
0.05
1.67
364
17,375
0
0
Primary Education and Less
Dual Earner
Single Male Breadwinners
Male Breadwinners with Multiple
Earners
Secondary Education
Dual Earner
Single Male Breadwinners
Male Breadwinners with Multiple
Earners
High School
Dual Earner
Single Male Breadwinners
Male Breadwinners with Multiple
Earners
University
Dual Earner
Single Male Breadwinners
Male Breadwinners with Multiple
Earners
İlkkaracan and Değirmenci, 2013
7. Impact of Dual Earnership on Poverty Risk - Logistic Regression Analysis
Dependent Variable: Relative Poverty (60% median Income)
Explanatory Variables
• Dual Earner HH
B
S.E.
Odds Ratio
[Exp(B)]
Marginal
Effects
-0,436
0,064
0,65
-0.05
•
Dual Earner HH * Spouse
Employed Full-time
-0,723
0,081
0,52
-0.07
•
Dual Earner HH * Spouse
Employed under Social Security
-1,672
0,175
0,21
-0.11
Other Controls
Individual Controls (x3)
HH Reference Person Controls (x6)
•
•
HH Ref Person Employed
with social security
-0,994
HH Ref Person University
0,042
0,39
-0.12
-3,436
,180
0,03
-0.18
-1.197
0,281
0,28
-0.07
Spouse Controls (x5)
•
Spouse University
HH Characteristics Controls (x3)
Regional Controls (x6)
İlkkaracan and Değirmenci, 2013
8. Counterfactual Poverty Rates triggered by a Change in Wife’s
Employment Status
actual
Median
Income (TL)
Dual Earner
(Wife quits her job)
Single Male
Breadwinners
(Wife gets a job)
Male Breadwinners
with Multiple
Earners
(Wife gets a job)
counterfactual
No of Poor
(in 1000’s)
Ratio of
Poor (%)
Median
Income
(TL)
11,604
763
10.92
8,522
1,343
19.22
7,406
5,547
24.13
10,043
2,441
10.62
8,331
1,323
19.97
9,948
912
13.77
İlkkaracan and Değirmenci, 2013
Ratio of
No of Poor
Poor
(in 1000’s)
(%)
9. The LIMTCP Study on Turkey Implicationsfor Economic and Social Policy Design
• The LIMTCP study on Turkey sets the linkages between
employment generation, dual earnership and poverty reduction;
• Yet also points out to its limitations since
Women’s earnings will be too low and the working time
requirements too high to produce a net positive effect on household
welfare given:
1. current labor market conditions of long work hours, and
low wages; and,
2. lack of social care services provisioning.
Hence even if and when jobs are available, many women
are unlikely to enter the labor market and indeed they do
not!
10. Labor Force Participation Rate (%)
Urban Labor Force Participation Rates by Gender, Marital Status and
Education, Prime Working Age (20-49), 2011 HHLFS (İlkkaracan, 2014)
120
100
92,6
80
96
97,8
85
88,4
82,4
never married women
73,4
95
89,6
never married men
73,2
62,8
60
married women
47,9
married men
40
29,2
28
20
18,2
18,9
0
5-years primary or 8 years primary
less
high school
university
11. Time Use in Household and Workplace Work Hours, 2006
Unpaid
Workplace or Total (home
Total
and
household caring job search workplace)
labor
labor hours
hours
hours
labor hours W/M ratio
(daily)
(daily)
(weekly)
Women
Men
Women
Married
Men
Women
Never married
Men
Women
Ages 25-34
Men
Women
University graduate
Men
Women
Primary school
graduate
Men
Women
Employed
Men
Women
Sweden
Men
Women
France
Men
Women
Spain
Men
Average 15+
population
05:17
00:51
06:14
00:55
03:36
00:38
06:27
00:49
03:52
01:05
06:11
00:53
04:03
00:43
05:02
02:52
05:18
02:19
05:49
01:56
01:08
04:27
00:59
04:53
01:44
03:11
01:23
06:02
02:37
04:16
01:02
04:56
04:19
06:08
03:16
06:02
03:07
05:00
03:01
05:27
45
37
51
41
34
30
55
48
45
37
51
41
59
48
58
62
57
53
62
52
Household (unpaid)
labor hours W/M ratio
1,22
6,22
1,24
6,80
1,13
5,68
1,15
6,67
1,22
3,57
1,24
7,00
1,23
5,65
0,94
1,76
1,15
2,29
1,19
3,01
Source: For Turkey data, TÜİK 2006 Time Use Survey; for France, Swede
and Spain EC 2008 (1998-2004 data).
12. Anti poverty policy design – What are the options?
Social Transfers
• Risk of
institutionalizing
gendered
dependency patterns;
• Drain on public
budgets;
• Political corruption.
Employment Generation
•
•
•
Decent jobs generating
growth as the priority
objective of macroeconomic
policy
Yet by itself, positive net
welfare effect will be
limited;
Labor market regulation and
social service provisioning
need to accompany
Work-Life Balance Policies
• Public provisioning of social
care services
• Care leave
• Labor market regulation for
decent work hours, wages
and formal employment
practices
13. Is Flexible Work policy likely to achieve both employment
generation and work-life balance policy in one shot?
Draft policy proposal on flexible employment and workfamily balance announced in June 2013:
• Proposes to improve women’s labor market
attachment through extended maternity leave
(proposed as long as 6 years on a part-time basis);
• Combined with expanding opportunities for women’s
part-time work and;
• Work from home as “appropriate forms of work” for
women.
WORK-FAMILY BALANCE A LA TURCA!!!
• Gender equality perspective is lost!
• Aim is to improve quantity of employment for women (?) with no
attention to quality or sustainability
14. Anti poverty policy design – What are the
options?
• Decent jobs generating growth
+
• Work-Life Balance through
– Service provisioning and
– Gender egalitarian labor market regulation
Policy Vision:
• Supporting self-sufficiecy
• Gender equality
• Sustainable poverty alleviation
15. Upcoming research
• Impact of Public Investments in Social Care Services on
Employment, Gender Equality and Poverty in Turkey
Levy Economics Insitute and Istanbul Technical University
Objectives:
• to assess the need for social care services and necessary
scale of public investments
• to explore the impact of these investments on employment
generation by industry and occupation
• to assess the likely distribution of jobs by gender, education
level, rural/urban status, etc.
• to contextualize these outcomes in comparison to similar
effects of alternative public investments in other areas such
as physical infrastructure