1. UNEMPLOYMENT AND
CHILD LABOUR
SUBMITTED BY :
ASIM PT
MSC GEOGRAPHY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
KANNUR UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED TO :
DR AHAMMED P
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
KANNUR UNIVERSITY
3. What is unemployment ?
• Unemployment refers to a situation when people are willing and able
to work are not gainfully employed in any productive activity. It is a
situation in the labour market where the supply of labour is greater
than its demand.
• Measurement point of view :the unemployment may be defined as the
gap between potential full "full employment and member of
employed persons.
5. Unemployment can be broadly classified under two broad
categories
Voluntary person: A person is out of job because of his own desire to not to
work on prevalent or prescribed wages.
Involuntary: A person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of
wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn
them.
6. Frictional unemployment
Frictional unemployment is the result of voluntary employment
transitions within an economy. Frictional unemployment naturally
occurs, even in a growing, stable economy. Workers choosing to
leave their jobs in search of new ones and workers entering the
workforce for the first time constitute frictional unemployment.
7. Cyclical unemployment:
Cyclical unemployment is the component of overall
unemployment that results directly from cycles of economic
upturn and downturn. Unemployment typically rises during
recessions and declines during economic expansions.
8. Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment is a longer-lasting form of unemployment
caused by fundamental shifts in an economy and exacerbated by
extraneous factors such as technology, competition, and government
policy
9. Natural unemployment
Natural unemployment is the minimum unemployment rate resulting
from real or voluntary economic forces. It represents the number of
people unemployed due to the structure of the labor force, including those
replaced by technology or those who lack the skills necessary to get hired.
10. Disguised unemployment:
Disguised unemployment is unemployment that does not affect
aggregate economic output. It occurs when productivity is low and
too many workers are filling too few jobs. It can refer to any part of
the population that is not employed at full capacity.
Agriculture in rural India
11. Seasonal unemployment
It occurs at certain seasons of the year. Refers to a situation where
a number of persons are not able to find jobs during some
months of years.
12. Under employment
Usually refers to that state in which self employed working people are not
working according to their capacity.
Open unemployment
It is a condition in which people do not have any work to do. they are able to
work and are also willing to work but there is no work for them.
13. By 2020, the global
unemployment rate
reached 6.5 per cent, up
1.1 percentage points
from the previous year.
The number of people
unemployed worldwide
increased by 33 million,
reaching 220 million.
15. Causes of unemployment
Rapid Population Growth
Economic Inflation
Economic Rescission
Changing Technology
Demand For Highly Skilled Labors
Global Competition
Illiteracy
Over 70 % Of Total Labour Force Is Illiterate Or Educated Below
Primary Levelagriculture -Backward Farming 79% Of Population
Depends On It
16. Less than five years after demonetization, COVID-19 struck,
adversely affecting most sectors of the economy and pushing up
the rate of unemployment up to 20% in June 2020. Since then,
the rate has dropped to around 8% for India overall, which still
means a massive number of unemployed in a population of 1.4
billion
The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy's monthly time series
data revealed that the overall unemployment rate in India
was 8.10% in February 2022, which fell to 7.6% in March. On
April 2, the ratio further dropped to 7.5%, with urban
unemployment rate at 8.5% and rural at 7.1%
17. Effect of unemployment
Individual level
mental stress.
lack of self esteem.
directly linked into poverty
Social level
civil unrest
law and order problem (robbery, thefts etc )
18. POLICIES TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT
NREGA
Integrated Rural Development Program
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna
Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme
National Food for Work Programme
Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program
(PMIUPEP)
The Swaran Jayanti Rozgar Yojana
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
19. NREGA
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was enacted in 2005
as a job guarantee scheme
The Act came into force on February 2, 2006 and was
implemented in a phased manner. Rs 30,000 crores has been
allocated as budget for NREGA in 2013-2014.
The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of
employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural
household willing to do public work- related unskilled manual
work at the statutory minimum wage.
20. Integrated Rural Development Program
For providing employment opportunities to the poor the Integrated Rural
Development Program had been launched. Besides providing the necessary
subsidies to people below poverty line, this scheme also helps them to enhance
their living standards.
The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) was launched by the
Government of India during 1978 and implemented during 1980. The aim of
the program is to provide employment opportunities to the poor as well as
opportunities to develop their skill sets so as to improve their living conditions.
The program is considered one of the best yojanas to do away with poverty
related problems by offering those who fell below the poverty line the
necessary subsidies in tandem with employment opportunities.
21. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna
SGRY launched on 25 September, 2001 by merging the on-going schemes of
EAS and the JGSY with the objective of providing additional wage
employment and food security, alongside creation of durable community
assets in rural areas.
preference is given to BPL families for providing wage employment under
SGRY
The annual outlay for the programme is Rs.10,000 crore which includes 50
lakh tonnes on food grains. In this scheme Minimum wages are paid to the
workers through a mix of minimum five kg of food grains and at least 25 per
cent of wages in cash.
EAS: Employment Assurance Scheme : JSJY: Jawaharlal Gram Smridhi Yojna
22. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna
Launched as an integrated programme for self- employment of the rural poor
with effect from 1 April 1999.
The objective of the scheme is to bring the assisted poor families above the
poverty line by organising them into Self Help Groups (SHGS)
The focus of the programme is on establishing a large number of micro-
enterprises in rural areas with the help of self help group
For 2011-2012 the Central allocation for the scheme isRs.2914 crore.
23. Prime Minister's Employment Generation
Programme
Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) came into effect by
merging the two schemes that were in operation till 31.03.2008 Namely Prime
Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) & Rural Employment Generation Programme
(REGP).
PMEGP is a central sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises (MOMSME).
Objective of providing self-Employment to Educated Unemployed youth and to
develop entrepreneurial skill and attitude among rural & urban unemployed youth.
Also to achieve the goal of rural & urban industrialization.
The Scheme has been implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC), a statutory organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of
MSME
24. POSSIBLE SOLUTION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Frictional unemployment Solution
If unemployment benefits were reduced unemployed workers might become
more willing to work (shift the aggregate supply of labour to the right)
Improve awareness of available jobs
Structural Unemployment solution
Adult retraining programmes
Government gives subsidies to firms that provide training for workers
Enhance geographic mobility by building affordable housing or give
subsidies/tax breaks
Set up apprenticeship programmes to allow people to gain skills
25. Seasonal unemployment solutions
Encourage people to take different jobs in their off season
Reduce unemployment benefits
Greater flow of information
Disguised unemployment
Create employment opportunities in the urban areas and rural
area
27. “Child Labour ” is generally speaking, work for children that
harms them or exploits them in someway (physically, mentally,
morally or by blocking access to education).
It is the work that exceeds a minimum number of hours
depending on the age of a child and on the type of work.
Child Labour
28. Types of Child Labor
Child labour in agriculture.
Child labour and armed conflict.
Commercial sexual exploitation of children.
Child labour and domestic work.
Migration and child labour. Resources on migration and child labour.
Resources on migration and child labour
Mining and quarrying.
Safe work for youth.
Trafficking in children.
29. Child Labour In World
• Nearly 1 in 10 children are subjected to child labour worldwide, with
some forced into hazardous work through trafficking.
• The number of children in child labour has risen to 160 million worldwide
– an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years
• 30 million children live outside their country of birth, increasing their
risk of being trafficked for sexual exploitation and other work.
• The latest International Labour Organization (ILO) global estimates on
child labour indicate that Africa has the largest number of child labourers;
72.1 million African children are estimated to be in child labour and 31.5
million in hazardous work
• Eritrea, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar, Sudan,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Yemen
31. How many child labourers are there in India?
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) , there
are around 12.9 million Indian children engaged in work between the
ages of 7 to 17 years old. When children are employed or doing
unpaid work, they are less likely to attend school or attend only
intermittingly, trapping them in the cycle of poverty.
Millions of Indian girls and boys are going to work every day in
quarries and factories, or selling cigarettes on the street. The majority
of these children are between 12 and 17 years old and work up to 16
hours a day to help their families make ends meet. But child labour in
India can start even earlier with an estimated 10.1 million children
between the ages of 5 and 14 years-old engaged in work.
33. How many child labourers are there in
kerala?
The Unemployment rate of Kerala is higher than the national average of
India.The rate among youth between 15–29 years of age stood at 40.5% in
Kerala between January–March 2020 as per the Periodic Labour Force
Survey (PLFS) published by the Government of India.However the national rate
was only 21%, according to the survey released on 31 December 2020.
The PLFS defines unemployment as "The percentage of people unemployed of
the total available labour force, both employed and unemployed."[ Overall
unemployment rate of Kerala in 2018-19 was 9% according to the PLFS report
compared to the national average of 5.8%. In 2017-18, the Unemployment rate
of Kerala stood at 11.4% while that of India was 6.1%
34. Causes of child labor
Overexploitation of population.
Decrease of resources.
Decrease in literacy.
Increase of poverty.
Increase of unemployment.
Lack of schooling and daily care.
Natural disasters & climate change.
Conflicts & mass migration
35. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
1986
Article 24 of the Indian constitution clearly states that, "No child
below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any
factory or mine or employed in any hazardous employment."
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986
designates a child as a person who has not completed their 14th
year of age.
It aims to regulate the hours and the working conditions of child
workers and to prohibit child workers from being employed in
hazardous industries.
36. In India the law addressing child labour is known as the Child
Labour Amendment (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2016.
This law regulates the employment of children and does not allow
children below the age of 14 to work except as a child artist and
in a family business.
37. Constitutional Provisions for Child Upliftment
Article 21 A: Right to Education
The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of
the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State, by law, may
determine.
Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any
factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
Article 39: The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing
(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the
tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by
economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
38. Bachpan Bachao Andolan
Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social reformer who campaigned
against child labour in India and advocated the universal right
to education. In 2014,
"for their struggle against the suppression of children
and young people and for the right of all children to education." He
is the founder of multiple social activist organizations,
including Bachpan Bachao Andolan, Global March Against Child
Labour, Global Campaign for Education, Kailash Satyarthi
Children's Foundation and Bal Ashram Trust.
Kailash Satyarthi and his team at Bachpan Bachao Andolan have
liberated more than 86,00. children in India from child labour,
slavery and trafficking. In 1998, Satyarthi conceived and led the
Global March against Child Labour,
39. Effects Of Child Labor
The difficulty of tasks and harsh working conditions create a
number of problems such as
1. premature ageing,
2. malnutrition,
3. depression,
4. drug dependency etc.
From disadvantaged backgrounds, minority groups, or abducted
from their families, these children have no protection.
40. How do we stop child Labor?
Educate yourself....
Obey the law
Inform government authorities
Share your time and money.
Contact local, regional, and national legislators.