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UNEMPLOYMENT AND
CHILD LABOUR
SUBMITTED BY :
ASIM PT
MSC GEOGRAPHY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
KANNUR UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED TO :
DR AHAMMED P
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
KANNUR UNIVERSITY
UNEMPLOYMENT
 What is unemployment ?
• Unemployment refers to a situation when people are willing and able
to work are not gainfully employed in any productive activity. It is a
situation in the labour market where the supply of labour is greater
than its demand.
• Measurement point of view :the unemployment may be defined as the
gap between potential full "full employment and member of
employed persons.
CLASSIFICATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment can be broadly classified under two broad
categories
 Voluntary person: A person is out of job because of his own desire to not to
work on prevalent or prescribed wages.
 Involuntary: A person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of
wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn
them.
 Frictional unemployment
Frictional unemployment is the result of voluntary employment
transitions within an economy. Frictional unemployment naturally
occurs, even in a growing, stable economy. Workers choosing to
leave their jobs in search of new ones and workers entering the
workforce for the first time constitute frictional unemployment.
 Cyclical unemployment:
Cyclical unemployment is the component of overall
unemployment that results directly from cycles of economic
upturn and downturn. Unemployment typically rises during
recessions and declines during economic expansions.
 Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment is a longer-lasting form of unemployment
caused by fundamental shifts in an economy and exacerbated by
extraneous factors such as technology, competition, and government
policy
 Natural unemployment
Natural unemployment is the minimum unemployment rate resulting
from real or voluntary economic forces. It represents the number of
people unemployed due to the structure of the labor force, including those
replaced by technology or those who lack the skills necessary to get hired.
 Disguised unemployment:
Disguised unemployment is unemployment that does not affect
aggregate economic output. It occurs when productivity is low and
too many workers are filling too few jobs. It can refer to any part of
the population that is not employed at full capacity.
Agriculture in rural India
 Seasonal unemployment
It occurs at certain seasons of the year. Refers to a situation where
a number of persons are not able to find jobs during some
months of years.
 Under employment
Usually refers to that state in which self employed working people are not
working according to their capacity.
 Open unemployment
It is a condition in which people do not have any work to do. they are able to
work and are also willing to work but there is no work for them.
By 2020, the global
unemployment rate
reached 6.5 per cent, up
1.1 percentage points
from the previous year.
The number of people
unemployed worldwide
increased by 33 million,
reaching 220 million.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx
Causes of unemployment
 Rapid Population Growth
 Economic Inflation
 Economic Rescission
 Changing Technology
 Demand For Highly Skilled Labors
 Global Competition
 Illiteracy
Over 70 % Of Total Labour Force Is Illiterate Or Educated Below
Primary Levelagriculture -Backward Farming 79% Of Population
Depends On It
 Less than five years after demonetization, COVID-19 struck,
adversely affecting most sectors of the economy and pushing up
the rate of unemployment up to 20% in June 2020. Since then,
the rate has dropped to around 8% for India overall, which still
means a massive number of unemployed in a population of 1.4
billion
 The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy's monthly time series
data revealed that the overall unemployment rate in India
was 8.10% in February 2022, which fell to 7.6% in March. On
April 2, the ratio further dropped to 7.5%, with urban
unemployment rate at 8.5% and rural at 7.1%
Effect of unemployment
 Individual level
 mental stress.
 lack of self esteem.
 directly linked into poverty
 Social level
 civil unrest
 law and order problem (robbery, thefts etc )
POLICIES TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT
 NREGA
 Integrated Rural Development Program
 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna
 Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna
 Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme
 National Food for Work Programme
 Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program
(PMIUPEP)
 The Swaran Jayanti Rozgar Yojana
 Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
NREGA
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was enacted in 2005
as a job guarantee scheme
 The Act came into force on February 2, 2006 and was
implemented in a phased manner. Rs 30,000 crores has been
allocated as budget for NREGA in 2013-2014.
 The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of
employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural
household willing to do public work- related unskilled manual
work at the statutory minimum wage.
Integrated Rural Development Program
 For providing employment opportunities to the poor the Integrated Rural
Development Program had been launched. Besides providing the necessary
subsidies to people below poverty line, this scheme also helps them to enhance
their living standards.
 The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) was launched by the
Government of India during 1978 and implemented during 1980. The aim of
the program is to provide employment opportunities to the poor as well as
opportunities to develop their skill sets so as to improve their living conditions.
The program is considered one of the best yojanas to do away with poverty
related problems by offering those who fell below the poverty line the
necessary subsidies in tandem with employment opportunities.
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna
 SGRY launched on 25 September, 2001 by merging the on-going schemes of
EAS and the JGSY with the objective of providing additional wage
employment and food security, alongside creation of durable community
assets in rural areas.
 preference is given to BPL families for providing wage employment under
SGRY
 The annual outlay for the programme is Rs.10,000 crore which includes 50
lakh tonnes on food grains. In this scheme Minimum wages are paid to the
workers through a mix of minimum five kg of food grains and at least 25 per
cent of wages in cash.
 EAS: Employment Assurance Scheme : JSJY: Jawaharlal Gram Smridhi Yojna
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna
 Launched as an integrated programme for self- employment of the rural poor
with effect from 1 April 1999.
 The objective of the scheme is to bring the assisted poor families above the
poverty line by organising them into Self Help Groups (SHGS)
 The focus of the programme is on establishing a large number of micro-
enterprises in rural areas with the help of self help group
 For 2011-2012 the Central allocation for the scheme isRs.2914 crore.
Prime Minister's Employment Generation
Programme
 Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) came into effect by
merging the two schemes that were in operation till 31.03.2008 Namely Prime
Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) & Rural Employment Generation Programme
(REGP).
 PMEGP is a central sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises (MOMSME).
 Objective of providing self-Employment to Educated Unemployed youth and to
develop entrepreneurial skill and attitude among rural & urban unemployed youth.
Also to achieve the goal of rural & urban industrialization.
 The Scheme has been implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC), a statutory organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of
MSME
POSSIBLE SOLUTION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
 Frictional unemployment Solution
 If unemployment benefits were reduced unemployed workers might become
more willing to work (shift the aggregate supply of labour to the right)
 Improve awareness of available jobs
 Structural Unemployment solution
 Adult retraining programmes
 Government gives subsidies to firms that provide training for workers
Enhance geographic mobility by building affordable housing or give
subsidies/tax breaks
 Set up apprenticeship programmes to allow people to gain skills
 Seasonal unemployment solutions
 Encourage people to take different jobs in their off season
 Reduce unemployment benefits
 Greater flow of information
 Disguised unemployment
 Create employment opportunities in the urban areas and rural
area
UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx
 “Child Labour ” is generally speaking, work for children that
harms them or exploits them in someway (physically, mentally,
morally or by blocking access to education).
 It is the work that exceeds a minimum number of hours
depending on the age of a child and on the type of work.
Child Labour
Types of Child Labor
 Child labour in agriculture.
 Child labour and armed conflict.
 Commercial sexual exploitation of children.
 Child labour and domestic work.
 Migration and child labour. Resources on migration and child labour.
Resources on migration and child labour
 Mining and quarrying.
 Safe work for youth.
 Trafficking in children.
Child Labour In World
• Nearly 1 in 10 children are subjected to child labour worldwide, with
some forced into hazardous work through trafficking.
• The number of children in child labour has risen to 160 million worldwide
– an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years
• 30 million children live outside their country of birth, increasing their
risk of being trafficked for sexual exploitation and other work.
• The latest International Labour Organization (ILO) global estimates on
child labour indicate that Africa has the largest number of child labourers;
72.1 million African children are estimated to be in child labour and 31.5
million in hazardous work
• Eritrea, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar, Sudan,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Yemen
UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx
How many child labourers are there in India?
 According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) , there
are around 12.9 million Indian children engaged in work between the
ages of 7 to 17 years old. When children are employed or doing
unpaid work, they are less likely to attend school or attend only
intermittingly, trapping them in the cycle of poverty.
 Millions of Indian girls and boys are going to work every day in
quarries and factories, or selling cigarettes on the street. The majority
of these children are between 12 and 17 years old and work up to 16
hours a day to help their families make ends meet. But child labour in
India can start even earlier with an estimated 10.1 million children
between the ages of 5 and 14 years-old engaged in work.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx
How many child labourers are there in
kerala?
 The Unemployment rate of Kerala is higher than the national average of
India.The rate among youth between 15–29 years of age stood at 40.5% in
Kerala between January–March 2020 as per the Periodic Labour Force
Survey (PLFS) published by the Government of India.However the national rate
was only 21%, according to the survey released on 31 December 2020.
 The PLFS defines unemployment as "The percentage of people unemployed of
the total available labour force, both employed and unemployed."[ Overall
unemployment rate of Kerala in 2018-19 was 9% according to the PLFS report
compared to the national average of 5.8%. In 2017-18, the Unemployment rate
of Kerala stood at 11.4% while that of India was 6.1%
Causes of child labor
 Overexploitation of population.
 Decrease of resources.
 Decrease in literacy.
 Increase of poverty.
 Increase of unemployment.
 Lack of schooling and daily care.
 Natural disasters & climate change.
 Conflicts & mass migration
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act
1986
 Article 24 of the Indian constitution clearly states that, "No child
below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any
factory or mine or employed in any hazardous employment."
 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986
designates a child as a person who has not completed their 14th
year of age.
 It aims to regulate the hours and the working conditions of child
workers and to prohibit child workers from being employed in
hazardous industries.
 In India the law addressing child labour is known as the Child
Labour Amendment (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2016.
 This law regulates the employment of children and does not allow
children below the age of 14 to work except as a child artist and
in a family business.
Constitutional Provisions for Child Upliftment
 Article 21 A: Right to Education
 The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of
the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State, by law, may
determine.
 Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
 No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any
factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
 Article 39: The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing
 (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the
tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by
economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
Bachpan Bachao Andolan
 Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social reformer who campaigned
against child labour in India and advocated the universal right
to education. In 2014,
 "for their struggle against the suppression of children
and young people and for the right of all children to education." He
is the founder of multiple social activist organizations,
including Bachpan Bachao Andolan, Global March Against Child
Labour, Global Campaign for Education, Kailash Satyarthi
Children's Foundation and Bal Ashram Trust.
 Kailash Satyarthi and his team at Bachpan Bachao Andolan have
liberated more than 86,00. children in India from child labour,
slavery and trafficking. In 1998, Satyarthi conceived and led the
Global March against Child Labour,
Effects Of Child Labor
 The difficulty of tasks and harsh working conditions create a
number of problems such as
1. premature ageing,
2. malnutrition,
3. depression,
4. drug dependency etc.
 From disadvantaged backgrounds, minority groups, or abducted
from their families, these children have no protection.
How do we stop child Labor?
 Educate yourself....
 Obey the law
 Inform government authorities
 Share your time and money.
 Contact local, regional, and national legislators.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx
UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx
THANK YOU

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UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR .pptx

  • 1. UNEMPLOYMENT AND CHILD LABOUR SUBMITTED BY : ASIM PT MSC GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY KANNUR UNIVERSITY SUBMITTED TO : DR AHAMMED P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY KANNUR UNIVERSITY
  • 3.  What is unemployment ? • Unemployment refers to a situation when people are willing and able to work are not gainfully employed in any productive activity. It is a situation in the labour market where the supply of labour is greater than its demand. • Measurement point of view :the unemployment may be defined as the gap between potential full "full employment and member of employed persons.
  • 5. Unemployment can be broadly classified under two broad categories  Voluntary person: A person is out of job because of his own desire to not to work on prevalent or prescribed wages.  Involuntary: A person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them.
  • 6.  Frictional unemployment Frictional unemployment is the result of voluntary employment transitions within an economy. Frictional unemployment naturally occurs, even in a growing, stable economy. Workers choosing to leave their jobs in search of new ones and workers entering the workforce for the first time constitute frictional unemployment.
  • 7.  Cyclical unemployment: Cyclical unemployment is the component of overall unemployment that results directly from cycles of economic upturn and downturn. Unemployment typically rises during recessions and declines during economic expansions.
  • 8.  Structural unemployment Structural unemployment is a longer-lasting form of unemployment caused by fundamental shifts in an economy and exacerbated by extraneous factors such as technology, competition, and government policy
  • 9.  Natural unemployment Natural unemployment is the minimum unemployment rate resulting from real or voluntary economic forces. It represents the number of people unemployed due to the structure of the labor force, including those replaced by technology or those who lack the skills necessary to get hired.
  • 10.  Disguised unemployment: Disguised unemployment is unemployment that does not affect aggregate economic output. It occurs when productivity is low and too many workers are filling too few jobs. It can refer to any part of the population that is not employed at full capacity. Agriculture in rural India
  • 11.  Seasonal unemployment It occurs at certain seasons of the year. Refers to a situation where a number of persons are not able to find jobs during some months of years.
  • 12.  Under employment Usually refers to that state in which self employed working people are not working according to their capacity.  Open unemployment It is a condition in which people do not have any work to do. they are able to work and are also willing to work but there is no work for them.
  • 13. By 2020, the global unemployment rate reached 6.5 per cent, up 1.1 percentage points from the previous year. The number of people unemployed worldwide increased by 33 million, reaching 220 million.
  • 15. Causes of unemployment  Rapid Population Growth  Economic Inflation  Economic Rescission  Changing Technology  Demand For Highly Skilled Labors  Global Competition  Illiteracy Over 70 % Of Total Labour Force Is Illiterate Or Educated Below Primary Levelagriculture -Backward Farming 79% Of Population Depends On It
  • 16.  Less than five years after demonetization, COVID-19 struck, adversely affecting most sectors of the economy and pushing up the rate of unemployment up to 20% in June 2020. Since then, the rate has dropped to around 8% for India overall, which still means a massive number of unemployed in a population of 1.4 billion  The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy's monthly time series data revealed that the overall unemployment rate in India was 8.10% in February 2022, which fell to 7.6% in March. On April 2, the ratio further dropped to 7.5%, with urban unemployment rate at 8.5% and rural at 7.1%
  • 17. Effect of unemployment  Individual level  mental stress.  lack of self esteem.  directly linked into poverty  Social level  civil unrest  law and order problem (robbery, thefts etc )
  • 18. POLICIES TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT  NREGA  Integrated Rural Development Program  Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna  Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna  Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme  National Food for Work Programme  Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP)  The Swaran Jayanti Rozgar Yojana  Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
  • 19. NREGA  National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was enacted in 2005 as a job guarantee scheme  The Act came into force on February 2, 2006 and was implemented in a phased manner. Rs 30,000 crores has been allocated as budget for NREGA in 2013-2014.  The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work- related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage.
  • 20. Integrated Rural Development Program  For providing employment opportunities to the poor the Integrated Rural Development Program had been launched. Besides providing the necessary subsidies to people below poverty line, this scheme also helps them to enhance their living standards.  The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) was launched by the Government of India during 1978 and implemented during 1980. The aim of the program is to provide employment opportunities to the poor as well as opportunities to develop their skill sets so as to improve their living conditions. The program is considered one of the best yojanas to do away with poverty related problems by offering those who fell below the poverty line the necessary subsidies in tandem with employment opportunities.
  • 21. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna  SGRY launched on 25 September, 2001 by merging the on-going schemes of EAS and the JGSY with the objective of providing additional wage employment and food security, alongside creation of durable community assets in rural areas.  preference is given to BPL families for providing wage employment under SGRY  The annual outlay for the programme is Rs.10,000 crore which includes 50 lakh tonnes on food grains. In this scheme Minimum wages are paid to the workers through a mix of minimum five kg of food grains and at least 25 per cent of wages in cash.  EAS: Employment Assurance Scheme : JSJY: Jawaharlal Gram Smridhi Yojna
  • 22. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna  Launched as an integrated programme for self- employment of the rural poor with effect from 1 April 1999.  The objective of the scheme is to bring the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into Self Help Groups (SHGS)  The focus of the programme is on establishing a large number of micro- enterprises in rural areas with the help of self help group  For 2011-2012 the Central allocation for the scheme isRs.2914 crore.
  • 23. Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme  Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) came into effect by merging the two schemes that were in operation till 31.03.2008 Namely Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) & Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP).  PMEGP is a central sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MOMSME).  Objective of providing self-Employment to Educated Unemployed youth and to develop entrepreneurial skill and attitude among rural & urban unemployed youth. Also to achieve the goal of rural & urban industrialization.  The Scheme has been implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), a statutory organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of MSME
  • 24. POSSIBLE SOLUTION OF UNEMPLOYMENT  Frictional unemployment Solution  If unemployment benefits were reduced unemployed workers might become more willing to work (shift the aggregate supply of labour to the right)  Improve awareness of available jobs  Structural Unemployment solution  Adult retraining programmes  Government gives subsidies to firms that provide training for workers Enhance geographic mobility by building affordable housing or give subsidies/tax breaks  Set up apprenticeship programmes to allow people to gain skills
  • 25.  Seasonal unemployment solutions  Encourage people to take different jobs in their off season  Reduce unemployment benefits  Greater flow of information  Disguised unemployment  Create employment opportunities in the urban areas and rural area
  • 27.  “Child Labour ” is generally speaking, work for children that harms them or exploits them in someway (physically, mentally, morally or by blocking access to education).  It is the work that exceeds a minimum number of hours depending on the age of a child and on the type of work. Child Labour
  • 28. Types of Child Labor  Child labour in agriculture.  Child labour and armed conflict.  Commercial sexual exploitation of children.  Child labour and domestic work.  Migration and child labour. Resources on migration and child labour. Resources on migration and child labour  Mining and quarrying.  Safe work for youth.  Trafficking in children.
  • 29. Child Labour In World • Nearly 1 in 10 children are subjected to child labour worldwide, with some forced into hazardous work through trafficking. • The number of children in child labour has risen to 160 million worldwide – an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years • 30 million children live outside their country of birth, increasing their risk of being trafficked for sexual exploitation and other work. • The latest International Labour Organization (ILO) global estimates on child labour indicate that Africa has the largest number of child labourers; 72.1 million African children are estimated to be in child labour and 31.5 million in hazardous work • Eritrea, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar, Sudan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Yemen
  • 31. How many child labourers are there in India?  According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) , there are around 12.9 million Indian children engaged in work between the ages of 7 to 17 years old. When children are employed or doing unpaid work, they are less likely to attend school or attend only intermittingly, trapping them in the cycle of poverty.  Millions of Indian girls and boys are going to work every day in quarries and factories, or selling cigarettes on the street. The majority of these children are between 12 and 17 years old and work up to 16 hours a day to help their families make ends meet. But child labour in India can start even earlier with an estimated 10.1 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 years-old engaged in work.
  • 33. How many child labourers are there in kerala?  The Unemployment rate of Kerala is higher than the national average of India.The rate among youth between 15–29 years of age stood at 40.5% in Kerala between January–March 2020 as per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) published by the Government of India.However the national rate was only 21%, according to the survey released on 31 December 2020.  The PLFS defines unemployment as "The percentage of people unemployed of the total available labour force, both employed and unemployed."[ Overall unemployment rate of Kerala in 2018-19 was 9% according to the PLFS report compared to the national average of 5.8%. In 2017-18, the Unemployment rate of Kerala stood at 11.4% while that of India was 6.1%
  • 34. Causes of child labor  Overexploitation of population.  Decrease of resources.  Decrease in literacy.  Increase of poverty.  Increase of unemployment.  Lack of schooling and daily care.  Natural disasters & climate change.  Conflicts & mass migration
  • 35. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986  Article 24 of the Indian constitution clearly states that, "No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or employed in any hazardous employment."  The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 designates a child as a person who has not completed their 14th year of age.  It aims to regulate the hours and the working conditions of child workers and to prohibit child workers from being employed in hazardous industries.
  • 36.  In India the law addressing child labour is known as the Child Labour Amendment (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2016.  This law regulates the employment of children and does not allow children below the age of 14 to work except as a child artist and in a family business.
  • 37. Constitutional Provisions for Child Upliftment  Article 21 A: Right to Education  The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State, by law, may determine.  Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.  No child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.  Article 39: The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing  (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
  • 38. Bachpan Bachao Andolan  Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social reformer who campaigned against child labour in India and advocated the universal right to education. In 2014,  "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education." He is the founder of multiple social activist organizations, including Bachpan Bachao Andolan, Global March Against Child Labour, Global Campaign for Education, Kailash Satyarthi Children's Foundation and Bal Ashram Trust.  Kailash Satyarthi and his team at Bachpan Bachao Andolan have liberated more than 86,00. children in India from child labour, slavery and trafficking. In 1998, Satyarthi conceived and led the Global March against Child Labour,
  • 39. Effects Of Child Labor  The difficulty of tasks and harsh working conditions create a number of problems such as 1. premature ageing, 2. malnutrition, 3. depression, 4. drug dependency etc.  From disadvantaged backgrounds, minority groups, or abducted from their families, these children have no protection.
  • 40. How do we stop child Labor?  Educate yourself....  Obey the law  Inform government authorities  Share your time and money.  Contact local, regional, and national legislators.