Panchakarma and shalakya are highly interlinked.
Judicious application of panchakarma is best treatment of many conditions but if not done systematically causes many diseases
Nasya is an Ayurvedic detox therapy that involves instilling medications through the nose to pacify disorders in the head and neck region. It aims to remove toxins from this area by using oils, decoctions or powders. Nasya is effective for issues like headaches, sinusitis, neck stiffness, facial paralysis, and even psychological disorders, as the nasal route is said to directly access the brain. There are different types of Nasya depending on whether Kapha, Vata or Pitta doshas need pacification. The procedure involves loosening toxins beforehand and then administering and massaging in the medicine through one nostril at a time while following post-treatment rules.
Tarpana is an important Ayurvedic eye treatment procedure where medicated oil or ghee is poured into the eye area for a specified period of time. It nourishes the eyes and strengthens vision. Tarpana is very effective for treating vata and pitta disorders of the eyes. The duration of treatment depends on the disease, dosha involvement, and severity. Common oils used include triphala ghee. Tarpana has applications for dry eye, corneal disorders, glaucoma, cataracts, and more. When combined with putapaka, it can help treat conditions like retinal diseases and uveitis. Tarpana can play a role in preventing blindness.
Salakya tantra netra roga classification as in different texts in ayurvedaTania Anvar Sadath
This document classifies and categorizes 76 different eye diseases based on their predominant dosha, location affected, and treatment approach. The diseases are broken down into several groups:
1) By dosha predominance - Vataja (10), Pittaja (10), Kaphaja (13), Raktaja (16), Sannipataja (25)
2) By location - Krishna (4-5), Sandhi (9), Shukla (11-13), Drishti (12-27), Sarvakshi (17-16), Vartma (21-24)
3) By treatment approach - Bhedya (5), Lek
Panchakarma and shalakya are highly interlinked.
Judicious application of panchakarma is best treatment of many conditions but if not done systematically causes many diseases
Nasya is an Ayurvedic detox therapy that involves instilling medications through the nose to pacify disorders in the head and neck region. It aims to remove toxins from this area by using oils, decoctions or powders. Nasya is effective for issues like headaches, sinusitis, neck stiffness, facial paralysis, and even psychological disorders, as the nasal route is said to directly access the brain. There are different types of Nasya depending on whether Kapha, Vata or Pitta doshas need pacification. The procedure involves loosening toxins beforehand and then administering and massaging in the medicine through one nostril at a time while following post-treatment rules.
Tarpana is an important Ayurvedic eye treatment procedure where medicated oil or ghee is poured into the eye area for a specified period of time. It nourishes the eyes and strengthens vision. Tarpana is very effective for treating vata and pitta disorders of the eyes. The duration of treatment depends on the disease, dosha involvement, and severity. Common oils used include triphala ghee. Tarpana has applications for dry eye, corneal disorders, glaucoma, cataracts, and more. When combined with putapaka, it can help treat conditions like retinal diseases and uveitis. Tarpana can play a role in preventing blindness.
Salakya tantra netra roga classification as in different texts in ayurvedaTania Anvar Sadath
This document classifies and categorizes 76 different eye diseases based on their predominant dosha, location affected, and treatment approach. The diseases are broken down into several groups:
1) By dosha predominance - Vataja (10), Pittaja (10), Kaphaja (13), Raktaja (16), Sannipataja (25)
2) By location - Krishna (4-5), Sandhi (9), Shukla (11-13), Drishti (12-27), Sarvakshi (17-16), Vartma (21-24)
3) By treatment approach - Bhedya (5), Lek
Gandusha it is an one of the theory that in which rinse the doshas that situated in the oral cavity and Mukha lepa is also an procedure it protect the face that free from any reactions.
Vamana, or therapeutic emesis, is an Ayurvedic purification technique discussed by Charaka in the Charaka Samhita. Dr. B. Arun Kumar's document discusses vamana drugs and the vamana procedure. It defines vamana, lists the gunas of vamana drugs according to Charaka, and provides details on important vamana drugs like Madanaphala, Nimba, Kutaja, and Vacha. It also outlines Charaka and Sushruta's classifications of vamana drugs. The document describes the steps before, during, and after the vamana procedure, including patient preparation, administration of the vamana drug, and
Nasya karma involves administering medications through the nasal route. It is one of the five main treatments in Panchakarma and is considered very effective for treating diseases above the clavicle. The summary explains the procedure of Nasya karma including preparatory steps like patient assessment, types of Nasya based on the substance used, dosing quantities, and post-treatment care. Nasya karma works by facilitating absorption of medicines into the brain and nervous system via olfactory nerves and blood vessels in the nasal mucosa. It provides direct access to treating head and neck disorders.
The document describes various types of Pinda Sweda techniques used in Panchakarma. Pinda Sweda involves the use of medicated boluses or poultices to induce sweating. Some key types discussed include:
- Patra Pinda Sweda which uses boluses made from medicinal leaves.
- Shashtika Shali Pinda Sweda using boluses made from cooked rice.
- Jambeera Pinda Sweda and Kukkudanda Sweda using boluses containing fruits and eggs.
The document provides details on the ingredients, preparation methods and procedures for applying these various Pinda Sweda techniques. It discusses the indications, duration, precautions and
The document describes the anatomical structure of the eye according to Ayurvedic texts. It states that the eye is made up of five layers called mandalas from the outermost to innermost: pakshma, vartma, shukla, krishna, and drishti. It then describes each of these layers in detail. It further explains that the eye contains six junctions called sandhis between the layers. Finally, it mentions that the eye contains six thin membranes called patalas, two external and four internal, that serve refractive functions. The document provides Sanskrit terminology and correlates the Ayurvedic anatomy to modern anatomical structures.
Netra Tarpana is an Ayurvedic ocular therapy where medicated ghee is applied to the eyes and retained for a specified period of time. It nourishes the eyes, cools them, and helps expel impurities to strengthen vision and blood circulation. The procedure involves applying a paste wall around the eyes, filling the space with lukewarm ghee containing appropriate medicinal herbs, and retaining it for 15-30 minutes depending on individual needs or condition. Netra Tarpana treats various eye conditions like dryness, light sensitivity, and conjunctivitis, and also benefits healthy individuals by rejuvenating the eyes.
This document presents a case study of a 37-year-old female patient named Mrs. Shashikala suffering from a skin condition for 3 years. She experiences burning and itching on her palms and all over her body. On examination, she has lesions on her hands and healed marks from previous lesions. The proposed treatment includes snehana, swedana, virechana, herbal medicines both internal and external, and a pathya-apathya diet. The differential diagnosis is determined to be kustha with vipadika or psoriasis with irritant contact dermatitis.
The document discusses the concept of Dristi in Ayurveda. It defines Dristi as the functional unit of vision in the eye, composed of four internal patalas or layers based on supporting dhatus. Diseases of the Dristi occur when vitiated doshas affect the patalas/dhatus. The severity increases with deeper layers. Timir refers to a painless vision defect that can range from mild blurring to complete blindness depending on the patala involved. Modern correlates of Dristi diseases include various types and stages of cataract, as well as disorders of the retina, optic nerve, and visual pathways.
This document describes Rakta Pitta (bleeding disorder caused by vitiation of blood and pitta dosha) in Ayurveda. It discusses the causes, symptoms, types based on dosha predominance and site of manifestation. The types include urdhva gata (upper body), adhoga (lower body), tiryag gati (sideways) and dwandaja (mixed). Diagnosis involves clinical examination and basic tests like Hb%, CBP, ESR. Treatment principles are shodhana (elimination therapies), shamana (palliation), langhana (reducing), brumhana (nourishing) and stambhana (hemostasis)
This document discusses Kshara Basti, a type of medicated enema treatment in Ayurvedic medicine. It defines Kshara Basti, lists its ingredients as including guda, saindhava lavana, amlika, shata pushpa, and aksha gomutra. It states that Kshara Basti can be administered after meals and discusses its indications for treating various gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and metabolic conditions, as well as its contraindications. The objectives are to discuss the introduction, ingredients, administration time, indications, and contraindications of Kshara Basti.
This document discusses various Kriya Kalpa procedures used in Shalakya Tantra (Ayurvedic eye, ear, nose, and throat treatment). It describes 7 main types of Kriya Kalpa: Aschotana, Seka, Bidalaka, Pindi, Tarpan, Putpaka, and Anjana. Each have specific indications and procedures for topical application and treatment of ocular conditions. Additionally, it briefly outlines other procedures used in Shalakya Tantra including Nasya, Dhumpana, Murdhatail, Karna Chikitsa, Pratisarana, Mukh Lepa, and Sweda.
Virechana is an Ayurvedic cleansing procedure that expels waste from the digestive tract. It works by increasing fluid in the intestines to soften stool and enhance bowel motility. Indications include treating excess pitta or pitta-kapha doshas. Herbs used include triphala, haritaki, and castor oil. The procedure involves oral herb administration after a fasting period. Proper virechana results in purification and lightness while improper amounts can cause imbalance. Recovery involves a gradual diet and avoiding triggers like cold. Virechana is praised for its effectiveness, low cost, and ease of use.
The document discusses Niragni sweda, a type of dry sweating treatment described in Ayurvedic texts. It provides the objectives of understanding Niragni sweda according to Charaka and Sushruta. Key inducing factors for Niragni sweda mentioned in Charaka include exercise, warm rooms, blankets, hunger, drinking lots of liquids, fear, anger, friendly fights and heat. Sushruta mentions it helps eliminate vitiated vata dosha. The document describes the various components of Niragni sweda in detail.
Sandhivata, or joint pain caused by vitiated vata, has several etiological factors like injury, excess physical activity, dietary indiscretions, and emotional disturbances. The disease is characterized by pain, swelling, crepitus, and restricted painful movement in the affected joint. Treatment focuses on pacifying vata through oleation therapies, oral medications like guggulu and rasayana, and physical therapies. Diet and lifestyle modifications include avoiding aggravating foods and activities while encouraging pain-relieving ones.
Fundamentals of Nasya Karma - By
Dr KSR Prasad in CME on Panchakarma for AYUSH Doctors
January 9th to 14th 2017 @ Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka
Review of Nasya karma with definition, classification and advantages of Nasya by different acharyas
Knowledge of Anatomy of nose and para-nasal sinuses.
Pharmacological action of modern drugs administered through nose.
Standardization of the dose of various types of Nasyas.
Standardization of Bindu Pramana.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Gandusha it is an one of the theory that in which rinse the doshas that situated in the oral cavity and Mukha lepa is also an procedure it protect the face that free from any reactions.
Vamana, or therapeutic emesis, is an Ayurvedic purification technique discussed by Charaka in the Charaka Samhita. Dr. B. Arun Kumar's document discusses vamana drugs and the vamana procedure. It defines vamana, lists the gunas of vamana drugs according to Charaka, and provides details on important vamana drugs like Madanaphala, Nimba, Kutaja, and Vacha. It also outlines Charaka and Sushruta's classifications of vamana drugs. The document describes the steps before, during, and after the vamana procedure, including patient preparation, administration of the vamana drug, and
Nasya karma involves administering medications through the nasal route. It is one of the five main treatments in Panchakarma and is considered very effective for treating diseases above the clavicle. The summary explains the procedure of Nasya karma including preparatory steps like patient assessment, types of Nasya based on the substance used, dosing quantities, and post-treatment care. Nasya karma works by facilitating absorption of medicines into the brain and nervous system via olfactory nerves and blood vessels in the nasal mucosa. It provides direct access to treating head and neck disorders.
The document describes various types of Pinda Sweda techniques used in Panchakarma. Pinda Sweda involves the use of medicated boluses or poultices to induce sweating. Some key types discussed include:
- Patra Pinda Sweda which uses boluses made from medicinal leaves.
- Shashtika Shali Pinda Sweda using boluses made from cooked rice.
- Jambeera Pinda Sweda and Kukkudanda Sweda using boluses containing fruits and eggs.
The document provides details on the ingredients, preparation methods and procedures for applying these various Pinda Sweda techniques. It discusses the indications, duration, precautions and
The document describes the anatomical structure of the eye according to Ayurvedic texts. It states that the eye is made up of five layers called mandalas from the outermost to innermost: pakshma, vartma, shukla, krishna, and drishti. It then describes each of these layers in detail. It further explains that the eye contains six junctions called sandhis between the layers. Finally, it mentions that the eye contains six thin membranes called patalas, two external and four internal, that serve refractive functions. The document provides Sanskrit terminology and correlates the Ayurvedic anatomy to modern anatomical structures.
Netra Tarpana is an Ayurvedic ocular therapy where medicated ghee is applied to the eyes and retained for a specified period of time. It nourishes the eyes, cools them, and helps expel impurities to strengthen vision and blood circulation. The procedure involves applying a paste wall around the eyes, filling the space with lukewarm ghee containing appropriate medicinal herbs, and retaining it for 15-30 minutes depending on individual needs or condition. Netra Tarpana treats various eye conditions like dryness, light sensitivity, and conjunctivitis, and also benefits healthy individuals by rejuvenating the eyes.
This document presents a case study of a 37-year-old female patient named Mrs. Shashikala suffering from a skin condition for 3 years. She experiences burning and itching on her palms and all over her body. On examination, she has lesions on her hands and healed marks from previous lesions. The proposed treatment includes snehana, swedana, virechana, herbal medicines both internal and external, and a pathya-apathya diet. The differential diagnosis is determined to be kustha with vipadika or psoriasis with irritant contact dermatitis.
The document discusses the concept of Dristi in Ayurveda. It defines Dristi as the functional unit of vision in the eye, composed of four internal patalas or layers based on supporting dhatus. Diseases of the Dristi occur when vitiated doshas affect the patalas/dhatus. The severity increases with deeper layers. Timir refers to a painless vision defect that can range from mild blurring to complete blindness depending on the patala involved. Modern correlates of Dristi diseases include various types and stages of cataract, as well as disorders of the retina, optic nerve, and visual pathways.
This document describes Rakta Pitta (bleeding disorder caused by vitiation of blood and pitta dosha) in Ayurveda. It discusses the causes, symptoms, types based on dosha predominance and site of manifestation. The types include urdhva gata (upper body), adhoga (lower body), tiryag gati (sideways) and dwandaja (mixed). Diagnosis involves clinical examination and basic tests like Hb%, CBP, ESR. Treatment principles are shodhana (elimination therapies), shamana (palliation), langhana (reducing), brumhana (nourishing) and stambhana (hemostasis)
This document discusses Kshara Basti, a type of medicated enema treatment in Ayurvedic medicine. It defines Kshara Basti, lists its ingredients as including guda, saindhava lavana, amlika, shata pushpa, and aksha gomutra. It states that Kshara Basti can be administered after meals and discusses its indications for treating various gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and metabolic conditions, as well as its contraindications. The objectives are to discuss the introduction, ingredients, administration time, indications, and contraindications of Kshara Basti.
This document discusses various Kriya Kalpa procedures used in Shalakya Tantra (Ayurvedic eye, ear, nose, and throat treatment). It describes 7 main types of Kriya Kalpa: Aschotana, Seka, Bidalaka, Pindi, Tarpan, Putpaka, and Anjana. Each have specific indications and procedures for topical application and treatment of ocular conditions. Additionally, it briefly outlines other procedures used in Shalakya Tantra including Nasya, Dhumpana, Murdhatail, Karna Chikitsa, Pratisarana, Mukh Lepa, and Sweda.
Virechana is an Ayurvedic cleansing procedure that expels waste from the digestive tract. It works by increasing fluid in the intestines to soften stool and enhance bowel motility. Indications include treating excess pitta or pitta-kapha doshas. Herbs used include triphala, haritaki, and castor oil. The procedure involves oral herb administration after a fasting period. Proper virechana results in purification and lightness while improper amounts can cause imbalance. Recovery involves a gradual diet and avoiding triggers like cold. Virechana is praised for its effectiveness, low cost, and ease of use.
The document discusses Niragni sweda, a type of dry sweating treatment described in Ayurvedic texts. It provides the objectives of understanding Niragni sweda according to Charaka and Sushruta. Key inducing factors for Niragni sweda mentioned in Charaka include exercise, warm rooms, blankets, hunger, drinking lots of liquids, fear, anger, friendly fights and heat. Sushruta mentions it helps eliminate vitiated vata dosha. The document describes the various components of Niragni sweda in detail.
Sandhivata, or joint pain caused by vitiated vata, has several etiological factors like injury, excess physical activity, dietary indiscretions, and emotional disturbances. The disease is characterized by pain, swelling, crepitus, and restricted painful movement in the affected joint. Treatment focuses on pacifying vata through oleation therapies, oral medications like guggulu and rasayana, and physical therapies. Diet and lifestyle modifications include avoiding aggravating foods and activities while encouraging pain-relieving ones.
Fundamentals of Nasya Karma - By
Dr KSR Prasad in CME on Panchakarma for AYUSH Doctors
January 9th to 14th 2017 @ Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka
Review of Nasya karma with definition, classification and advantages of Nasya by different acharyas
Knowledge of Anatomy of nose and para-nasal sinuses.
Pharmacological action of modern drugs administered through nose.
Standardization of the dose of various types of Nasyas.
Standardization of Bindu Pramana.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk