Learn about the various blood cells ,Knowing in detail the circulation of blood and its functions. The types of RBC ,WBC and Plasma cells worked. RBC and WBC Levels.How the blood cells produced and it destroyed in the blood cells.

1. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Dr.S.Vijayakumari
Assistant Professor and Head
D.K.M College for Women,Vellore-1

2. • Blood is an fluid connective tissue.
• The blood is dark red in colour ,when taken from the vein.
• The blood is bright red in colour ,when taken from the arteries.
• An average adult contains 5 to 6 liters of blood.
• Which accounts for 8-10% of body mass.
• Blood circulation is a closed vascular system in the human body.
• Blood is also slightly alkaline so it’s pH is 7.35 to 7.45.
• The main function of blood is “transportation of the substances to tissues and organs”.

3. • Blood consists
• PLASMA FORMED ELEMENTS
Serum and Fibrinogen Erythrocytes , Leucocytes & Platelets
Contains- Water,Proteins,Glucose,
Lipids,Amino acids,Salts, Enzymes,
Hormones,Antigens and Urea.

4. Plasma
●Plasma is a yellowish liquid part of blood.
● It carries cells and proteins .
● Out of 5 litres of blood the plasma contains 3.5 litres.
●90% water and remaining 10% is formed of organic and inorganic substances.
ie- Proteins,glucose,nitrogenous waste, enzymes,hormones and minerals etc.
● 200-300 gm of plasma proteins are present in the blood.
● Plasma have four different varieties,
a) Serum albumin b) serum globulin c) Fibrinogen and d) Prothrombin.
● Plasma level decreases in blood –Kidney or Liver and Hypovolemia can occur through a
Hemorrhage,sodium depletion ,water loss (Dehydration).

5. Formed Elements
● Erythrocytes or RBC
● Non-Nucleated cells and Bi concave circular disc shape.
● Average diameter is 7.4 μm ,Thickness is 2 μm and Volume is 90 μm.
● A single erythrocytes contains 30 gms of haemoglobin.
● Erythrocytes of man and mammals are flattened biconcave circular discs.
● The normal average cell count of erythrocyte
Adult male is about 5 million
Adult female is about 4.5 million
Infants -6.7 million
Foetus -7.8 million
●The primary function of RBC is transport of oxygen.
●Heam is an iron containing Porphyrin.

6. • Porphyrin +iron=Haem
• 4 moles of haem+ Globin=Haemoglobin.
• RBC to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.
• To carry Carbondioxide waste product away from the tissues and back to the lungs.
• Erythrocytes produced by bone marrow (cradle of RBC).
• Destroyed by spleen ( Grave yard of RBC).
• Life span of RBC is 120 days.
• Diseases –Increase –polycythemia
Decrease-Anemia.
• Pyridoxine(Vit-B6) ,Cynogobalamine(Vit-B12) –Pernicious anaemia.

7. WBC (or)Leucocytes
Leucos-colourless:cyton:cell
• They have no Haemoglobin, They are bigger in size.
• They are nucleated and amoeboid.
• They are much less in number and their life span is longer. WBC (White blood
cells)
• Increase the WBC counting in blood –disease caused by Leucocytes.
• Decrease the WBC counting in blood –disease caused by Leucopenia.
• Two types of WBC, ie Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
• Granulocytes: Produced in the Bonemarrow
• Three types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils.
• The increase of granulocytes in the blood is called granulocytosis
• The dimunution of granulocytes in the blood is called granulocytopenia.
• The complete disappearance of granulocytes in the blood is called
agranulocytosis.

8. Granulocytes
A) Neutrophils or Scavenger cells:
● These are about 79% of the total leucocytes count .
• It has a granular cytoplasm and a multilobed nucleus (2-7 lobed) .
• They show amoeboid movement.
• When they come across the bacteria they are engulfed by a process termed phagocytosis.
• During infection and inflammation their number is considerably increased in the circulating blood.
• These cells are highly phagocytic and devour forgein particles they are also called scavenger cells.
• The absolute number of neutrophil is 3000-6000 per cu.mm.

9. Eosinophils
• These are about 1-4% of leucocyte count.
• The cytoplasm contains coarse granules with a stain acid dyes like eosin.
• The nucleus is two or three lobed.
• The absolute number of eosinophils is 150-400 per cu.mm.
• They increase during allergic conditions.
• They are amoeboid but not phagocytic.
• The important function of eosinophils are destruction and detoxification of toxins of protein origin.

10. Basophils
• Basophils are about 0-4% of the total leucocyte count.
• The nucleus is lobed and the cytoplasm contains granules of various sizes .
• The absolute number of basophil is 0-100 per cu.mm.
• Basophil has some possible role in local anticoagulation and formation of ground substance.

11. Agranulocytes
• Agranulocytes are produced in the lymph nodes and spleen .
• Agranulocytes are two types: Lymphocytes and monocytes.
• Lymphocytes: These are about 25-30% of the total leucocyte count.
• Their absolute number is 1500-2700 per cu.mm.
• They have large nucleus compared to the size of cytoplasm.
• Lymphocytes divided into two groups-small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes.

12. Monocytes
• They are large leucocytes forming about-5-10% of the total leucocyte count.
• Their absolute number is 350-800 per cu.mm.
• The nuclei are horse –shoe shaped.
• They are motile.
• They have the power of engulfing bacteria.
• Innate immune system of vertebrates. It response to inflammation signals to sites of infection in the tissues.

13. Blood platelets or Thrombocytes
• They are oval to spherical in shape and are 2-3 μ in diameter.
• They have no nucleus.
• The number of platelets in human blood varies from 2,50,000-4,50,000 per cu.mm
• The average life span of platelets is about-5-9 days.
• They are produced in the megakaryocytes on the bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen.
• The function of platelets : Initiate blood clotting and repair capillary endothelium.

14. Functions of blood
• Blood carries oxygen from the lung to the tissues and carbondioxide from the tissues back to
the lungs.
• It transport waste product to the kidneys.
• It transport the hormones from the endocrine glands to the target organs.
• It helps maintain water balance of the body and maintain the temperature by transporting the
heat from the interior of the body to the surface.
• It prevent its own loss by means of the clotting mechanism.
Thank you
By
Dr.S.Vijayakumari