Animal cells
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The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass in and out. The centrosome is located near the nucleus and is where microtubules are made; it divides during cell division. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like material outside the cell nucleus that contains organelles like the Golgi body, which packages proteins and carbohydrates, and lysosomes, which digest cell nutrients.
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Prokaryote cells contain structures like capsules, flagella, cell walls, and plasmids that help with protection, locomotion, and carrying genetic material. Animal cells contain organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum that allow functions like DNA control, energy production, protein packaging, and transport. Plant cells share some organelles with animal cells but also contain chloroplasts and cell walls which enable photosynthesis and provide structure.
2.cell structure
Cell structure includes three main parts - the cell membrane, cytoplasm and organelles, and the nucleus. The cell membrane is a thin double layer that encloses the cell. The cytoplasm contains various organelles that carry out specific functions like protein synthesis, energy production, and waste removal. Prominent organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex and ribosomes. The nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the cell's genetic material in the form of chromatin and chromosomes.
Cell structural and functional unit
The document discusses cells and their components. It defines cells as the basic unit of structure and function of living things. It describes several key organelles and their functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. It also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes are smaller and lack a nucleus while eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.
Cells
The document summarizes key organelles and structures found within plant and animal cells. It describes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It also discusses epithelial tissues, mesophyll tissue, and parenchyma cells.
Animal cell
The document discusses the structure and components of an animal cell. An animal cell contains a nucleus that controls cell functions and contains DNA. It also contains organelles such as mitochondria that produce energy, ribosomes that produce proteins, lysosomes for digestion, and the Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum that transport materials. The plasma cell membrane surrounds the cell and is semi-permeable, regulating what passes in and out. Animal cells have these internal structures and lack a cell wall, and may contain vacuoles, centrioles and centrosomes.
Cells
The document summarizes the structure and function of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, plasma membrane, vesicles, lysosomes, centrosome, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It also describes differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and types of epithelial and plant tissues.
cytoplasm and its organelles
The cytoplasm contains organelles and particles suspended in cytosol. Five important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, and transports substances to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi processes and packages substances into vesicles. Lysosomes digest unwanted material. Mitochondria generate energy. Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify alcohol. A cell membrane and nucleus provide structure and control cell activities.
Lecture 1 -_cells_structure_and_transport_mechanisms
All living things are made of cells, which fall into two main categories - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, lacking a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex, containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts that perform specialized functions. Key organelles of eukaryotic cells include the nucleus, which houses DNA; mitochondria and chloroplasts, which perform cellular respiration and photosynthesis respectively; and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in protein transport.
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Understanding the prokaryote, plant and animal cell
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Animal cells
- 1. cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome. cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place. mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus. nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus. nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis. rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane). smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes. vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.
- 2. Cell membrane Centrosome mitochondrion Golgi lysosome Cytoplasm
- 3. Rough ER Nucleolus Vacuole Nuclear Membrane Ribosomes Nucleus