Anemia, Types of anemia in Physiology of Human
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Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when there is not enough iron absorbed from the diet. Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum after being released from foods in the stomach. Factors like pregnancy, iron deficiency, and vitamin C enhance iron absorption, while excess phosphate, tannates, phytate, and decreased stomach acid decrease absorption. Conditioned deficiency can also occur if iron is not properly absorbed or utilized, even with normal intake.
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A small presentation on haematinics and erythropoietin along with their PK/PD properties and clinical application .
IRON METABOLISM
- Iron is an essential trace element that is present in many proteins and enzymes in the body. It is required to transport oxygen via hemoglobin and is involved in many redox reactions in the body.
- Iron is absorbed in the small intestine and transported through the blood bound to transferrin. It is stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow bound to ferritin.
- Disorders of iron metabolism include iron deficiency anemia due to low intake or absorption of iron and iron overload disorders like hemochromatosis where iron accumulates in tissues and can damage organs like the liver, pancreas and heart.
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This document provides information on iron deficiency anemia (IDA), including its global burden, pathophysiology, causes, clinical features, investigations, and management. Some key points:
- IDA is the most common cause of anemia globally, with over 50% of anemias due to iron deficiency. It accounts for 8.4 lakh deaths annually, most in Africa and Asia.
- IDA occurs when iron stores are decreased and total body iron is reduced. It develops in stages from initial iron deficiency without anemia to latent IDA to overt IDA.
- Causes of IDA include blood loss, inadequate dietary iron intake, malabsorption, increased demands in pregnancy/growth. Daily iron requirements vary from
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1. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by low levels of iron in the body, which reduces the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells.
2. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia include blood loss from menstruation or childbirth, a diet low in iron, and an inability to absorb enough iron from food.
3. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, headaches, and brittle nails. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplements to replace iron stores in the body.
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This document discusses iron physiology, including sources of iron from foods, daily iron requirements that vary by age and gender, and the roles of iron in the body. It describes how iron is absorbed in the small intestine, transported by transferrin in the blood, and stored or utilized in tissues. The document also addresses iron deficiency and overload, their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
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- Iron is an essential trace element that is present in many proteins and enzymes in the body. It is required to transport oxygen via hemoglobin and is involved in many redox reactions in the body.
- Iron is absorbed in the small intestine and transported through the blood bound to transferrin. It is stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow bound to ferritin.
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This document provides information on iron deficiency anemia (IDA), including its global burden, pathophysiology, causes, clinical features, investigations, and management. Some key points:
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- IDA occurs when iron stores are decreased and total body iron is reduced. It develops in stages from initial iron deficiency without anemia to latent IDA to overt IDA.
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1. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition caused by low levels of iron in the body, which reduces the amount of oxygen carried by red blood cells.
2. Common causes of iron deficiency anemia include blood loss from menstruation or childbirth, a diet low in iron, and an inability to absorb enough iron from food.
3. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, dizziness, pale skin, headaches, and brittle nails. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplements to replace iron stores in the body.
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This document discusses various types of anemia and treatments. It covers iron deficiency anemia in detail, including causes and signs. It describes how iron is absorbed and transported in the body. Common oral iron supplements are listed. The document also discusses vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anemia, their roles, and supplement options. Erythropoietin and other hematopoietic growth factors used to treat anemia are explained.
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Group E presented on iron deficiency anemia. Key points include:
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2. Iron deficiency anemia results from negative iron balance and is characterized by microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
3. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause, such as blood loss, and correcting the deficiency with oral or parental iron supplements.
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Iron Deficiency Anaemia is a widespread problem globally. It affects toddlers, women of childbearing age, and school-aged children. Iron is essential for oxygen transport, cell metabolism, and immune function. Causes of iron deficiency include low dietary iron intake, blood loss, pregnancy/lactation, and malabsorption. Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and behavioral changes. Laboratory findings show low iron stores, serum iron and transferrin saturation. Treatment involves iron supplementation orally or parenterally, and treating the underlying cause. Uncorrected iron deficiency can lead to developmental delays in children.
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Iron deficiency anemia is a common nutritional disorder worldwide. It results from low iron stores due to dietary lack, impaired absorption, increased requirements, or chronic blood loss. Clinically it presents as a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. It is diagnosed based on low iron levels, high total iron binding capacity, and low transferrin saturation in the blood. Treatment involves oral or injectable iron supplementation to replenish stores as well as treating any underlying cause. Prognosis is generally good if treated, but depends on any comorbidities present.
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Iron deficiency anemia
- Iron is an essential trace element that is mainly present in blood, liver, bone marrow and muscles. It is required for hemoglobin, myoglobin and other protein synthesis.
- Iron deficiency anemia results from inadequate iron intake, absorption or increased losses and can be diagnosed based on low serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation along with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
- Treatment involves oral iron supplementation long-term or intravenous iron for severe cases. Blood transfusions are needed for acute blood loss.
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ANEMIA.pdf
- Anemia is caused by decreased oxygen carrying capacity leading to tissue hypoxia. The body attempts to compensate through various mechanisms but these eventually fail as hypoxia worsens.
- Symptoms of anemia are due to tissue hypoxia and the body's compensatory responses, and include pallor, weakness, breathlessness, palpitations, headaches, and gastrointestinal issues.
- Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It results from inadequate iron intake, increased losses, or poor absorption and leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia.
POTASSIUM METABOLISM
Potassium is an important intracellular cation found mainly in muscles. It is absorbed from food sources like vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and the kidneys excrete any excess. Potassium aids many functions like muscle activity, acid-base balance, and cardiac and nerve activity. Disorders can occur when potassium levels are too high (hyperkalemia) or too low (hypokalemia), and are usually caused by issues with the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, or mineralocorticoid levels. Symptoms range from muscle cramps to cardiac arrest.
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Associate professor,
Dept. of Pharmacology, Malik deenar college of pharmacy, Kerala
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This document provides an overview of minerals that are essential for human nutrition including sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, regulation, clinical manifestations of deficiencies and toxicities. It describes macro minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium as well as trace minerals including iron, zinc, copper and iodine. The seminar aims to describe the roles of these minerals in various metabolic processes and health.
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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide. It can be caused by blood loss or impaired iron absorption. The body needs iron to produce hemoglobin for red blood cell production. Treatment involves treating the underlying cause and replenishing iron stores, usually with oral iron supplements. Parenteral iron may be used for patients unable to tolerate or absorb oral iron. Complications of iron overload include organ damage, so excess iron intake must be avoided.
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HAEMATINICS.pptx
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This document discusses haematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anaemias. It defines anaemia and lists common causes such as blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction, and deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid. The document categorizes and describes common haematinics including oral and parenteral iron preparations, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin. It provides details on absorption, transport, storage and excretion of iron as well as clinical uses of various haematinics to treat different types of anaemia.
Iron deficiency anemia
- Iron is an essential trace element that is mainly present in blood, liver, bone marrow and muscles. It is required for hemoglobin, myoglobin and other protein synthesis.
- Iron deficiency anemia results from inadequate iron intake, absorption or increased losses and can be diagnosed based on low serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation along with microcytic hypochromic anemia.
- Treatment involves oral iron supplementation long-term or intravenous iron for severe cases. Blood transfusions are needed for acute blood loss.
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This document summarizes iron metabolism. It discusses daily iron requirements, absorption and transport of iron, iron storage, and regulation of iron levels. It also covers iron deficiency anemia and iron overload disorders like hemochromatosis. Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and transported bound to transferrin. It is stored primarily in the liver as ferritin or hemosiderin. Iron levels are regulated by the liver peptide hepcidin which controls intestinal iron absorption and macrophage iron recycling by degrading the iron exporter ferroportin.
ANEMIA.pdf
- Anemia is caused by decreased oxygen carrying capacity leading to tissue hypoxia. The body attempts to compensate through various mechanisms but these eventually fail as hypoxia worsens.
- Symptoms of anemia are due to tissue hypoxia and the body's compensatory responses, and include pallor, weakness, breathlessness, palpitations, headaches, and gastrointestinal issues.
- Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia globally. It results from inadequate iron intake, increased losses, or poor absorption and leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia.
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Potassium is an important intracellular cation found mainly in muscles. It is absorbed from food sources like vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and the kidneys excrete any excess. Potassium aids many functions like muscle activity, acid-base balance, and cardiac and nerve activity. Disorders can occur when potassium levels are too high (hyperkalemia) or too low (hypokalemia), and are usually caused by issues with the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, or mineralocorticoid levels. Symptoms range from muscle cramps to cardiac arrest.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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- 1. Anemia Sreenu Thalla Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology
- 2. • Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells
- 9. Iron Deficiency Anemia Sources, absorption and metabolism: • Red meat and liver, bread, eggs and green vegetables, mainly in ferric form. • Daily minimum requirement 10-12mg of which about 1mg is absorbed. • In the stomach the iron is released from its complex form and is reduced to ferrous form (action of gastrin and HCl). • Iron absorption takes place in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. • Iron absorption is under regulatory system (Apoferritin-Transferrin system) present in the intestinal mucosa and regulates absorption of the iron according to body requirement.
- 10. Factors enhancing iron absorption Pregnancy Iron deficiency anemia Increased erythropoiesis Vitamin C. Factors decrease iron absorption • Excess phosphate, tannates, phytate in diet • Iron overload haemochromatosis • Decreased erythropoies eg a plastic anaemia • Malabsorption syndrome • Decreased HCI atrophic gastritis.
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