anemia

1. Anemia

2. Definition
 Hb concentration below the lower
limit of the normal range for the
age and sex of the individual

3. Lower limits
 New born  15 g/dL
 3 months  9.5 g/dL
 Males  13 g/dL
 Females  11.5 g/dL

4. Subnormal level of Hb…
1. Inc release of Oxygen from Hb
2. Inc blood flow to tissues
3. Maintenance of blood volume
4. Redistribution of blood flow to
maintain the cerebral blood supply

5. C/F
 Depends on
1. Speed of onset of anemia
2. Severity of anemia
3. Age of the patient
4. Hb dissociation curve

6. Symptoms
 Tiredness
 Easy fatigability
 Generalised muscular weakness
 Lethargy
 Headache

7. Older patients
 Symptoms of
1. Cardiac failure
2. Angina pectoris
3. Intermittent claudication
4. Confusion and visual disturbances

8. Signs

9. Look for
1. Colour of the skin ,conjunctiva , sclera ,
nails
2. Changes in the retina
3. Atrophy of the papillae of the tongue
4. Rectal examination for the evidence of
bleeding
5. Hepatomegaly
6. Splenomegaly
7. Lymphadenopathy
8. Bony tendernes

10. Investigations
 Complete blood count with
Reticulocyte count  Basic test

11. Tests
1. Haemoglobin estimation
2. Peripheral smear examiantion
3. Red cell indices
4. WBC and Platelet count
5. Reticulocyte count  0.5 -2.5%
6. ESR
7. Bone Marrow examination