Small description about how mac games and games for android works. Understand what's the weak point which can help us to make changes into games to unlock full joy of your favorite games.
Presented at the GDC 2009 Education Summit. It details the game of Bartok and how I use it to illustrate the Mechanics/Dynamics/Aesthetics framework for game design.
In this presentation we introduce the game balance "interesting strategies". It is especially important as games with a single dominant strategy are boring. No strategy must be much better than others and without drawbacks.
These slides were prepared by Dr. Marc Miquel. All the materials used in them are referenced to their authors.
This presentation is basically a manual on how to use the paper Designing Game Feel, A Survey, which is available here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09201
Abstract:
Game feel design is the intentional design of the affective impact of moment-to-moment interaction with games. In this paper we survey academic research and publications by practitioners to give a complete overview of the state of research concerning this aspect of game design. We analysed over 200 sources and categorised their content according to design pur- poses. This resulted in three different domains of intended player experiences: physicality, amplification, and support. In these domains, the act of polishing, which determines game feel, takes the shape of tuning, juicing, and streamlining respectively. Tuning the physicality of game objects creates cohesion, predictability, and the resulting movement informs level design. Juicing is the act of polishing amplification and it results in empowerment and provides clarity of feedback. Streamlining allows a game to act on the intention of the player, supporting the execution of actions in the game. These three design intents are the main means through which designers control minute details of interactivity and inform the player’s reaction. The presented framework and its nuanced vocabulary can lead to an understanding of game feel that is shared between practitioners and researchers as highlighted in the concluding future research section.
Presented at the GDC 2009 Education Summit. It details the game of Bartok and how I use it to illustrate the Mechanics/Dynamics/Aesthetics framework for game design.
In this presentation we introduce the game balance "interesting strategies". It is especially important as games with a single dominant strategy are boring. No strategy must be much better than others and without drawbacks.
These slides were prepared by Dr. Marc Miquel. All the materials used in them are referenced to their authors.
This presentation is basically a manual on how to use the paper Designing Game Feel, A Survey, which is available here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.09201
Abstract:
Game feel design is the intentional design of the affective impact of moment-to-moment interaction with games. In this paper we survey academic research and publications by practitioners to give a complete overview of the state of research concerning this aspect of game design. We analysed over 200 sources and categorised their content according to design pur- poses. This resulted in three different domains of intended player experiences: physicality, amplification, and support. In these domains, the act of polishing, which determines game feel, takes the shape of tuning, juicing, and streamlining respectively. Tuning the physicality of game objects creates cohesion, predictability, and the resulting movement informs level design. Juicing is the act of polishing amplification and it results in empowerment and provides clarity of feedback. Streamlining allows a game to act on the intention of the player, supporting the execution of actions in the game. These three design intents are the main means through which designers control minute details of interactivity and inform the player’s reaction. The presented framework and its nuanced vocabulary can lead to an understanding of game feel that is shared between practitioners and researchers as highlighted in the concluding future research section.
First Seminar about game design and game development: introduction to formal elements of the games, different game genres based on their mechanics and some concepts about gamification
Séminaire de l'équipe MeTAH (LIG, Grenoble), juin 2010
Quelques notes sur les jeux pour l'apprentissage (serious games) et leur conceptualisation en didactique (théorie des situations didactiques).
From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining "Gamification"Sebastian Deterding
A shared presentation by Rilla Khaled, Sebastian Deterding, Lennart Nacke and Dan Dixon given at MindTrek'11. The paper to the presentation can be found here: http://j.mp/I2QF4N
It's the Autonomy, Stupid: Autonomy Experiences Between Playful Work and Work...Sebastian Deterding
A core tenet of traditional play theories is that play is voluntary. This view has been troubled by recent empirical phenomena of "instrumental play" and "playbour": instances where play is mandatory, has serious consequences attached or is done as gainful labour, such as goldfarming. Similarly, people are increasingly using game design elements in non-game contexts like work to make them more playful and engaging. This talk suggests that the conceptual troubles of playbour and gamification can be resolved by focusing on autonomy as a psychological state: how much autonomy people experience informs whether they understand and a label an activity as "work(-like)" or "play(ful)". Drawing on a qualitative interview study with participants engaging in instrumental play, the talk will tease out how social and material features of gaming and work situations support and thwart autonomy experience and thus, their understanding as "work" or "play."
Disempowerment Fantasies: How taking power away from players can create bette...Valentina Tamer
I've held this talk at Intel® Buzz Workshop Berlin 2018, on February 2nd 2018. The slides were designed as a visual supplement and summary of my talk. If you are interested in this subject matter, feel free to contact me.
-
Video games have often been regarded as power fantasies. Yet many releases contradict this assumption and center gameplay around powerlessness, like the survival horror genre. This talk seeks to deconstruct the role of power in video games, analyze the various mechanics of disempowerment and suggest how actively taking power from the player may serve as a tool for making better games.
Graphics, playability and social interaction, the greatest motivations for pl...Beatriz Marcano Lárez
Abstract (http://naerjournal.ua.es/article/view/v3n1-5)
War videogames raise a lot of controversy in the educational field and are by far the most played videogames worldwide. This study explores the factors that encouraged gamers to choose war videogames with a sample of 387 Call of Duty players. The motivational factors were pinpointed using a non-experimental descriptive exploratory study through an online Likert-type survey that was valid and reliable (Cronbach’s α = 0.897, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient, KMO: 0.903). A factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied, which yielded 7 dimensions: graphics/playability; social interaction; learning; challenge/overcoming; fantasy; fun; and competition. Considering the score obtained for each dimension, it can be concluded that the most influential motivational factors were game graphics/playability game and the social interaction allowed by its multiplayer online status, both of them being factors determined by game design elements. These aspects should be considered in the design of educational activities so as to make them impactful and motivational.
First Seminar about game design and game development: introduction to formal elements of the games, different game genres based on their mechanics and some concepts about gamification
Séminaire de l'équipe MeTAH (LIG, Grenoble), juin 2010
Quelques notes sur les jeux pour l'apprentissage (serious games) et leur conceptualisation en didactique (théorie des situations didactiques).
From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining "Gamification"Sebastian Deterding
A shared presentation by Rilla Khaled, Sebastian Deterding, Lennart Nacke and Dan Dixon given at MindTrek'11. The paper to the presentation can be found here: http://j.mp/I2QF4N
It's the Autonomy, Stupid: Autonomy Experiences Between Playful Work and Work...Sebastian Deterding
A core tenet of traditional play theories is that play is voluntary. This view has been troubled by recent empirical phenomena of "instrumental play" and "playbour": instances where play is mandatory, has serious consequences attached or is done as gainful labour, such as goldfarming. Similarly, people are increasingly using game design elements in non-game contexts like work to make them more playful and engaging. This talk suggests that the conceptual troubles of playbour and gamification can be resolved by focusing on autonomy as a psychological state: how much autonomy people experience informs whether they understand and a label an activity as "work(-like)" or "play(ful)". Drawing on a qualitative interview study with participants engaging in instrumental play, the talk will tease out how social and material features of gaming and work situations support and thwart autonomy experience and thus, their understanding as "work" or "play."
Disempowerment Fantasies: How taking power away from players can create bette...Valentina Tamer
I've held this talk at Intel® Buzz Workshop Berlin 2018, on February 2nd 2018. The slides were designed as a visual supplement and summary of my talk. If you are interested in this subject matter, feel free to contact me.
-
Video games have often been regarded as power fantasies. Yet many releases contradict this assumption and center gameplay around powerlessness, like the survival horror genre. This talk seeks to deconstruct the role of power in video games, analyze the various mechanics of disempowerment and suggest how actively taking power from the player may serve as a tool for making better games.
Graphics, playability and social interaction, the greatest motivations for pl...Beatriz Marcano Lárez
Abstract (http://naerjournal.ua.es/article/view/v3n1-5)
War videogames raise a lot of controversy in the educational field and are by far the most played videogames worldwide. This study explores the factors that encouraged gamers to choose war videogames with a sample of 387 Call of Duty players. The motivational factors were pinpointed using a non-experimental descriptive exploratory study through an online Likert-type survey that was valid and reliable (Cronbach’s α = 0.897, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient, KMO: 0.903). A factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied, which yielded 7 dimensions: graphics/playability; social interaction; learning; challenge/overcoming; fantasy; fun; and competition. Considering the score obtained for each dimension, it can be concluded that the most influential motivational factors were game graphics/playability game and the social interaction allowed by its multiplayer online status, both of them being factors determined by game design elements. These aspects should be considered in the design of educational activities so as to make them impactful and motivational.
Web 2.0 - Palestra na Universidade Federal de Sergipe - por @Gabrieleite | #p...guest80b54b
A Palestra Web 2.0 fez parte da programação do evento SECOMP, Semana de Computação na Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Como público, estudantes de informática e comunicação social (jornalismo e publicidade e propaganda).
Um guia rápido para todos os novatos em batalhas de forte no jogo The West.
Link publicado no Fórum Local da cidade de Dark City / M6 by Darth.LE (agradecimentos à Flour e ao autor do guia).
Introdução ao LaTeX - Wanderson Henrique Camargo RosTchelinux
Palestrante: Wanderson Henrique Camargo Rosa – Canoas/ RS
Currículo: Programador PHP Zend Framework pela Prefeitura Municipal de Gravataí. Curso de Ciência da Computação pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS).
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What does a game designer really do. And, more importantly, how do they make the products better. How does a designer contribute and what how do you work with them to solve your problem.
What is a Game Designer (And Why Do You Need One)? - Douglas WhatleySeriousGamesAssoc
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Embark on a thrilling journey through the gaming universe with our article, "Unlocking the Wonders: A Deep Dive into the Top 3 Mobile Games." Discover the captivating graphics, immersive gameplay, and community engagement that set these games apart. Dive into trends, explore the impact on social connections and skill development, and glimpse into the future of mobile gaming. Find your perfect game match and stay ahead in the ever-evolving world of mobile gaming.
OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoamtakuyayamamoto1800
In this slide, we show the simulation example and the way to compile this solver.
In this solver, the Helmholtz equation can be solved by helmholtzFoam. Also, the Helmholtz equation with uniformly dispersed bubbles can be simulated by helmholtzBubbleFoam.
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We explore the Globus Connect Server (GCS) architecture and experiment with advanced configuration options and use cases. This content is targeted at system administrators who are familiar with GCS and currently operate—or are planning to operate—broader deployments at their institution.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
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Check out the webinar slides to learn more about how XfilesPro transforms Salesforce document management by leveraging its world-class applications. For more details, please connect with sales@xfilespro.com
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Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
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Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
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Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
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top nidhi software solution freedownloadvrstrong314
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Unleash Unlimited Potential with One-Time Purchase
BoxLang is more than just a language; it's a community. By choosing a Visionary License, you're not just investing in your success, you're actively contributing to the ongoing development and support of BoxLang.
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I ...Juraj Vysvader
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I didn't get rich from it but it did have 63K downloads (powered possible tens of thousands of websites).
In 2015, I used to write extensions for Joomla, WordPress, phpBB3, etc and I ...
Android Gaming Tips & Tricks - Mac Game Hack Tips
1. MDA: A Formal Approach to Game Design and Game Research
Robin Hunicke, Marc LeBlanc, Robert Zubek
hunicke@cs.northwestern.edu, marc_leblanc@alum.mit.edu, rob@cs.northwestern.edu
Abstract
In this paper we present the MDA framework (standing for
Mechanics, Dynamics, and Aesthetics), developed and
taught as part of the Game Design and Tuning Workshop at
the Game Developers Conference, San Jose 2001-2004.
MDA is a formal approach to understanding games – one
which attempts to bridge the gap between game design and
development, game criticism, and technical game research.
We believe this methodology will clarify and strengthen the
iterative processes of developers, scholars and researchers
alike, making it easier for all parties to decompose, study
and design a broad class of game designs and game
artifacts.
Introduction
All artifacts are created within some design methodology.
Whether building a physical prototype, architecting a
software interface, constructing an argument or
implementing a series of controlled experiments – design
methodologies guide the creative thought process and help
ensure quality work.
Specifically, iterative, qualitative and quantitative analyses
support the designer in two important ways. They help her
analyze the end result to refine implementation, and
analyze the implementation to refine the result. By
approaching the task from both perspectives, she can
consider a wide range of possibilities and
interdependencies.
This is especially important when working with computer
and video games, where the interaction between coded
subsystems creates complex, dynamic (and often
unpredictable) behavior. Designers and researchers must
consider interdependencies carefully before implementing
changes, and scholars must recognize them before drawing
conclusions about the nature of the experience generated.
In this paper we present the MDA framework (standing for
Mechanics, Dynamics, and Aesthetics), developed and
taught as part of the Game Design and Tuning Workshop
at the Game Developers Conference, San Jose 2001-2004
[LeBlanc, 2004a]. MDA is a formal approach to
understanding games – one which attempts to bridge the
gap between game design and development, game
criticism, and technical game research. We believe this
methodology will clarify and strengthen the iterative
processes of developers, scholars and researchers alike,
making it easier for all parties to decompose, study and
design a broad class of game designs and game artifacts.
Towards a Comprehensive Framework
Game design and authorship happen at many levels, and
the fields of games research and development involve
people from diverse creative and scholarly backgrounds.
While it’s often necessary to focus on one area, everyone,
regardless of discipline, will at some point need to consider
issues outside that area: base mechanisms of game
systems, the overarching design goals, or the desired
experiential results of gameplay.
AI coders and researchers are no exception. Seemingly
inconsequential decisions about data, representation,
algorithms, tools, vocabulary and methodology will trickle
upward, shaping the final gameplay. Similarly, all desired
user experience must bottom out, somewhere, in code. As
games continue to generate increasingly complex agent,
object and system behavior, AI and game design merge.
Systematic coherence comes when conflicting constraints
are satisfied, and each of the game’s parts can relate to
each other as a whole. Decomposing, understanding and
creating this coherence requires travel between all levels of
abstraction – fluent motion from systems and code, to
content and play experience, and back.
We propose the MDA framework as a tool to help
designers, researchers and scholars perform this
translation.
MDA
Games are created by designers/teams of developers, and
consumed by players. They are purchased, used and
eventually cast away like most other consumable goods.
Game
Creates Consumes
Designer Player
The production and consumption of game artifacts.
2. The difference between games and other entertainment
products (such as books, music, movies and plays) is that
their consumption is relatively unpredictable. The string of
events that occur during gameplay and the outcome of
those events are unknown at the time the product is
finished.
The MDA framework formalizes the consumption of
games by breaking them into their distinct components:
…and establishing their design counterparts:
Mechanics describes the particular components of the
game, at the level of data representation and algorithms.
Dynamics describes the run-time behavior of the
mechanics acting on player inputs and each others’
outputs over time.
Aesthetics describes the desirable emotional responses
evoked in the player, when she interacts with the game
system.
Fundamental to this framework is the idea that games are
more like artifacts than media. By this we mean that the
content of a game is its behavior – not the media that
streams out of it towards the player.
Thinking about games as designed artifacts helps frame
them as systems that build behavior via interaction. It
supports clearer design choices and analysis at all levels of
study and development.
MDA in Detail
MDA as Lens
Each component of the MDA framework can be thought of
as a “lens” or a “view” of the game – separate, but causally
linked. [LeBlanc, 2004b].
From the designer’s perspective, the mechanics give rise to
dynamic system behavior, which in turn leads to particular
aesthetic experiences. From the player’s perspective,
aesthetics set the tone, which is born out in observable
dynamics and eventually, operable mechanics.
When working with games, it is helpful to consider both
the designer and player perspectives. It helps us observe
how even small changes in one layer can cascade into
others. In addition, thinking about the player encourages
experience-driven (as opposed to feature-driven) design.
As such, we begin our investigation with a discussion of
Aesthetics, and continue on to Dynamics, finishing with
the underlying Mechanics.
Aesthetics
What makes a game “fun”? How do we know a specific
type of fun when we see it? Talking about games and play
is hard because the vocabulary we use is relatively limited.
In describing the aesthetics of a game, we want to move
away from words like “fun” and “gameplay” towards a
more directed vocabulary. This includes but is not limited
to the taxonomy listed here:
For example, consider the games Charades, Quake, The
Sims and Final Fantasy. While each are “fun” in their own
right, it is much more informative to consider the aesthetic
components that create their respective player experiences:
Charades: Fellowship, Expression, Challenge.
Quake: Challenge, Sensation, Competition, Fantasy.
The Sims: Discovery, Fantasy, Expression, Narrative.
Final Fantasy: Fantasy, Narrative, Expression,
Discovery, Challenge, Submission.
Here we see that each game pursues multiple aesthetic
goals, in varying degrees. Charades emphasizes Fellowship
over Challenge; Quake provides Challenge as a main
element of gameplay. And while there is no Grand Unified
Theory of games or formula that details the combination
and proportion of elements that will result in “fun”, this
M D A
Designer
Player
The designer and player each have a different perspective.
1. Sensation
Game as sense-pleasure
2. Fantasy
Game as make-believe
3. Narrative
Game as drama
4. Challenge
Game as obstacle course
5. Fellowship
Game as social framework
6. Discovery
Game as uncharted territory
7. Expression
Game as self-discovery
8. Submission
Game as pastime
Rules “Fun”System
Mechanics AestheticsDynamics
3. taxonomy helps us describe games, shedding light on how
and why different games appeal to different players, or to
the same players at different times.
Aesthetic Models
Using out aesthetic vocabulary like a compass, we can
define models for gameplay. These models help us
describe gameplay dynamics and mechanics.
For example: Charades and Quake are both competitive.
They succeed when the various teams or players in these
games are emotionally invested in defeating each other.
This requires that players have adversaries (in Charades,
teams compete, in Quake, the player competes against
computer opponents) and that all parties want to win.
It’s easy to see that supporting adversarial play and clear
feedback about who is winning are essential to competitive
games. If the player doesn’t see a clear winning condition,
or feels like they can’t possibly win, the game is suddenly
a lot less interesting.
Dynamic Models
Dynamics work to create aesthetic experiences. For
example, challenge is created by things like time pressure
and opponent play. Fellowship can be encouraged by
sharing information across certain members of a session (a
team) or supplying winning conditions that are more
difficult to achieve alone (such as capturing an enemy
base).
Expression comes from dynamics that encourage
individual users to leave their mark: systems for
purchasing, building or earning game items, for designing,
constructing and changing levels or worlds, and for
creating personalized, unique characters. Dramatic tension
comes from dynamics that encourage a rising tension, a
release, and a denouement.
As with aesthetics, we want our discussion of dynamics to
remain as concrete as possible. By developing models that
predict and describe gameplay dynamics, we can avoid
some common design pitfalls.
For example, the model of 2 six-sided die will help us
determine the average time it will take a player to progress
around the board in Monopoly, given the probability of
various rolls.
Similarly, we can identify feedback systems within
gameplay to determine how particular states or changes
affect the overall state of gameplay. In Monopoly, as the
leader or leaders become increasingly wealthy, they can
penalize players with increasing effectiveness. Poorer
players become increasingly poor.
As the gap widens, only a few (and sometimes only one) of
the players is really invested. Dramatic tension and agency
are lost.
Using our understanding of aesthetics and dynamics, we
can imagine ways to fix Monopoly – either rewarding
players who are behind to keep them within a reasonable
distance of the leaders, or making progress more difficult
for rich players. Of course – this might impact the game’s
ability to recreate the reality of monopoly practices – but
reality isn’t always “fun”.
Mechanics
Mechanics are the various actions, behaviors and control
mechanisms afforded to the player within a game context.
Together with the game’s content (levels, assets and so on)
the mechanics support overall gameplay dynamics.Probabilistic distribution of the random variable 2 D6.
Die Rolls
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 122 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Chancein36
Room
Too Hot!
Too Cold!
Controller
A thermostat, which acts as a feedback system.
Thermometer
The feedback system in Monopoly.
Roll
Move
$$$$$$
$$$$$$
Winners
Losers
Cash In!
Pay Up!
4. For example, the mechanics of card games include
shuffling, trick-taking and betting – from which dynamics
like bluffing can emerge. The mechanics of shooters
include weapons, ammunition and spawn points – which
sometimes produce things like camping and sniping. The
mechanics of golf include balls, clubs, sand traps and
water hazards – which sometimes produce broken or
drowned clubs.
Adjusting the mechanics of a game helps us fine-tune the
game’s overall dynamics. Consider our Monopoly
example. Mechanics that would help lagging players could
include bonuses or “subsidies” for poor players, and
penalties or “taxes” for rich players – perhaps calculated
when crossing the Go square, leaving jail, or exercising
monopolies over a certain threshold in value. By applying
such changes to the fundamental rules of play, we might be
able to keep lagging players competitive and interested for
longer periods of time.
Another solution to the lack of tension over long games of
Monopoly would be to add mechanics that encourage time
pressure and speed up the game. Perhaps by depleting
resources over time with a constant rate tax (so people
spend quickly), doubling all payouts on monopolies (so
that players are quickly differentiated), or randomly
distributing all properties under a certain value threshold.
Tuning
Clearly, the last step our Monopoly analysis involves play
testing and tuning. By iteratively refining the value of
penalties, rate of taxation or thresholds for rewards and
punishments, we can refine the Monopoly gameplay until
it is balanced.
When tuning, our aesthetic vocabulary and models help us
articulate design goals, discuss game flaws, and measure
our progress as we tune. If our Monopoly taxes require
complex calculations, we may be defeating the player’s
sense of investment by making it harder for them to track
cash values, and therefore, overall progress or competitive
standings.
Similarly, our dynamic models help us pinpoint where
problems may be coming from. Using the D6 model, we
can evaluate proposed changes to the board size or layout,
determining how alterations will extend or shorten the
length of a game.
MDA at Work
Now, let us consider developing or improving the AI
component of a game. It is often tempting to idealize AI
components as black-box mechanisms that, in theory, can
be injected into a variety of different projects with relative
ease. But as the framework suggests, game components
cannot be evaluated in vacuo, aside from their effects on a
system behavior and player experience.
First Pass
Consider an example Babysitting game [Hunicke, 2004].
Your supervisor has decided that it would be beneficial to
prototype a simple game-based AI for tag. Your player will
be a babysitter, who must find and put a single baby to
sleep. The demo will be designed to show off simple
emotive characters (like a baby), for games targeted at 3-7
year-old children.
What are the aesthetic goals for this design? Exploration
and discovery are probably more important than challenge.
As such the dynamics are optimized here not for
“winning” or “competition” but for having the baby
express emotions like surprise, fear, and anticipation.
Hiding places could be tagged manually, paths between
them hard-coded; the majority of game logic would be
devoted to maneuvering the baby into view and creating
baby-like reactions. Gameplay mechanics would include
talking to the baby (“I see you!” or “boo!”), chasing the
baby (with an avatar or with a mouse), sneaking about,
tagging and so on.
Second Pass
Now, consider a variant of this same design – built to work
with a franchise like Nickelodeon’s “Rugrats” and aimed
at 7-12 year-old-girls. Aesthetically, the game should feel
more challenging – perhaps there is some sort of narrative
involved (requiring several “levels”, each of which
presents a new piece of the story and related tasks).
In terms of dynamics, the player can now track and interact
with several characters at once. We can add time pressure
mechanics (i.e. get them all to bed before 9 pm), include a
“mess factor” or monitor character emotions (dirty diapers
cause crying, crying loses you points) and so on.
For this design, static paths will no longer suffice – and it’s
probably a good idea to have them choose their own hiding
places. Will each baby have individual characteristics,
abilities or challenges? If so, how will they expose these
differences to the player? How will they track internal
state, reason about the world, other babies, and the player?
What kinds of tasks and actions will the player be asked to
perform?
Third Pass
Finally, we can conceive of this same tag game as a full-
blown, strategic military simulation – the likes of Splinter
Cell or Thief. Our target audience is now 14-35 year old
men.
Aesthetic goals now expand to include a fantasy element
(role-playing the spy-hunting military elite or a loot-
5. seeking rogue) and challenge can probably border on
submission. In addition to an involved plot full of intrigue
and suspense, the player will expect coordinated activity
on the part of opponents – but probably a lot less
emotional expression. If anything, agents should express
fear and loathing at the very hint of his presence.
Dynamics might include the ability to earn or purchase
powerful weapons and spy equipment, and to develop
tactics and techniques for stealthy movement, deceptive
behavior, evasion and escape. Mechanics include
expansive tech and skill trees, a variety of enemy unit
types, and levels or areas with variable ranges of mobility,
visibility and field of view and so on.
Agents in this space, in addition to coordinating movement
and attacks must operate over a wide range of sensory
data. Reasoning about the player’s position and intent
should indicate challenge, but promote their overall
success. Will enemies be able to pass over obstacles and
navigate challenging terrain, or will you “cheat”? Will
sound propagation be “realistic” or will simple metrics
based on distance suffice?
Wrapping Up
Here we see that simple changes in the aesthetic
requirements of a game will introduce mechanical changes
for its AI on many levels – sometimes requiring the
development of entirely new systems for navigation,
reasoning, and strategic problem solving.
Conversely, we see that there are no “AI mechanics” as
such – intelligence or coherence comes from the
interaction of AI logic with gameplay logic. Using the
MDA framework, we can reason explicitly about aesthetic
goals, draw out dynamics that support those goals, and
then scope the range of our mechanics accordingly.
Conclusions
MDA supports a formal, iterative approach to design and
tuning. It allows us to reason explicitly about particular
design goals, and to anticipate how changes will impact
each aspect of the framework and the resulting
designs/implementations.
By moving between MDA’s three levels of abstraction, we
can conceptualize the dynamic behavior of game systems.
Understanding games as dynamic systems helps us develop
techniques for iterative design and improvement –
allowing us to control for undesired outcomes, and tune for
desired behavior.
In addition, by understanding how formal decisions about
gameplay impact the end user experience, we are able to
better decompose that experience, and use it to fuel new
designs, research and criticism respectively.
References
Barwood, H. & Falstein, N. 2002. “More of the 400:
Discovering Design Rules”. Lecture at Game Developers
Conference, 2002. Available online at:
http://www.gdconf.com/archives/2002/hal_barwood.ppt
Church, D. 1999. “Formal Abstract Design Tools.” Game
Developer, August 1999. San Francisco, CA: CMP Media.
Available online at:
http://www.gamasutra.com/features/19990716/design_tool
s_01.htm
Hunicke, R. 2004. “AI Babysitter Elective”. Lecture at
Game Developers Conference Game Tuning Workshop,
2004. In LeBlanc et al., 2004a. Available online at:
http://algorithmancy.8kindsoffun.com/GDC2004/AITutori
al5.ppt
LeBlanc, M., ed. 2004a. “Game Design and Tuning
Workshop Materials”, Game Developers Conference 2004.
Available online at:
http://algorithmancy.8kindsoffun.com/GDC2004/
LeBlanc, M. 2004b. “Mechanics, Dynamics, Aesthetics: A
Formal Approach to Game Design.” Lecture at
Northwestern University, April 2004. Available online at:
http://algorithmancy.8kindsoffun.com/MDAnwu.ppt