Andrew Goodwin identified 5 key aspects of music videos: 1) thought beats, 2) narrative and performance, 3) star image, 4) relation of visuals to song, and 5) technical aspects. He believed these features help videos be more than advertisements by allowing different viewer interpretations and achieving greater purpose. Goodwin saw thought beats as "seeing the sound" and categorized it into structure, voice, and storytelling. He also recognized the importance of narrative, performance, star image, relating visuals to lyrics, technical elements, and codes like relationships between lyrics and visuals.

1. Andrew Goodwin’s Theory

2. Andrew G0odwin recognised 5 key aspects that are often featured in music
videos:
1. Thought beats – ‘Seeing the sound of the song
2. Narrative and performance
3. The Star image
4. Relation of visuals to song
5. Technical aspects of the video
Goodwin believed that these features helped the video become more than just
an advertisement for the artist, but rather something that can be interpreted to
have different meanings from the viewers and achieve a greater purpose.
Key Aspects Of A Music Video

3. Goodwin saw this aspect as ‘seeing the sound in your head’ and categorised it
into three parts:
1. Firstly, to achieve this in a video, the structure of the song verses must be taken
into consideration.
2. The artists’ voice, which is often unique, should be considered as an aspect of
the video, as it can create identification with the viewers. This links to Barthes’
‘grain of voice’ theory, which states that singing is an expressive
instrument, and should be seen as an instrument of its own.
3. Lastly, the story that the artist tell in their lyrics often gives them a unique
image, gaining them a reputation as a ‘storyteller’. Therefore, the video is used
to visualise these lyrics and emphasise the artists’ ‘storytelling’.
Thought Beats –’Seeing The Sound’

4. Goodwin stated that music videos should aim to avoid a stereotypical narrative
structure, in order to achieve their role of advertising themselves to the
audience.
Therefore, they then become both the narrator and the participant within the
music video, in order to tell a story, but at the same time make the video exciting
for their particular target audience.
This narrative also helps to increase the authenticity of the song for the
audience, as techniques such as lip syncing to increase the suspension of belief
for the audience.
Narrative And Performance

5. Goodwin also recognised that music videos rely partly on the image of the star
involved on the video.
If an artist has a unique image, then it will attract a wider audience to their
videos, and make them instantly recognisable. Shot types such as close ups are
used to increase the effect of the star image on the audience from the outset of
the video.
The Star Image
For example, Michael
Jackson is instantly
recognisable in any of his
videos, and he uses his
star image to make them
become popular.

6. Goodwin categorised three ways in which music videos relate to the visuals of
songs:
1. The first way is through ILLUSTRATION. This is where a song tells a story using a
series of illustrations that link to the lyrics being said at the current time. This is
arguably the most effective way of creating a link with the song.
2. The second way is to AMPLIFY the visuals. This is where the images that are
shown add a extra layer of meaning to the lyrics, allowing the audience to
develop their own interpretations of the song.
3. The third way, which is much rarer, is DISJUNCTURE. This is where the meaning
of the lyrics in a song are completely ignored, and the video creates a
c0mpletely different meaning.
Relation Of Visuals To Song

7. In his theory, Goodwin also considered the technical aspects of a music video
that help to keep the entire thing looking professional, while the other key
aspects are put to work:
1. The first way the technical aspects help is through the CAMERA. A variety of
camera angles and shots must be used in order to keep the video innovative.
2. The second way is through SOUND. This means that the video must match the
pace and the rhythm of the song.
3. The third way is through MISE-EN-SCENE. Several inner aspects of this are
important, and can make or break a video. For example, the setting, costume
and props are all vital in creating a music video that conveys the message the
creator wants with the song they’re using.
4. The final way is through EDITING. Changing the pace of clips, or adding certain
effects once the video is filmed can improve its quality and make it achieve a
greater effect on the audience.
Technical Aspects Of The Music Video

8. Andrew Goodwin also noticed 6 codes and conventions of a music video that
help it to appeal to a wider audience:
1. Relationship between lyrics and visuals (see slide 6)
2. Thought beats (see slide 3)
3. Genre related style (see slide 5)
4. Close ups
5. Voyeurism
6. Intersexuality
Codes And Conventions Of The Music
Video

9. Close ups are conventionally used in many music videos, in order to further
establish a brand image for the artist, and to sell more of the artists’ singles.
They are also often used in a voyeuristic manner with female artists, in order to
try to attract more males to their videos, and sell more records. The male viewer
will like what they see, become attracted to the artist, and want to come back
for more, linking to the hypodermic syringe theory.
The videos also often use voyeuristic angles to sexualise and fetishise women,
and they often include a male person for the viewer to project their ego onto.
Close Ups And Voyeurism

10. In many music videos, Goodwin noticed that the creator may link it to a popular
piece of media, so that more people are attracted to the video and notice it.
Therefore, when people see this, they will enjoy the video more and want to
watch more of the artist videos.
Intertextuality
For example, in the music
video for ‘Movies’ by Alien
Ant Farm, there is lots of
intertextuality from other
films that will appeal to the
target audience of the
band, therefore helping
them gain a wider fan base.