Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
Delayed fertility and statistical discrimination against womenGRAPE
Statistical discrimination offers a compelling narrative on gender wage gaps during the early stages of the career. Expecting absences related to child-bearing and child-rearing, the employers discount productivity to adjust for the probable losses such as costs associated with finding substitutes, leaving customers, etc. If that is the case, lower and delayed fertility should imply lower discount in wages, and consequently reductions in the gender pay gap among entrants. We put this conjecture to test against the data. We provide a novel set of estimates of adjusted gender wage gaps among youth for 56 countries spanning four decades. We estimate that postponing childbirth by a year reduce the adjusted gap 2 percentage points (15%). We show that this estimate is consistent with statistical discrimination, but for some countries the estimates of AGWG imply that either statistical discrimination is not accurate or taste-based mechanisms are also at play.
This paper analyzes the effects of job displacement on fertility using Finnish longitudinal employer-employee data (FLEED) matched to birth records. We distinguish between male and female job losses. We focus on couples where one spouse has lost his/her job due to a plant closure or mass lay off and follow them for several years both before and following the job loss. As a comparison group we use similar couples that were not affected by job displacement. In order to examine the possible
channels through which job loss affects fertility we examine also the effect on earnings, employment and divorce. The results show that a woman’s own job loss decreases fertility mainly for highly educated women. For every 100 displaced females there are approximately 4 less children born. A man’s job loss has no significant impact on completed fertility.
Elizabeth Nixon, Trinity College Dublin, delivered this presentation at the launch of new Growing Up in Ireland research on 21 February 2019. The report is available to download here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/growing-up-in-ireland-the-effects-of-economic-recession-and-family-stress-on-the
Gender Equality and Work-Family Reconciliation – Balancing Market Income an...Sociology@Essex
Slides from Michael Bittman's CRESI seminar on 27 January 2011 http://cresi.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/seminar-gender-equality-and-work-family-reconciliation-balancing-market-income-and-non-market-production/
The effect of career interruptions due to parental leave is estimated based on longitudinal data set covering the years 1995–2002. The estimated model controls for hours worked. There appears to be a significant negative relation between career interruptions due to childbirth and subsequent wages for women in Finland. The effect for men is quite the opposite. The estimation results imply that human capital depreciation is indeed very appropriate when explaining the family gap.
We use administrative data on Swedish lottery players to estimate the causal impact of wealth on playersí own health and their childrenís health and developmental outcomes. Our estimation sample is large, virtually free of attrition, and allows us to control for the factors ñ such as the number of lottery tickets ñconditional on which the prizes were randomly assigned. In adults, we Önd no evidence that wealth impacts mortality or health care utilization, with the possible exception of a small reduction in the consumption of mental health drugs. Our estimates allow us to rule out e§ects on 10-year mortality one sixth as large the cross-sectional
gradient. In our intergenerational analyses, we Önd that wealth increases childrenís health care utilization in the years following the lottery and may also reduce obesity risk. The e§ects on most other child outcomes, which include drug consumption, scholastic performance, and skills, can usually be bounded to a tight interval around zero. Overall, our Öndings suggest that correlations observed in a uent, developed countries between (i) wealth and health or (ii) parental income and childrenís outcomes do not reáect a causal e§ect of wealth.
Delayed fertility and statistical discrimination against womenGRAPE
Statistical discrimination offers a compelling narrative on gender wage gaps during the early stages of the career. Expecting absences related to child-bearing and child-rearing, the employers discount productivity to adjust for the probable losses such as costs associated with finding substitutes, leaving customers, etc. If that is the case, lower and delayed fertility should imply lower discount in wages, and consequently reductions in the gender pay gap among entrants. We put this conjecture to test against the data. We provide a novel set of estimates of adjusted gender wage gaps among youth for 56 countries spanning four decades. We estimate that postponing childbirth by a year reduce the adjusted gap 2 percentage points (15%). We show that this estimate is consistent with statistical discrimination, but for some countries the estimates of AGWG imply that either statistical discrimination is not accurate or taste-based mechanisms are also at play.
This paper analyzes the effects of job displacement on fertility using Finnish longitudinal employer-employee data (FLEED) matched to birth records. We distinguish between male and female job losses. We focus on couples where one spouse has lost his/her job due to a plant closure or mass lay off and follow them for several years both before and following the job loss. As a comparison group we use similar couples that were not affected by job displacement. In order to examine the possible
channels through which job loss affects fertility we examine also the effect on earnings, employment and divorce. The results show that a woman’s own job loss decreases fertility mainly for highly educated women. For every 100 displaced females there are approximately 4 less children born. A man’s job loss has no significant impact on completed fertility.
Elizabeth Nixon, Trinity College Dublin, delivered this presentation at the launch of new Growing Up in Ireland research on 21 February 2019. The report is available to download here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/growing-up-in-ireland-the-effects-of-economic-recession-and-family-stress-on-the
Gender Equality and Work-Family Reconciliation – Balancing Market Income an...Sociology@Essex
Slides from Michael Bittman's CRESI seminar on 27 January 2011 http://cresi.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/seminar-gender-equality-and-work-family-reconciliation-balancing-market-income-and-non-market-production/
The effect of career interruptions due to parental leave is estimated based on longitudinal data set covering the years 1995–2002. The estimated model controls for hours worked. There appears to be a significant negative relation between career interruptions due to childbirth and subsequent wages for women in Finland. The effect for men is quite the opposite. The estimation results imply that human capital depreciation is indeed very appropriate when explaining the family gap.
We use administrative data on Swedish lottery players to estimate the causal impact of wealth on playersí own health and their childrenís health and developmental outcomes. Our estimation sample is large, virtually free of attrition, and allows us to control for the factors ñ such as the number of lottery tickets ñconditional on which the prizes were randomly assigned. In adults, we Önd no evidence that wealth impacts mortality or health care utilization, with the possible exception of a small reduction in the consumption of mental health drugs. Our estimates allow us to rule out e§ects on 10-year mortality one sixth as large the cross-sectional
gradient. In our intergenerational analyses, we Önd that wealth increases childrenís health care utilization in the years following the lottery and may also reduce obesity risk. The e§ects on most other child outcomes, which include drug consumption, scholastic performance, and skills, can usually be bounded to a tight interval around zero. Overall, our Öndings suggest that correlations observed in a uent, developed countries between (i) wealth and health or (ii) parental income and childrenís outcomes do not reáect a causal e§ect of wealth.
These Guidelines have been produced as part of the OECD Better Life Initiative, a pioneering project launched in 2011, with the objective to measure society’s progress across eleven domains of well-being, ranging from jobs, health and housing, through to civic engagement and the environment.
These Guidelines represent the first attempt to provide international recommendations on collecting, publishing, and analysing subjective well-being data. They provide guidance on collecting information on people's evaluations and experiences of life, as well as on collecting “eudaimonic” measures of psychological well-being. The Guidelines also outline why measures of subjective well-being are relevant for monitoring and policy making, and why national statistical agencies have a critical role to play in enhancing the usefulness of existing measures. They identify the best approaches for measuring, in a reliable and consistent way, the various dimensions of subjective well-being, and provide guidance for reporting on such measures. The Guidelines also include a number of prototype survey modules on subjective well-being that national and international agencies can use in their surveys.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Yann AlganStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Marco Mir...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Angus DeatonStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Martine D...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Martine D...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Jean-Loui...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Carrie ExtonStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Arthur StoneStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Glenn Eve...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Glenn Eve...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
Impact of the income on happiness according to the social contextClmentRieux
Most of welfare economics studies focus on the relation between utility and quantities of consumption goods. Our micro-economic approach is not common as we do not only focus on a quantitative analysis, we include the social dimension which is qualitative. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of an income increase on welfare. It focuses on the evaluation of the individual well-being : not too happy, pretty happy, very happy. This paper also shows how the welfare of a person is likely to change to an income increase depending on her social characteristics (age, gender, religion...), we focused on some of them : marital status, labor force status and education. Increasing income leads to a better life evaluation until the income reached approximately 87,000$. Throughout, in order to provide rigorous results, as the outcome is an ordered categorical variable we used an ordered logistic regression model.
Matching it up: working arrangements and job satisfactionGRAPE
We leverage the flexibility enactment theory to study empirically the link between working arrangements and job satisfaction. We provide novel insights on the match between the individual inclination to work in non-standard working arrangements and the factual conditions of employment. We thus reconcile the earlier literature, which found both positive and negative effects of non-standard employment on job satisfaction. Using data from the European Working Conditions Survey we characterize the extent of mismatch between individual inclination and factual working arrangements. We provide several novel results. First, the extent of mismatch is substantial and reallocating workers between jobs could substantially boost overall job satisfaction in European countries. Second, the mismatch more frequently plagues women and parents. Finally, we demonstrate that the extent of mismatch is heterogeneous across countries, which shows that one-size-fits-all policies are not likely to maximize the happiness of workers, whether flexibility is increased or reduced.
Workshop on well being over the life course agenda layardStatsCommunications
Workshop on Well-Being over the Life Course
Organised by the OECD, the Centre for Economic Performance of the London School of Economics and CEPREMAP Well-Being Observatory
OECD Conference Centre, Paris,
The relation between life satisfaction and unemploymentTheo Santana
The 2007–2009 recession pushed unemployment to
new highs in many industrialized countries, and a
recovery is not yet in sight. Unemployment lower
people’s life quality, and also influence their
satisfaction of life.
When social medias report and complain about the
bad economy, they are often referring to one of two
things: inflation or unemployment.
- Inflation ( increase in price level of goods and
services)
- Unemployment (is a measure of the prevalence
of unemployment individuals all individual
currently in the labor force)
These Guidelines have been produced as part of the OECD Better Life Initiative, a pioneering project launched in 2011, with the objective to measure society’s progress across eleven domains of well-being, ranging from jobs, health and housing, through to civic engagement and the environment.
These Guidelines represent the first attempt to provide international recommendations on collecting, publishing, and analysing subjective well-being data. They provide guidance on collecting information on people's evaluations and experiences of life, as well as on collecting “eudaimonic” measures of psychological well-being. The Guidelines also outline why measures of subjective well-being are relevant for monitoring and policy making, and why national statistical agencies have a critical role to play in enhancing the usefulness of existing measures. They identify the best approaches for measuring, in a reliable and consistent way, the various dimensions of subjective well-being, and provide guidance for reporting on such measures. The Guidelines also include a number of prototype survey modules on subjective well-being that national and international agencies can use in their surveys.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Yann AlganStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Marco Mir...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Angus DeatonStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Martine D...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Martine D...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Jean-Loui...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Carrie ExtonStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Arthur StoneStatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Glenn Eve...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Glenn Eve...StatsCommunications
Presentation at the HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", 30-31 October 2014, Turin, Italy, http://oe.cd/HLEG-workshop-subjective-wb-2014
Impact of the income on happiness according to the social contextClmentRieux
Most of welfare economics studies focus on the relation between utility and quantities of consumption goods. Our micro-economic approach is not common as we do not only focus on a quantitative analysis, we include the social dimension which is qualitative. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of an income increase on welfare. It focuses on the evaluation of the individual well-being : not too happy, pretty happy, very happy. This paper also shows how the welfare of a person is likely to change to an income increase depending on her social characteristics (age, gender, religion...), we focused on some of them : marital status, labor force status and education. Increasing income leads to a better life evaluation until the income reached approximately 87,000$. Throughout, in order to provide rigorous results, as the outcome is an ordered categorical variable we used an ordered logistic regression model.
Matching it up: working arrangements and job satisfactionGRAPE
We leverage the flexibility enactment theory to study empirically the link between working arrangements and job satisfaction. We provide novel insights on the match between the individual inclination to work in non-standard working arrangements and the factual conditions of employment. We thus reconcile the earlier literature, which found both positive and negative effects of non-standard employment on job satisfaction. Using data from the European Working Conditions Survey we characterize the extent of mismatch between individual inclination and factual working arrangements. We provide several novel results. First, the extent of mismatch is substantial and reallocating workers between jobs could substantially boost overall job satisfaction in European countries. Second, the mismatch more frequently plagues women and parents. Finally, we demonstrate that the extent of mismatch is heterogeneous across countries, which shows that one-size-fits-all policies are not likely to maximize the happiness of workers, whether flexibility is increased or reduced.
Workshop on well being over the life course agenda layardStatsCommunications
Workshop on Well-Being over the Life Course
Organised by the OECD, the Centre for Economic Performance of the London School of Economics and CEPREMAP Well-Being Observatory
OECD Conference Centre, Paris,
The relation between life satisfaction and unemploymentTheo Santana
The 2007–2009 recession pushed unemployment to
new highs in many industrialized countries, and a
recovery is not yet in sight. Unemployment lower
people’s life quality, and also influence their
satisfaction of life.
When social medias report and complain about the
bad economy, they are often referring to one of two
things: inflation or unemployment.
- Inflation ( increase in price level of goods and
services)
- Unemployment (is a measure of the prevalence
of unemployment individuals all individual
currently in the labor force)
Dan Jones, Director of Innovation and Change of the Centre for Ageing Better, presents at the Occupational Health Conference 2017. He looks at what makes for fulfilling work in later life and how health is such a significant factor.
Presentation from Tatsuyoshi Oba, Executive Manager of Group HR Division, Persol Holdings during the OECD WISE Centre & Persol Holdings Workshop on Advancing Employee Well-being in Business and Finance, 22 November 2023
Presentation from Amy Browne, Stewardship Lead, CCLA Investment Management, during the OECD WISE Centre & Persol Holdings Workshop on Advancing Employee Well-being in Business and Finance, 22 November 2023
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
HLEG thematic workshop on "Multidimensional Subjective Well-being", Andrew Clark
1. Subjective Well-being: Time and Context
Andrew E. Clark (Paris School of Economics - CNRS)
http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.com/clark-andrew/
OECD HLEG
Turin
October 30th 2014
2. In terms of the correlates of subjective well-being,
I would like to ask three questions.
Two of these have to do with time, and one with
place (as it were).
I think that these are fascinating research
questions in their own right.
But that it is also crucial to answer them if we are
serious about thinking of a subjective well-being
policy.
3. 1) Do we adapt to everything?
2) If the child makes the man, then what is the
point of (adult) well-being interventions?
3) Who is most affected by which well-being
policy? (i.e. going beyond one estimated mean
effect for the whole population).
4. 1) Adaptation
Adaptation to income has been proposed as one explanation
of the Easterlin Paradox. With adaptation to income we
have a well-being function of:
W = W(y, yi,t-1, ....)
We suppose that W1 > 0, as is standard, but that W2 < 0: as
past income rises, my well-being falls (past income acts
as a benchmark or deflator).
If W1 + W2 = 0, then a rise in income has no long-run effect
on well-being.
5.
6. There are a number of contributions suggesting
adaptation.
Using SOEP data, Di Tella et al. (2010) show
that complete adaptation to rising income occurs
within four years.
Wunder (2009) estimates that the improvement
in the financial situation in Germany from 1985
to 2006 was entirely mopped up by adaptation to
material well-being, which he calls
“desensitisation to the hedonic effects of
income”
7. Clark (1999) suggests that adaptation to changes in labour
income (while staying in the same job at the same
firm) in British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data
occurs within one year.
Log current monthly pay 0.086 0.486 0.042 0.038
(0.071) (0.166) (0.072) (0.072)
Log current monthly hours -0.081 -0.428 0.114 0.067
(0.215) (0.295) (0.236) (0.219)
Log monthly pay one year ago .. -0.442 .. ..
(0.163)
Log monthly hours one year a g o .. 0.523 .. ..
(0.288)
% Change in pay/100 .. .. 0.439 ..
(0.146)
% Change in hours/100 .. .. -0.518 ..
(0.285)
% Change in hourly wage/100 .. .. .. 0.450
(0.126)
8. If we believe these results, then rising income doesn’t
matter for subjective well-being in the long run (in
rich countries).
Policy implication:
“Money/possessions aren’t making us any happier: we
should spend our time concentrating on X instead”
Candidates for X:
A (good) job
Marriage/Family
Social Activities
Freedom/Democracy
Health
Religion
But what if we find adaptation here too?
9. SOEP Results: there is little adaptation to unemployment
Unemployment starts bad, and stays bad
14. These adaptation results are identical in
BHPS data (Clark and Georgellis,
2013).
And in RLMS data (Clark and
Uglanova, 2012).
With one exception in the latter
15. Marriage works in Russia
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of years before and after the event. Marriage
Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of years before and after the event. Marriage
Life satisfaction
Both for men
And for women
16. Rudolf and Kang (2013) also find that
marriage is lastingly good in Korea
(for men).
17. There is no adaptation to poverty in SOEP data
18. There is either partial (Oswald and
Powdthavee, 2008) or little (Lucas, 2007)
adaptation to disability (debate over method).
Wu (2001) considers health adaptation to an
exogenous event: heart attacks. New heart
conditions affect emotional health less for
individuals who have had such a condition in
the past.
Riis et al. (2005) uncover evidence of
adaptation to hemodialysis.
But there is a positive impact of cosmetic
surgery on subjective wellbeing, which is long-lasting
in some cases.
19. In the labour market, there is adaptation to
self-employment within three years, and to
unionization.
On the contrary, Burchell (2011) finds that
there is little adaptation to job insecurity in
BHPS data
There is adaptation to moving house in
BHPS (Nowok et al., 2013) and HILDA
(Frijters et al. 2011) data.
20. A summary table from six recent papers.
Colonne1
Anusic et al.(2014):
SHP
Clark et al. (2008):
SOEP
Clark and Georgellis
(2013): BHPS
Clark and Uglanova
(2011): RLMS
Rudolf and Kang (2014):
KLIPS
Frijters et al.
(2011): HILDA
Unemployment Partial None None None No Data F/None M
Marriage Full? Full Full None Full F/Partial M Full
Divorce/Separation Full/Over-full Full/Over-full Full Full F/None M Full
Widowhood Partial Full Full Full None F/Full M
Death of Spouse/Child None
Childbirth Full/Over-full Full/Over-full Full/Over-full Full/Over-full Full
Moved House Full
Disability Partial
Illness/Injury Partial
• The empirical results thus suggest that there is adaptation
in economic and social life, but that individuals take
longer to become used to some states than to others.
• This seems in particular to apply to negative events
(unemployment, insecurity, poverty and disability): is
there loss-aversion in adaptation?
21. I did want to say the word
“multidimensional” at some point today
Almost all of the work above has used life
satisfaction as the dependent variable.
But what do we know about adaptation in
terms of positive and negative effect?
Or in terms of eudaimonia?
22. 2) Does the Child Make the Man?
• Data from the British Cohort Study on children
born in1970. 8,868 obs.
• Aim: Explain adult life-satisfaction (0-10) at age
34: “How dissatisfied or satisfied are you about
the way your life has turned out so far?”
• We explain life-satisfaction by seven adult
outcome variables, three sets of childhood
characteristics, and family characteristics
23. 23
Economic Log income (equivalised)
Educational achievement
Employed (measured as not
unemployed)
at 34
by 34
at 34
Social Good conduct (= -no. of
crimes)
Has a partner
at 16-34
at 34
Personal Self-perceived health
Emotional health
at 26
at 26
Adult outcomes
24. • We measure emotional health and self-perceived
health at age 26 rather than at 34
• This avoids the charge that these are
synonyms of life-satisfaction rather than
predictors of it
• All of these seven adult outcomes can
depend on family background and the
childhood variables
• And so does life satisfaction itself directly24
25. • Childhood variables include variables
relating to the child and to the parents
(“family background”)
• Three main dimensions of child
development – intellectual performance,
social behaviour and emotional health.
25
26. • The BCS data provide us with
measurements on the three child variables at
5, 10 and 16.
• We also have measurements on the family at
different ages
• For simplicity we consolidate these into the
two sets of family variables
26
27. 27
Childhood variables
Age of child
Child characteristics
Intellectual performance 5, 10, 16
Good conduct 5, 10, 16
Emotional health 5, 10, 16
Family background
Economic
Father’s socio-economic group 10
Family income 10
Number of siblings 10
Father in work 0, 5, 10 average
Mother’s and father’s age on
--
leaving full-time education
Psycho-social
Mother’s emotional health 5, 10 average
Child conceived within marriage --
Both parents still together 10
28. Predictors of life-satisfaction at 34
Using adult
variables only
Using childhood
variables only Using both
Log income 5.5 5.2
Educational achievement 3.5 2.9
Employed 8.5 8.2
Good conduct 6.6 6.1
Has a partner 11.6 11.3
Self-perceived health (26) 6.8 6.5
Emotional health (26) 20.4 18.1
Intellectual performance (5 10 16) 4.5 -3.5
Good conduct (5 10 16) 8.5 5.2
Emotional health (5 10 16) 17.4 9.8
Family Economic 5.5 2.5
Family Psychosocial 3.0 2.4
Female 6.8 8.2 7.2
Observations 8,868 8,868 8,868
28
Partial correlation coefficients x100
30. • At what stage of an individual’s
development can we predict their adult
outcomes?
• The proper test of predictability is the R2s:
these appear in the following Table
30
Does the child reveal the adult?
31. 31
Predicting adult outcomes from
different ages of childhood
• Apart from education, most adult variables cannot be
well-predicted from family background.
• We predict better and better as we add later ages
• It is not the case that everything is fixed by age 5.
32. Child emotional health is the largest predictor
of adult life satisfaction.
So what affects child emotional health?
Our recent work on ALSPAC has emphasised
childhood financial difficulties, the sibship,
moving house, and parental separation (and
arguing).
32
33. Not everyone’s well-being is affected by
income, education, unemployment etc. in the
same way.
We can identify heterogeneous effects ex ante,
or let the data decide.
33
3) Was it Good for You?
34. If we let the data decide, we can use finite
mixture models. These divide the data up into
a number j of different W = βj’X regressions,
with each observation i having a probability pij
of belonging to the jth regression (with the sum
over all j’s of pij being one).
This has been applied to well-being and
income, with the marginal effect of income on
well-being is being different across classes
34
35. We can also consider quantile regression
models, where the effect of a certain variable
differs across the well-being distribution.
35
36. Or we can ex ante cut the sample by sex, age,
education and so on.
I often say that men are more comparison-sensitive
than women, for example.
And we might expect the higher-educated to
have a different well-being relationship to
income, if education raises aspirations.
36
37. The variable used to define heterogeneity in
well-being can be contextual, as in the work on
social interactions.
Unemployment has a smaller effect on
subjective well-being in high-unemployment
regions, for example.
37
38. Along these lines, we can ask why some
individuals are less affected than others by
negative life shocks.
This is the analysis of resilience.
Which brings us back to cohort analysis. Are
there specific events in childhood that make
the individual more able to bounce back from
adverse events in adulthood?
38