Ancient World and Human Civilization - It Is Written In Stone
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The document provides information on important figures and aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization from 3100 BC to 1186 BC, including kings such as Narmer, Khufu, and Rameses II; queens such as Nefertari and Tiye; architectural achievements like the Great Pyramids of Giza; religious symbols like the Ankh; and emphasizes the importance of inclusive education about African and black history.
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Ancient World and Human Civilization - It Is Written In Stone
- 1. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IT IS WRITTEN IN STONE 2015 A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACK HISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 2. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! King Narmer (r. 3100 – 3050 b.c.e) “The King Of Both Lands and Bearer Of Both Crowns.” The First of the Egyptian Pharaohs, who ruled Upper Egypt and took Lower Egypt in battle. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 3. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Imhotep (“The One Who Comes In Peace.”) High Priest, Doctor, Scribe, Vizier, and Chief Architect to the Third Dynasty Pharaoh Djoser (r. 2688 – 2668 BCE) – the First Recorded Architect known by name. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACK HISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 4. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Pharaoh Khnum-Khufwy (Khufu) 2609 BC - 2584 BC Second Pharaoh Of The Fourth Dynasty. Architect Of The Great Pyramid Of Giza . A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 5. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! The Great Pyramid Of Khufu, At Giza, Egypt Built for Pharaoh Khufu (r. 2551 -2528), Fourth Dynasty. The Largest Pyramid in the world and the only one of the famous “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World”. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 6. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Pharaoh Khefren (Khafre) 2520 - 2494 BC Son Of Pharaoh Khufu. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 7. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! King Ahmose I (r. ca. 1550–1525 B.C.) Born the third son of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefretiri, and The Second King Of Dynasty 18. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 8. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Ahmose Nefertari (1550-1525 B.C). Wife of King Ahmose I, and Queen Mother of the 18th Dynasty A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 9. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! King Amenhotep I (1525 – 1504 B.C.) Born the third son of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefretiri, and The Second King Of Dynasty 18. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 10. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Thutmose I 1504 -1492 B.C. Son of Amenhotep I Third King Of Dynasty 18 A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 11. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Queen Hatshepsut (1479-1458) Ancient Alkebulan Civilization 18th Dynasty The First Female Pharaoh A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 12. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! King Amenhotep III (1390–1352B.C.) The Ninth King of Dynasty 18, who ruled over an empire at the height of its political, economic, and cultural power. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 13. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Queen Tiye (1353–1336 B.C.) Wife Of Amenhotep III and Mother of Akhenaten Political Leader during the Armana Period 18th Dynasty. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 14. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Pharaoh Ahknaten (1353-1336 B.C.) Ancient Alkebulan Pharaoh Armana Period, 18th Dynasty During his reign, one of his major contributions was overthrowing polytheism in favor of One Single God. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 15. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Tutankhamun (1336 BC - 1327 BC) Known as King Tut, and 18th Dynasty Pharaoh who inherited the throne at a young age. His reign was short-lived however he remains one of Egypt’s grandest icons. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACK HISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 16. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! King Rameses II (1295–1186 B.C.) Son of Seti I, and Third Ruler of the 19th Dynasty. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 17. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Queen Nefertari (1290 – 1254 B.C.) Wife of King Rameses II, and the Second Queen to be deified while she was still alive. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 18. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics MDU NTR is the language spoken and written by African people of the Nile Valley Culture. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 19. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Ma’at The Personification Of The Fundamental Order Of The Universe, Without Which All Of Creation Would Perish. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 20. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! Egyptian Goddess Nut The Egyptian Goddess Of The Sky , the Mother of the Gods and All The Thing Living. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACK HISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 21. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! The Ankh The Ancient Ankh Symbol of Life. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
- 22. ON THIS DAY IN TCXPI HISTORY WE MUST NEVERFORGET! The Ancient Scarab Also known as the dung beetle, is associated with the Egyptian God Kephri, who pushed the sun across the sky. The scarab became and ancient symbol for rebirth, the ability to be reborn. A LIFETIME JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION THAT IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL AFRICAN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ANDBLACKHISTORY, NOT JUST PART OF IT.
Editor's Notes
- http://www.landofpyramids.org/nut.htm
- Horus Narmer is usually considered the first king of the 1st Dynasty, perhaps even the first to have ruled over the whole of Egypt, or as the last king of the Predynastic Period. He is one of the first Egyptian kings to have left some historical records. Very little is known about the king we call Horus Narmer. Even the reading and meaning of his name are not certain. What we do know is that his name has been found throughout Egypt, which is sometimes interpreted that Narmer was the first king to have ruled over he whole of Egypt. http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/early-dynastic-period/1st-dynasty/horus-narmer/biography-of-horus-narmer.html Narmer was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period. He is thought to be the successor to the pharaohs Scorpion and/or Ka, and he is considered by some to be the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and therefore the first pharaoh of unified Egypt. http://rainbowjam.weebly.com/king-narmer.html http://www.nndb.com/people/540/000163051/ http://www.stewartsynopsis.com/black_egyptians_are_the_original.htm
- http://www.norfolkblackhistorymonth.org.uk/history/people/imhotep.html
- Also known by his Greek name, Cheops, the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, famous for building the Great Pyramid at Giza. Khufu's full name was Khnum-Khufwy, which means '[the god] Khnum protect me'. He was the son of Sneferu and Queen Hetepheres I, and is believed to have had three wives. He is famous for building the Great Pyramid at Giza, one of the seven wonders of the world, but apart from this, we know very little about him. His only surviving statue is, ironically, the smallest piece of Egyptian royal sculpture ever discovered: a 7.5 cm (3 inch) high ivory statue found at Abydos. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khufu.shtml
- The largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, covers an amazing 13 acres and originally stood 488 feet (149m) high. Due to wear and theft of the beautiful limestones used as the outer walls, the structure now stands only 455 feet (138m) high. Around 1,300,000 bricks were used, but not bricks like we think of today. The ‘little’ cut limestone pieces weigh 5,500 pounds each and the larger ones weigh 33,000 pounds! It's 756 feet long on each side, 450 feet high and is composed of 2,300,000 blocks of stone, each averaging 2 1/2 tons in weight. Despite the makers' limited surveying tools, no side is more than 8 inches different in length than another, and the whole structure is perfectly oriented to the points of the compass. Even in the 19th century, it was the tallest building in the world and, at the age of 4,500 years, it is the only one of the famous "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World" that still stands. Even today it remains the most massive building on Earth. It is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza, Egypt http://www.unmuseum.org/kpyramid.htm http://www.andrewgough.co.uk/khufu.html
- Dynasty 4, ca. 2575–2465 B.C. Egyptian Pharaoh Khefren (Khafre) Khafre was the son of king Khufu and queen Henutsen, and followed his elder half-brother as pharaoh. He was married with his (half?) sister with whom he had the son, Menkaure, the king to be. At least six more off springs of his are known by name.It's not known why he succeeded by his half-brother on the throne, but it is possible that none of his former king's sons had survived and that Khafre thus was the oldest surviving male descendant of their father Khufu. He built his pyramid at Giza a bit south of his father's great monument and in a loftier position making it look bigger, but it's a bit smaller in all directions. The humble name it was given was "The Great Pyramid" (hieroglyphs in picture left). http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/3egypt/index.htm
- New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of Ahmose I (ca. 1550–1525 B.C.) Egyptian Ahmose I (sometimes written Amosis I, "Amenes" and "Aahmes" and meaning Born of the Moon) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. He was a member of the Theban royal house, the son of pharaoh Tao II Seqenenre and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty, KingKamose. During the reign of his father or grandfather, Thebes rebelled against theHyksos, the rulers of Lower Egypt. When he was seven his father was killed,[5] and he was about ten when his brother died of unknown causes, after reigning only three years. Ahmose I assumed the throne after the death of his brother,[6] and upon coronation became known as Neb-Pehty-Re (The Lord of Strength is Re). http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2006.270
- Ahmose-Nefertari of Ancient Egypt was a Queen of Egypt. She was a daughter of Seqenenre Tao II and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and the great royal wife of pharaoh, Ahmose I. She was the mother of king Amenhotep I and may have served as his regent when he was young. Ahmose-Nefertari was deified after her death. One of these women was Queen Ahmose Nefertari, who was known as the mother of the 18th dynasty. She lived between 1550-1525 BC and was the daughter of Pharaoh Sequenenre Tao II and Queen Ahhotep I. Her father Sequenenre Tao II was probably killed in battle as his mummy has evidence of severe head wounds. Sequenenre Tao II and Queen Ahhotep I also had two sons who both became Pharaohs, Kamose and Ahmose I. Ahhotep I assumed the Regency on the death of Kamose as Ahmose I was still too young to rule alone. She was celebrated as a warrior as is shown by the golden flies of honour found in her tomb, and helped Kamose and then Ahmose to finally drive the Hyksos out of Egypt. Ahmose Nefertari married her brother Ahmose I, as was customary in the Egyptian Royal Family at that time. http://cmhypno.hubpages.com/hub/Queen-Ahmose-Nefertari-Mother-of-the-Eighteenth-Dynasty-of-Ancient-Egypt
- New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep I, ca. 1525–1504B.C. Amenhotep I, second king of Dynasty 18, consolidated the conquests of his father in Nubia and the Near East and built numerous monuments throughout Egypt. At Thebes, he founded the Workmen's Village of Deir el-Medina, where the artisans who built and decorated the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings lived. In later times, he was deified and became the local god of this area along with his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari. He was the first king to separate his mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri from his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/26.3.30a http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7719949
- New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of Thutmose I, ca. 1504–1492 B.C.EgyptianThutmose I, third king of Dynasty 18, was not the son of Amenhotep I, his predecessor. He was, however, closely allied or related to Ahmose-Nefertari, the mother of Amenhotep I, and was responsible for her tomb and burial. At the Temple of Amun at Karnak, he enlarged the Middle Kingdom temple with two pylons, a hypostyle hall, two obelisks, and an enclosure wall. He was greatly revered by his daughter Hatshepsut, who based her legitimacy on the throne on his supposed appointment of her as king. Hatshepsut built a chapel in his honor in her own mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/30.4.137
- New Kingdom ca. 1550–1070 B.C. Dynasty 18, ca. 1550–1295 B.C. Queen Hatshepsut was born in the 18th Dynasty or New Kingdom. She ruled between 1479-1458/57. She ruled in a time when women were allowed to own property and to hold official positions. They were given rights to inherit from deceased family members and were allowed to present their cases in court. Women of the 18th Dynasty had more freedom then other ancient cultures such as Greece where women were expected to stay home. http://www.perankhgroup.com/famous_egyptians.htm
- Amenhotep III, New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III, ca. 1390–1352B.C. Amenhotep III, ninth king of Dynasty 18, was heir to the expansionist policies of his predecessors and ruled over an empire at the height of its political, economic, and cultural power. It was also an empire at peace, relying on diplomatic exchanges to ensure the stability and revenues of Egypt. During his long reign, Amenhotep III transformed the religious landscape at Thebes, building a great temple to Amun-Re at Luxor and making major additions to the Temple of Karnak. On the west bank at Thebes, he built an enormous palace complex with an artificial lake at Malqata, where he celebrated three sedor jubilee festivals. His mortuary temple was one of the largest ever built, but little remains today except the famous Colossi of Memnon, actually a pair of colossal statues of Amenhotep III that stood before its pylon. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/56.138
- New Kingdom, Amarna Period, Dynasty 18, reign of Akhenaten, ca. 1353–1336B.C. Queen Tiye of the Armana Period during the 18th Dynasty. Tiye’s son Akhenaton came into power and it was during his rule that Queen Tiye took action that has most decisively marked history. Up until then Egyptians, like many others, were polytheists, they saw the world around them as governed by several gods. But suddenly, under Queen Tiye’s influence, the Pharaoh proclaimed for the first time in human history, a single God-Aton. This reform may have inspired Moses to establish the monotheism that has since spread all over the globe. So today when people pray to God in a church, mosque or synagogue, they may be, in some way, under the invisible influence of Queen Tiye. http://www.heptune.com/Akhnaten.html#Akhenaten of Amarna
- New Kingdom, Amarna Period, Dynasty 18, reign of Akhenaten, ca. 1353–1336 B.C. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/amarnaperiod.htm http://www.heptune.com/Akhnaten.html#Akhenaten of Amarna Akhenaten the Heretic Pharaoh. http://www.kingtutone.com/akhenaten/
- Tutankhamun, the 11th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Ancient Egypt, was unremarkable, is famous due to the discovery of his completely intact tomb by the British archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922. The discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy revealed that he was about 17 when he died and was likely to have inherited the throne at the age of eight or nine. He is thought to have been the son of Akhenaten, commonly known as the 'heretic king'. Akhenaten replaced the traditional cult of 'Amun' with his solar deity 'Aten', thus asserting his authority as pharaoh in a new way. According to the most important document of Tutankhamun's reign, the Restoration Stele, his father's supposed reforms left the country in a bad state. Consequently the traditional gods, seeing their temples in ruins and their cults abolished, had abandoned Egypt to chaos. When Tutankhamun came to the throne, his administration restored the old religion and moved the capital from Akhetaten back to its traditional home at Memphis. He changed his name from Tutankhaten - 'living image of Aten [the sun god]' - to Tutankhamun, in honour of Amun. His queen, Ankhesenpaaten, the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, also changed the name on her throne to read Ankhesenamun. http://www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tutankhamun.shtml Click for Offical Site King Tut The Boy Pharaoh Tutankhamun, or better known as King Tut, is an 18th dynasty pharaoh who inherited the throne at a young age. His reign was short-lived and upon his death he quickly faded into the sands of Egypt. Once forgotten, King Tut now remains one of Egypt’s grandest icons. He continues to hold the world’s fascination and yet he still continues to puzzle the world's leading experts.Tutank
- Dynasty 19, ca. 1295–1186 B.C. Rameses II (right 19th dynasty), son of Seti I, was around thirty years old when he became king of Egypt – and then reigned for 67 years. He had many wives, among them some of his own near relatives, and was the father of about 111 sons and 51 daughters. King Ramses the Second took the throne of Egypt in his early twenties (around 1279 BC) and ruled for 66 years until his death (1213 BC). He was the third ruler of the 19th Dynasty and ruled for an amazing 67 years, the second longest reign of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs. He is known as Ramses the Great for his contributions to Egypt, including his war campaigns to the Mediterranean and into Nubia, as well as his construction projects, such as cities, temples and tombs. http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ramses-II.html
- Nefertari is the most famous Queen of the time of Ramesses II. She is mentioned throughout the country but she seems to have played a particularly important role in Upper Egypt. She is well attested in Thebes (Karnak, Luxor and the West Bank) and in Abu Simbel.It is not known who Nefertari's parents were, but the fact that she never claims the title King's Daughter, but does use the title iryt-pat implies that she must have been a daughter of a noble. She must have married Ramesses II before he even came to the throne. Nefertari was the only Egyptian queen, besides queen Tiy, who was deified while she was still alive. Nefertari, the Great Wife of Ramesses II whom we today call Ramesses the Great, was granted one of the most spectacular tombs in the Valley of the Queens. Her mummy and most of the treasures buried with her were destroyed by tomb robbers, but much of the wall painting has survived. http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/nefertari.htm
- http://www.kemetaphysics.org/Message.pdf
- Maat was the personification of the fundamental order of the universe, without which all of creation would perish. The primary duty of the pharaoh was to uphold this order by maintaining the law and administering justice. To reflect this, many pharaohs took the title "Beloved of Maat," emphasizing their focus on justice and truth. Goddess Of Truth, Balance, and Right Order At any event in which something would be judged, Maat was said to be present, and her name would be invoked so that the judge involved would rule correctly and impartially. In the underworld, the heart of the deceased was weighed by Anubis against Maat's feather. If the heart was heavy with wicked deeds, it would outweigh the feather, and the soul would be fed to Ammit. But if the scales were balanced, indicating that the deceased was a just and honorable person in life, he would be welcomed by Osiris into the Blessed Land. Maat's presence in all worlds was universal, and all the gods deferred to her.
- http://www.landofpyramids.org/nut.htm
- The Ankh was, for the ancient Egyptians, the symbol (the actual Hieroglyphic sign) of life but it is an enduring icon that remains with us even today as a Christian cross. It is one of the most potent symbols represented in Egyptian art, often forming a part of decorative motifs. http://www.happehtheory.com/2013/07/13/the-secret-of-the-ankh-incomplete/
- Dynasty 12 (ca. 1981–1802 B.C.)EgyptianScarabs are associated with the Egyptian god, Khepri. It was Khepri that pushed the sun across the sky. The scarab beetle became an ancient Egyptian symbol for rebirth, the ability to be reborn. Each day the sun disappeared, always to rise again and be reborn the following day. The god Khepri, which literally means "He who is Coming into Being", was a creator god and a solar deity. He was represented as a scarab or dung beetle, or as a man with a beetle head. The scarab beetle was observed to roll it's eggs in a ball of dung along the ground, and the ball was identified with the sun. The baby beetles were seen to emerge from the primeval mound and so dung beetles were thought capable of spontaneous creation. Viewed as attributes of nature. http://www.egyptian-scarabs.co.uk/