In this course we have covered the complete history of ancient India in a very comprehensive way. The language used is very clear and understandable. इस पाठ्यक्रम में हमने प्राचीन भारत के संपूर्ण इतिहास को बहुत व्यापक तरीके से कवर किया है। उपयोग की जाने वाली भाषा बहुत स्पष्ट और समझने योग्य है।
COPY-PASTE below URL to ENROLL in the COMPLETE course for comprehensive explanation.
https://www.udemy.com/course/ancientindia
The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. It was a large, well-organized urban society that had widespread trade networks. The civilization included over 1,000 cities and settlements, some as large as 40,000 people. It had advanced sanitation systems, including covered sewers. Writing systems and uniform weights and measures showed a sophisticated culture. The civilization unexpectedly declined around 1300 BCE possibly due to climate change and flooding, though the exact cause is unknown.
This document provides information on several sites of the Harappan civilization, including Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Lothal, and Chanhudaro. It describes the key features of Mohenjo-Daro such as its planned city layout with wide main streets and smaller alleys, and courtyard houses opening onto a central courtyard. It also discusses the dockyard and warehouse structures at Lothal that indicate its importance as a trade hub, and Chanhudaro's craft industries including bead making and metalworking. The artistic achievements of the Harappans are highlighted through sculptures like the "Priest King" and "Dancing Girl".
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
The document discusses four important centers of ancient education in India:
1. Nalanda University was a renowned Buddhist center of learning from the 5th to 12th century CE with entrance exams, renowned teachers and library. It declined after an invasion in 1193 CE.
2. Vikramashila University was also an important Buddhist center from 8th to 12th century CE that declined after the same 1193 CE invasion.
3. Taxila University was a famous center that attracted scholars from across India, especially in fields like medicine.
4. Kashi (Varanasi) was mentioned as an important center as early as the 6th century BCE and developed further as a center of philosophy after the epic period
The Vedic period in India lasted from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE. During this time, the Aryans migrated to India from Central Asia and established Vedic civilization. They developed the Vedic culture and scriptures known as the Vedas - the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda. Vedic society was divided into four classes known as varnas. The Aryans were primarily pastoral people but also practiced agriculture. Their social and economic lives were centered around cattle rearing and seasonal crop farming.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization, including its sources, origin and extent, urban planning, trade, and arts and crafts. Some key points:
- The civilization developed on the Indus River valley and two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeological remains provide information about the civilization.
- It had an extensive territory covering parts of modern India and Pakistan and advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems.
- The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks reaching Mesopotamia and other regions. Metallurgy and crafts like pottery were highly developed.
- The decline of the civilization around 1900 BCE
This document discusses the concept and components of family in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It defines family as social groups originating through marriage and blood relations that consist of a husband, wife, and children. The family binds its members through legal, economic, religious, and social ties as well as duties and privileges. It also discusses 12 different types of sons recognized in ancient India, including biological sons, adopted sons, stepsons, and others. Primary duties of the family included legalizing sexual desires, childbirth and care, equal property rights, and work distribution.
The document discusses the Vedic period and religion in India. It provides an overview of Vedic literature and classification. It describes the major Vedic gods including Agni, Soma, Indra, Rudra, Varuna, Vishnu, and Surya. It discusses their nature, forms, and importance in Vedic religion. It also examines theories about the Aryan invasion and the relationship between the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic period based on archaeological evidence.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. It was a large, well-organized urban society that had widespread trade networks. The civilization included over 1,000 cities and settlements, some as large as 40,000 people. It had advanced sanitation systems, including covered sewers. Writing systems and uniform weights and measures showed a sophisticated culture. The civilization unexpectedly declined around 1300 BCE possibly due to climate change and flooding, though the exact cause is unknown.
This document provides information on several sites of the Harappan civilization, including Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Lothal, and Chanhudaro. It describes the key features of Mohenjo-Daro such as its planned city layout with wide main streets and smaller alleys, and courtyard houses opening onto a central courtyard. It also discusses the dockyard and warehouse structures at Lothal that indicate its importance as a trade hub, and Chanhudaro's craft industries including bead making and metalworking. The artistic achievements of the Harappans are highlighted through sculptures like the "Priest King" and "Dancing Girl".
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
The document discusses four important centers of ancient education in India:
1. Nalanda University was a renowned Buddhist center of learning from the 5th to 12th century CE with entrance exams, renowned teachers and library. It declined after an invasion in 1193 CE.
2. Vikramashila University was also an important Buddhist center from 8th to 12th century CE that declined after the same 1193 CE invasion.
3. Taxila University was a famous center that attracted scholars from across India, especially in fields like medicine.
4. Kashi (Varanasi) was mentioned as an important center as early as the 6th century BCE and developed further as a center of philosophy after the epic period
The Vedic period in India lasted from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE. During this time, the Aryans migrated to India from Central Asia and established Vedic civilization. They developed the Vedic culture and scriptures known as the Vedas - the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda. Vedic society was divided into four classes known as varnas. The Aryans were primarily pastoral people but also practiced agriculture. Their social and economic lives were centered around cattle rearing and seasonal crop farming.
The document provides an overview of the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization, including its sources, origin and extent, urban planning, trade, and arts and crafts. Some key points:
- The civilization developed on the Indus River valley and two major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeological remains provide information about the civilization.
- It had an extensive territory covering parts of modern India and Pakistan and advanced urban planning with standardized brick architecture and drainage systems.
- The civilization engaged in extensive trade networks reaching Mesopotamia and other regions. Metallurgy and crafts like pottery were highly developed.
- The decline of the civilization around 1900 BCE
This document discusses the concept and components of family in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It defines family as social groups originating through marriage and blood relations that consist of a husband, wife, and children. The family binds its members through legal, economic, religious, and social ties as well as duties and privileges. It also discusses 12 different types of sons recognized in ancient India, including biological sons, adopted sons, stepsons, and others. Primary duties of the family included legalizing sexual desires, childbirth and care, equal property rights, and work distribution.
The document discusses the Vedic period and religion in India. It provides an overview of Vedic literature and classification. It describes the major Vedic gods including Agni, Soma, Indra, Rudra, Varuna, Vishnu, and Surya. It discusses their nature, forms, and importance in Vedic religion. It also examines theories about the Aryan invasion and the relationship between the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic period based on archaeological evidence.
The Later Vedic period saw many changes, including changes in the status of gods and more complex ritual performances. Specialized priestly classes emerged and new concepts like the Upanishads developed. Sacrifices, or yajnas, were performed for various purposes like invoking gods, gaining victory in battle, or acquiring cattle. The five major yajnas were performed as cultural duties. Yajnas had spiritual, religious, and scientific meanings and involved elements like gods, offerings, mantras, and priests. Archaeological evidence has shown the continuity of Vedic yajna traditions through structures like fire altars. The Upanishads emerged and focused philosophical inquiry inward, moving from polytheism to monotheism to the concept of non-
The document provides information about the Vedic civilization that flourished in India from 1500 BCE to 600 BCE. It discusses the origins of the Aryans, sources of information about the period, and details about political organization, social life, religion, and economy during the Early and Later Vedic periods. The Aryans likely migrated to India from Central Asia around 1500 BCE and settled along the Indus River valley. The Vedic literature like the Vedas and Upanishads provide most of the historical information about religious beliefs and practices. Society was divided into four classes or varnas based on occupations. Kings held significant power and administration became more complex over time as kingdoms expanded in northern India.
This document discusses the developments in South Asia between 600 BCE to 600 CE. It mentions the emergence of agricultural settlements, pastoral settlements, and megalithic burials across northern India, the Deccan plateau, and parts of South India. Sixteen major kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas emerged in northern India, with Magadha being the most prominent. In the south, chiefdoms like the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas arose. The Mauryan Empire was the first imperial power and was administered through five major centers. New notions of
The Ganpatya cult originated as a sect that worshipped Ganapati as the supreme being. Over time, Ganapati transitioned from a malevolent deity to a benevolent one as his cult grew in popularity in South India. The cult reached its peak in the 10th century CE. Key beliefs included extolling Ganapati as the creator, sustainer, and destroyer and as a patron of wisdom. Sacred texts like the Ganesh Purana outlined rituals like offering sweets. Ganapati's concept evolved from being associated with Rudra to being seen as the remover of obstacles. His worship spread historically and various sub-sects arose with differences in worship styles and the forms of Ganapati
The document discusses the four stages (ashramas) of life in Hinduism - Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sannyasa.
[1] Brahmacharya refers to the student stage typically until age 25 where one lives with a guru and focuses on education, self-discipline, and acquiring knowledge of scriptures.
[2] Grihastha is the householder stage from 25-49 where one is married, raises a family, works to support the family, and leads a virtuous social life which is most important for continuing society.
[3] Vanaprastha from 49-74 is a retirement transition stage where one hands
The Indus valley civilization was a large, ancient civilization located in south Asia along the Indus river valley. At its peak, it may have had over 5 million inhabitants and spanned over 1.26 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. The Indus civilization developed advanced techniques in crafts and metallurgy and was known for its large, well-planned cities built with standardized bricks and effective drainage systems.
The document provides an overview of marriage in Hindu traditions, including its meaning, aims, types, sources, and customs surrounding selection of bride and groom. It discusses key texts that discuss marriage like the Manusmriti. There are 8 types of marriages described - Brahma, Daiva, Arsa, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Raksasa, Paisaca. The aims of marriage are described as dharma, praja, and rati. Qualities like good family, character, learning are important in selecting a bride and groom.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Vedic literature including:
- The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva) and their components like Samhitas and Upanishads.
- The Vedangas or auxiliary sciences that support the study and recitation of the Vedas like phonetics, prosody, etymology, grammar, astronomy and rituals.
- The Upavedas or supplementary sciences like archery, music, fine arts, medicine, governance and construction.
- Darshana Shastras or schools of philosophy like Mimamsa, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga and V
This document provides information on the history and antiquity of Jainism from various sources such as literature, archaeological findings, and references in ancient texts. It discusses topics like the earliest Tirthankars that likely lived thousands of years ago according to Jain texts, references to Jain concepts in Vedic scriptures, archaeological evidence from Harappa and Mohenjodaro dating to 5000 BC, and the spread and later adoption of practices from Hinduism after periods of decline without royal patronage. It also lists the names of prominent Acharyas after Mahavira.
Sangya Introduction for beginners. Learn Sangya in hindi, संज्ञा की परिभाषा सरल शब्दोंं में एवंं संज्ञा के भेद , Learn Hindi Grammar, Basic Hindi grammar, हिन्दी सीखिए, चित्रों के साथ संज्ञा का सरल परिचय,
Buddhism spread during the life of Lord Buddha through his teachings to common people and rulers. After his death, it continued spreading through royal patronage, traders, scholars and councils. Buddhist art, architecture and inscriptions from the Mauryan, Shunga, Kushana, Pala, Vardhan, Gupta, Vakataka and Rashtrakuta dynasties evidence its growth in India and abroad, such as China.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
The Later Vedic period saw many changes, including changes in the status of gods and more complex ritual performances. Specialized priestly classes emerged and new concepts like the Upanishads developed. Sacrifices, or yajnas, were performed for various purposes like invoking gods, gaining victory in battle, or acquiring cattle. The five major yajnas were performed as cultural duties. Yajnas had spiritual, religious, and scientific meanings and involved elements like gods, offerings, mantras, and priests. Archaeological evidence has shown the continuity of Vedic yajna traditions through structures like fire altars. The Upanishads emerged and focused philosophical inquiry inward, moving from polytheism to monotheism to the concept of non-
The document provides information about the Vedic civilization that flourished in India from 1500 BCE to 600 BCE. It discusses the origins of the Aryans, sources of information about the period, and details about political organization, social life, religion, and economy during the Early and Later Vedic periods. The Aryans likely migrated to India from Central Asia around 1500 BCE and settled along the Indus River valley. The Vedic literature like the Vedas and Upanishads provide most of the historical information about religious beliefs and practices. Society was divided into four classes or varnas based on occupations. Kings held significant power and administration became more complex over time as kingdoms expanded in northern India.
This document discusses the developments in South Asia between 600 BCE to 600 CE. It mentions the emergence of agricultural settlements, pastoral settlements, and megalithic burials across northern India, the Deccan plateau, and parts of South India. Sixteen major kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas emerged in northern India, with Magadha being the most prominent. In the south, chiefdoms like the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas arose. The Mauryan Empire was the first imperial power and was administered through five major centers. New notions of
The Ganpatya cult originated as a sect that worshipped Ganapati as the supreme being. Over time, Ganapati transitioned from a malevolent deity to a benevolent one as his cult grew in popularity in South India. The cult reached its peak in the 10th century CE. Key beliefs included extolling Ganapati as the creator, sustainer, and destroyer and as a patron of wisdom. Sacred texts like the Ganesh Purana outlined rituals like offering sweets. Ganapati's concept evolved from being associated with Rudra to being seen as the remover of obstacles. His worship spread historically and various sub-sects arose with differences in worship styles and the forms of Ganapati
The document discusses the four stages (ashramas) of life in Hinduism - Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sannyasa.
[1] Brahmacharya refers to the student stage typically until age 25 where one lives with a guru and focuses on education, self-discipline, and acquiring knowledge of scriptures.
[2] Grihastha is the householder stage from 25-49 where one is married, raises a family, works to support the family, and leads a virtuous social life which is most important for continuing society.
[3] Vanaprastha from 49-74 is a retirement transition stage where one hands
The Indus valley civilization was a large, ancient civilization located in south Asia along the Indus river valley. At its peak, it may have had over 5 million inhabitants and spanned over 1.26 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest ancient civilizations. The Indus civilization developed advanced techniques in crafts and metallurgy and was known for its large, well-planned cities built with standardized bricks and effective drainage systems.
The document provides an overview of marriage in Hindu traditions, including its meaning, aims, types, sources, and customs surrounding selection of bride and groom. It discusses key texts that discuss marriage like the Manusmriti. There are 8 types of marriages described - Brahma, Daiva, Arsa, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Raksasa, Paisaca. The aims of marriage are described as dharma, praja, and rati. Qualities like good family, character, learning are important in selecting a bride and groom.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Vedic literature including:
- The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva) and their components like Samhitas and Upanishads.
- The Vedangas or auxiliary sciences that support the study and recitation of the Vedas like phonetics, prosody, etymology, grammar, astronomy and rituals.
- The Upavedas or supplementary sciences like archery, music, fine arts, medicine, governance and construction.
- Darshana Shastras or schools of philosophy like Mimamsa, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga and V
This document provides information on the history and antiquity of Jainism from various sources such as literature, archaeological findings, and references in ancient texts. It discusses topics like the earliest Tirthankars that likely lived thousands of years ago according to Jain texts, references to Jain concepts in Vedic scriptures, archaeological evidence from Harappa and Mohenjodaro dating to 5000 BC, and the spread and later adoption of practices from Hinduism after periods of decline without royal patronage. It also lists the names of prominent Acharyas after Mahavira.
Sangya Introduction for beginners. Learn Sangya in hindi, संज्ञा की परिभाषा सरल शब्दोंं में एवंं संज्ञा के भेद , Learn Hindi Grammar, Basic Hindi grammar, हिन्दी सीखिए, चित्रों के साथ संज्ञा का सरल परिचय,
Buddhism spread during the life of Lord Buddha through his teachings to common people and rulers. After his death, it continued spreading through royal patronage, traders, scholars and councils. Buddhist art, architecture and inscriptions from the Mauryan, Shunga, Kushana, Pala, Vardhan, Gupta, Vakataka and Rashtrakuta dynasties evidence its growth in India and abroad, such as China.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations that flourished between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were centers of this advanced civilization, which engaged in extensive trade, used wheeled vehicles and sea-faring craft, and developed a sophisticated system of weights, measures, and an as yet undeciphered writing system. The Indus Valley people practiced agriculture and domesticated crops like wheat and barley. Remains also provide evidence of well-developed arts and crafts.
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता को तीन नामों से जाना जाता है
1. सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
2. सिंध सभ्यता
3. हड़प्पा सभ्यता
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का कालखंड
इस सभ्यता का कालखंड 2600 ईसा पूर्व से 1900 ईसा पूर्व माना जाता है
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का नामकरण
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता को तीन नामों से जाना जाता है
1. सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
इस सभ्यता का नाम सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता होने का कारण इस सभ्यता का सिंधु नदी घाटी में विकसित होना था
2. सिंध सभ्यता
इस सभ्यता का एक नाम सिंध सभ्यता होने का कारण इस सभ्यता के सिंध क्षेत्र में अवस्थित होना था
3. हड़प्पा सभ्यता
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का सर्वप्रथम पुरातात्विक प्रमाण हड़प्पा नामक स्थल से मिलने के कारण ही सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता को हड़प्पा सभ्यता भी कहा जाता हैं
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की खोज
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की खोज 1921 में रायबहादुर दयाराम साहनी ने की थी, उस समय भारतीय पुरातात्विक सर्वेक्षण के डायरेक्टर जनरल जॉन मार्शल थे, जॉन मार्शल ने ही 1924 में सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की खोज की घोषणा की
pdf downlaod:
https://shorturl.at/hAIK9
Bhubaneswar Known as
the “Temple City”,founded during the Kalinga empire over 3,000 years ago, Bhubaneswar
today boasts of a cluster of magnificent temples, which once boasted of more than 2000
temples. still preserves over 500 of India's finest temples.
If time permits visit Lingaraj Temple Constructed in 650 A.D. this temple is a unique
specimen of Oriyan style of architecture. The most special feature of this temple is the
presence of one thousand lingas in the north-west corner of the complex.. Dedicated to Lord
Shiva as the name suggests, the temple was built sometime in the 7th century by the King
Jajati Keshari. The Lingraj Temple houses a Shivalingam that rises to a massive height of 8
inches above the floor level and is about 8 feet in diameter as well. Lingaraj Temple is a
spectacular specimen of Orissa style of temples with a hint of Kalinga style of architecture,
covering a vast area of 2,50,000 sq ft., stand tall 180 ft.As many as 150 smaller shrines dot
the temple complex. Non Hindus are not allowed inside the temple.
sThen visit Rajarani temple
A popular 11th-century the Raja Rani Temple is locally known as the 'love temple' because
it contains some sensuous carvings of women and couples. No images can be found inside
the sanctum, and hence the temple is not associated with any particular sect of Hinduism.
This is perhaps exactly where the charm of the temple comes from: the temple belongs to
no specific sect and is open to all people irrespective of the deity that they worship and
admire. However, the figures of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati carved on the walls
strongly indicate that the temple has certain associations with Shaivism.
Brahmeshwar Temple was built during 11th century A.D in honor of the presiding deity
Brahmeshwar, who is a form of Lord Shiva. The 60-feet tall temple was the first to exhibit
iron beams in construction and splendid iconography of dancers and musicians on the walls.
The porch features carved ceiling with lotus, while the walls have motifs of lion head in
abundance.
Mukteshwar Temple is one of the most compact and smallest temples in Bhubaneswar,
but is renowned for its imposing ceiling that is adorned with eight-petal lotus in the porch,
and astounding stone archway. It was for the first time that carved images appeared in
temple architecture, exhibiting beautiful lion-head motifs. “Mukteshwar” means “Lord who
gives freedom through Yoga.”
Parshurameswar temple The small but luxuriantly designed temple was built during
7th century and is one of the oldest in Bhubaneswar. The temple exhibits marvelous
architectural artwork.
Afte lunch visit khandagiri and Udaygiri caves and explore the age-old caves of
Khandagiri and Udaygiri, carved by jain Monks in the 1st century BC, and were usssed as
dwellings aaand meditation quarters, were built under King Khaarvela of the
Mahameghavahan dynasty.
आइये धानुक समाज के ऐतिहासिक पक्ष को समझने की कोशिश करते है
हो सकता है आपको कुछ बातो पर एतराज हो लेकिन जबतक आप यह नहीं बताएँगे की किन बातो पर एतराज है और क्यों आप इसके पीछे क्या तर्क देते है तबतक एक समाज की परिकल्पना संभव नहीं है #DhanukSamaj #Dhanuk #धानुकसमाज #धानुक #DhanukSamaj #YouTubeLive
In this course we have covered the complete history of ancient India in a very comprehensive way. The language used is very clear and understandable. इस पाठ्यक्रम में हमने प्राचीन भारत के संपूर्ण इतिहास को बहुत व्यापक तरीके से कवर किया है। उपयोग की जाने वाली भाषा बहुत स्पष्ट और समझने योग्य है।
COPY-PASTE below URL to ENROLL in the COMPLETE course & learn more in detail.
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This document provides an overview of heat and mass transfer. It defines heat and mass transfer as dealing with the rate of transfer of thermal energy and discusses the three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It also outlines some key topics that will be covered, including Fourier's law of conduction, Newton's law of cooling, Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiation, thermal conductivity, heat transfer in gases, and heat exchangers. Equations for one-dimensional and radial conduction are presented.
"Manufacturing Engineering is a branch of professional engineering which involves numerous concepts,subjects and processes. Metal forming being one of the most eminent".
COPY - PASTE the URL below to ENROLL in the COMPLETE course & see the hidden contents with proper explanations.
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"Manufacturing Engineering is a branch of professional engineering which involves numerous concepts,subjects and processes. Metal casting being one of the most eminent".
Copy-Paste the below URL to ENROLL in the complete COURSE and see the missing contents.
https://www.udemy.com/course/manufacturing-engineering-casting
The document provides information about workshop technology and machine shop theory. It discusses various topics like metal cutting, lathe machine, drilling machine, shaper, planer, slotter machine, and milling machine. For lathe machine, it describes the types of lathe, construction of lathe, accessories and attachments used in lathe like lathe centers, lathe dog, chuck, faceplate, angle plate, and mandrels. It also provides details about metal cutting processes, types of chips, cutting tools, and use of coolants in metal cutting.
Production planning and control refers to two strategies that work cohesively throughout the manufacturing process. Production planning involves what to produce, when to produce it, how much to produce, and more. A long-term view of production planning is necessary to fully optimize the production flow.
Production control uses different control techniques to reach optimum performance from the production system to achieve throughput targets.
Click below to ENROLL in the course OR Copy paste the URL below.
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2. SN UNIT/Section - अनुभाग
1. Introduction - प्रस्तावना
2. Prehistoric Period / प्रागैततहाससक काल
3. Indus Valley Civilization/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
4. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग
5. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
6. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / र्हाजनपिों का उिय
7. The Maurya dynasty / र्ौयम विंश
8. Pre-Gupta period / गुप्त-पूवम काल
9. Ancient southern India / प्राचीन िक्षिणी भारत
10. The Gupta Empire / गुप्त साम्राज्य
11. Post Gupta period / गुप्त काल क
े बाि
3. SOURCE OF INDIAN HISTORY / भारतीय इततहास क
े स्रोत
Sources/स्रोत
Archaeological/पुरातत्व
Wares
Structures/सिंरचनाएिं
Scripts/सलवप
Coinage/टिंकण
Literary/साहित्त्िक
Brahman/ब्राह्र्ण
Brahmantar/ब्रह्र्ानतर
Temporal/लौककक
Travellers/िात्री
4. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Palaeolithic
पाषाण
काल
500000 –
10000 BC
Mesolithic
र्ध्य
पाषाण
10000 –
6000 BC
Neolithic
नवपाषा
ण काल
6000 –
3500 BC
5. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Palaeolithic / पाषाण
काल
Lower Middle Upper
❖ Robert Bruce Foote was the first to discover a Palaeolithic
stone tool in India in 1863. भारत र्ें पुरापाषाणकालीन पत्थर क
े उपकरण की खोज की थी।
❖ Bhimbetka : Numerous rock paintings and carvings of upper Palaeolithic
period were found here. पुरापाषाण काल क
े कई रॉक पेंदटिंग और नक्काशी यहािं पाए गए ह
Robert Bruce Foote
The father of Indian Prehistory
Palaeolithic Age/ पाषाण काल
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Mesolithic age / र्ध्य पाषाण काल
❖ Microlith were discovered by Carlyle in 1867 from Vindhyan rock shelter.
Microlith की खोज Carlyle ने 1867 र्ें वविंध्यन रॉक शेल्टर से की थी
❖ Earliest domestication of animals witnessed
from MP and Rajasthan. र्प्र और राजस्थान र्ें
प्राणणपालन क
े शुरुआती सिंक
े त सर्ले
❖ Humans depicted as central figure in many
paintings. कई चचत्रों र्ें र्नुष्य को क
ें द्रीय आकृ तत क
े रूप
र्ें िशामया गया है
❖ Indication of beginning of community life of humans. र्नुष्यों क
े सार्ुिातयक जीवन
की शुरुआत का सिंक
े त
11.
12. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Neolithic age / नवपाषाण काल
❖ The word “Neolithic” was first coined by Sir. John Lubbock. शब्ि "तनयोसलचथक"
सबसे पहले जॉन लुबॉक द्वारा गढा गया था
❖ They learnt art of making fire, art of spinning and weaving. उन्होंने आग बनाने,
कताई और बुनाई की कला सीखी।
❖ Burial of dead bodies and construction of tomb over them was prevalent.
They were known as Dolmen & Menhirs . शवों को िफनाने और उनक
े ऊपर कब्र
क
े तनर्ामण का प्रचलन था। उन्हें डोलर्ेन एिंड र्ेंदहर क
े रूप र्ें जाना जाता था।
❖ Use of Diorite, Basalt, Slate, Gneiss, Quartzite for making
tools. उपकरण बनाने क
े सलए डायराइट, बेसाल्ट, स्लेट, गनीस,
क्वाटमजाइट का उपयोग।
15. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Chalcolithic age – Copper age
❖ Towards the end of Neolithic age, usage of metal began. नवपाषाण युग क
े अिंत
तक, धातु का उपयोग शुरू हुआ।
❖ Emergence of Indus valley civilization. ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का उद्भव।
16. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Chalcolithic age – Copper age
Chalcolithic
Cultures
Ahar
Kayatha
Malwa
Savalda
Jorwe
Prabhas
Rangpur
17. PREHISTORIC PERIOD / प्रागैततहाससक काल
Iron age / लोह युग
❖ The only evidence of transition from Copper age to Iron age is Dolmen and
Menhirs. कॉपर युग से लौह युग र्ें पररवतमन का एकर्ात्र प्रर्ाण डोलर्ेन और र्ेन्न्हर
हैं।
❖ The iron age helped humans to fully dominate the landscape. लौह युग ने
र्ानव को पूरी तरह से पररदृश्य पर हावी होने र्ें र्िि की।
Palaeolithic
पाषाण काल
Mesolithic
र्ध्य पाषाण काल
Neolithic
नवपाषाण काल
Chalcolithic
Cu age
Bronze age
कािंस्य युग
Iron age
लोह युग
18. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Daya Ram Sahni
Excavated Harrapa, 1921
R.D Bannerjee
Excavated Mohenjodaro, 1922
o Also known as Harappa civilization based on the archaeological convention of
naming a civilization or culture after the site where it is first identified. खोज क
े पहले
स्थान पर आधाररत नार्
21. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Early
• 3200 – 2600 BC
Mature
• 2600 – 1900 BC
Late
• 1900 – 1300 BC
22. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
SN SITE LOCATION RIVER BANK EXCAVATION
1 Harappa/हड़प्पा Montgomery, Pak Ravi 1921
2 Mohenjo-Daro/र्ोहनजोिड़ो Larkana, Pak Indus 1922
3 Chanhudro/चन्हुिड़ो Sindh province, Pak Indus 1931
4 Amri/अर्री Sindh province, Pak Indus 1935
5 Kalibangan/कालीबिंगा Ganganagar, Raj Ghaggar 1953
6 Rangpur/रिंगपुर Ahmedabad, Guj Mahar 1953
7 Kot diji Khairpur, Pak Indus 1953
8 Ropar/रोपड़ Roopnagar, Punjab Sutlej 1953
23. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
SN SITE LOCATION RIVER BANK EXCAVATION
9 Lothal/लोथल Ahmedabad, Guj Bhogva 1954
10 Alamgirpur/आलर्गीरपुर Ghaziabad, UP Hindon 1958
11 Balakot/बालाकोट Khyber, Pak Kunhar 1963-76
12 Surkotada/सुरकोटिा Kutch, Guj - 1964
13 Sutkagendor/सुतकागेंडोर Baluchistan, Pak Dastha 1970-72
14 Banwali/बनावली Hissar, Haryana Ghaggar 1974
15 Dholavira/धोलावीरा Kutch, Guj Luni 1985-90
24. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Harappa/ हड़प्पा
o Followed grid planning. चिड योजना का पालन ककया।
o The only place having evidence of coffin burial. एकर्ात्र
स्थान जहािं ताबूत िफन होने क
े सबूत हैं
o R-37 cemetery & cemetery-H
o 6 granaries in rows. पिंन्क्तयों र्ें 6 भिंडार
o Evidence that people knew the process of making tar coal. सबूत है कक लोग तारकोल बनाने
की प्रकिया जानते थे
o Entrance of house in north direction. उत्तर दिशा र्ें घर क
े प्रवेश द्वार
26. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Mohenjo-daro/र्ोहन जोिड़ो
o Grid planning.
o Great bath, great granary and assembly hall.
o Bearded man in steatite, Yogi’s idol, Dancing girl.
o 7 layers. परतें
o Seal representing mother goddess, seal representing a woman to be sacrificed by man.
िेवी र्ािं का प्रतततनचधत्व सील, एक आिर्ी द्वारा बसलिान की जाने वाली र्दहला का प्रतततनचधत्व सील
o Houses with kitchen and courtyards. रसोई और आिंगन वाले घर।
28. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Chanhudro/चन्हुिड़ो
o No Citadel. कोई गढ नहीिं।
o Bead making shop. र्नका बनाने की िुकान।
o Footprint of dog chasing cat. बबल्ली का पीछा करते हुए क
ु त्ते क
े पिचचह्न
o Terracotta model of bullock cart and a bronze toy cart. बैलगाड़ी का टेराकोटा र्ॉडल और एक
कािंस्य णखलौना गाड़ी।
30. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Amri/अर्री
o Evidence of antelope. र्ृग का साक्ष्य।
o Single instance of rhinoceros. गैंडे का एकल उिाहरण
32. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Kalibangan/कालीबिंगा
o Means “Black bangles”. र्तलब "काली चूडड़यााँ"।
o Not well-planned and organized. सुतनयोन्जत और व्यवन्स्थत नहीिं
o Did not have drainage. जल तनकासी नहीिं थी
o Designer bricks. डडजाइनर ईंटें।
o Evidence of furrowed land. फरारी भूसर् क
े साक्ष्य
o Camel bones. ऊ
ाँ ट की हड्डडयााँ।
o Burial in rectangular and circular graves. आयताकार और गोलाकार कब्रों र्ें िफन
34. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Rangpur/रिंगपुर
o Evidence of rice husk. चावल की भूसी क
े साक्ष्य।
35. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Kot Dijji
o Painted pottery. चचबत्रत सर्ट्टी क
े बतमन।
o Defensive walls and well aligned streets. रिात्र्क िीवारें और अच्छी तरह से सिंरेणखत सड़क
ें
o Artistic toys. कलात्र्क णखलौने
o Knowledge of metallurgy. धातु ववज्ञान का ज्ञान
o Figurines of mother goddess. िेवी र्ााँ की र्ूततमयााँ
37. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Ropar/रोपड़
o Dog found buried below human burial.
o Rectangular mud brick chamber. आयताकार mud brick कि
o Bronze hand axe. कािंस्य हाथ की क
ु ल्हाड़ी
38. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Lothal/लोथल
o A very big port. बहुत बड़ा बिंिरगाह।
o Seals from Iran. ईरान की र्ुहरें
o A instrument for measuring angles. कोणों को र्ापने का एक उपकरण
o Evidence of joint burial. सिंयुक्त िफनाने का सबूत
o House having entrance in main street. र्ुख्य सड़क र्ें प्रवेश द्वार
40. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Alamgirpur/आलर्गीरपुर
o Impression of clothes on trough. गतम पर कपड़े की छाप
Balakot/बालाकोट
o High mounds. ऊ
िं चे टीले
Surkotada/सुरकोटिा
o Horse bones. घोड़े की हड्डडयााँ
o Bead making shop. र्नका बनाने की िुकान
42. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Dholavira/धोलावीरा
o Largest city ? सबसे बड़ा शहर ?
o Unique water management. अद्ववतीय जल प्रबिंधन।
o All three phase of Harappa civilization can be found. हड़प्पा सभ्यता क
े सभी तीन चरण
पाए जा सकते हैं।
o Sign board type script.
o A stadium.
44. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Town Planning / नगर तनयोजन
o Chess board pattern or block pattern of cities. शतरिंज बोडम पैटनम या शहरों का ब्लॉक पैटनम।
o All sites did not followed same planning. सभी साइटों ने एक ही योजना का पालन नहीिं ककया।
o Main street run from North to South and other streets are at right angle to them. उत्तर से
िक्षिण तक चलने वाली र्ुख्य सड़क और अन्य सड़क
ें उनक
े सर्कोण पर थीिं।
o Citadel in the west of each city. प्रत्येक शहर क
े पन्श्चर् र्ें गढ।
o At Harappa a great granary was discovered.
o Banwali & Kalibangan has seen two phases. बनवाली और कालीबिंगन र्ें िो चरण िेखे गए हैं।
o Rojadi, Desalpur & Surkotda has seen all the three phases. रोजािी, िेसलपुर और सुरकोटिा ने
तीनों चरणों को िेखा है।
46. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Economic life / आचथमक जीवन
o They used to sow seeds in November and reaped their harvest in April. वे नविंबर र्ें बीज बोते
थे और अप्रैल र्ें अपनी फसल काटते थे
o They were the earliest to produce cotton. Greeks called this cotton as Sindons. वे कपास का
उत्पािन करने वाले सबसे पहले थे। यूनातनयों ने इस कपास को ससिंधों की सिंज्ञा िी
o Harappan people domesticated sheep, goat, buffalo,dog and pig. They also knew about
tigers, camels, elephants, tortoise, deer etc. But they didn't knew about Lion and Cow.
हड़प्पा क
े लोग भेड़, बकरी, भैंस, क
ु त्ता और सुअर पालते थे। वे बाघ, ऊ
िं ट, हाथी, कछ
ु आ, दहरण आदि क
े
भी जानते थे, लेककन वे शेर और गाय क
े बारे र्ें नहीिं जानते थे।
o Humpless bull was considered sacred. पववत्र र्ाना जाता था।
o Dockyard in lothal is the longest building. It was also the first artificial dockyard in the
world. लोथल र्ें डॉकयाडम सबसे लिंबी इर्ारत है। यह िुतनया का पहला कृ बत्रर् डॉकयाडम भी था।
47. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Economic life / आचथमक जीवन
o Cylindrical seal of Mesopotamia found from Mohenjo-Daro. र्ोहनजोिड़ो से सर्ले र्ेसोपोटासर्या
की बेलनाकार सील।
o Figurines of bull of Mohenjo-Daro found in Mesopotamia. र्ेसोपोटासर्या र्ें पाए गए र्ोहनजोिड़
क
े बैल की र्ूततमयााँ
o Mohenjo-Daro seal bears picture of ship. र्ोहनजोिड़ो सील र्ें जहाज का चचत्र है।
o Harappan people used Mesopotamians cosmetics. हड़प्पा क
े लोग र्ेसोपोटासर्या क
े सौंियम प्रसाध
का उपयोग करते थे।
o They didn't have knowledge of silk and iron. उन्हें रेशर् और लोहे का ज्ञान नहीिं था।
48. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Social and religious life / सार्ान्जक और धासर्मक जीवन
Dancing Girl
नतमकी का सभवत्तचचत्र
49. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Social and religious life / सार्ान्जक और धासर्मक जीवन
Proto Shiva / आद्य-सशव
From Pashupati seal
50. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Social and religious life / सार्ान्जक और धासर्मक जीवन
Cernunnos
A Celtic God
52. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Social and religious life / सार्ान्जक और धासर्मक जीवन
o No evidence of temples. र्िंदिरों का कोई प्रर्ाण नहीिं।
o They used to worship Pipal tree. वे पीपल क
े पेड़ की पूजा करते थे।
o They were superstitious and wore amulets. वे अिंधववश्वासी थे और ताबीज पहनते थे
o Phallic worship. योनी पूजा
o Worship of fire proved by the discovery of fire altars in Lothal, Kalibangan and Harappa.
लोथल, कालीबिंगन और हड़प्पा र्ें अत्ननक
ुुं ड की खोज से अन्नन की पूजा ससद्ध हुई।
53. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION/ ससिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
Reason of Decline / पतन का कारण
SN Debated Reasons Proposed by
1. External aggression / बाहरी आिर्ण George Childe, Stuart Piggot
2. Unstable river system / अन्स्थर निी प्रणाली H.T Lambrick
3. Natural calamity / प्राकृ ततक आपिा K.U.R Kenedy
4. Climate change / जलवायु पररवतमन Orell Stein, A.N Ghosh
5. Aryan invasion / आयम आिर्ण R.M Wheeler
6. Earthquake / भूक
िं प Robert Raikes
7. Dryness of river / निी का सूखापन Sood & Agrawal
8. Ecological imbalance / पाररन्स्थततक असिंतुलन Walter.F
9. Collapse of Lapis Lazuli trade Sheeren Ratnagar
54. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
• Max Muller believed that the race "Aryans" is an anomaly. Scientifically Aryans means
nothing but language. र्ैक्स र्ुलर का र्ानना था कक "आयमन्स" एक ववसिंगतत है। वैज्ञातनक रूप से आय
अथम भाषा क
े अलावा क
ु छ नहीिं है।
• Max Muller and Thappar believed that Aryans lived in Eurasia, Caspian sea, and southern
Russian steppes. र्ैक्स र्ुलर और थापर का र्ानना था कक आयम यूरेसशया, क
ै न्स्पयन सागर और िक्षिण
स्टेप्स र्ें रहते थे।
• Kassite inscription of 1600 BC and Mitani inscription of 1400 BC found in Iraq suggests
that from Iran a branch of Aryans moved east. 1600 ईसा पूवम क
े कास्साइट सशलालेख और इराक र्
पाए गए 1400 ईसा पूवम क
े सर्तानी सशलालेख से पता चलता है कक ईरान से आयों की एक शाखा पूवम र्ें
• Scholars like Ganganath Jha and A C Das established Sapta-Sindhu theory of rigveda.
According to which, Aryans were indigenous people. गिंगानाथ झा और ए सी िास जैसे ववद्वानों न
सप्त-ससिंधु ससद्धािंत की स्थापना की। न्जसक
े अनुसार, आयम लोग स्विेशी थे।
55. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Views on original homes / र्ूल घरों पर दृश्य
SN Homes Proposed by
1. Europe Sir.W.Jones
2. Central Asia Max Muller
3. Polar region Lokmanya Tilak
4. Tibet Dayanand Sarswati
• The most accepted theory is that Aryans came to Indian subcontinent via Iran-Afghanistan.
How they arrived in Iran-Afghanistan is what needs more research. सबसे स्वीकृ त ससद्धािंत यह ह
कक आयम ईरान-अफगातनस्तान क
े रास्ते भारतीय उपर्हाद्वीप र्ें आए थे। वे ईरान-अफगातनस्तान क
ै से पह
इसक
े सलए और अचधक शोध की आवश्यकता है।
56. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Vedic
literature
/
वै
द
िक
सादहत्य
Intellectual / अपरा
ववद्या
Secular / धर्म तनरपेि
Sacred / पववत्र
Shruti / श्रुतत Vedas / वेि
Smriti / स्र्ृतत
Upveda
Vedangas / वेिािंग
Ved Upangas
Dharma shastra /
धर्म शास्त्र
Intuitive / परा ववद्या
57. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Vedas / वेद
Rigveda /
ऋनवेि
Ayurveda /
आयुवेि
Samaveda /
सार्वेि
Gandharva
Veda / गिंधवम
वेि
Yajurveda /
यजुवेि
Dhanurveda /
धनुर वेि
Atharva Veda /
अथवमवेि
Shilpaveda
NOTE – Rigveda, Samaveda and Yajurveda are together called Vedatrayi. ऋनवेि, सार्वेि और
यजुवेि को एक साथ वेित्रयी कहा जाता है।
58. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Rigveda / ऋनवेि
• The first testament of mankind. र्ानव जातत का पहला वसीयतनार्ा
• Rig means "to praise“. ररग का अथम है "प्रशिंसा करना“
• Mandal II and VII are oldest. They are also called "Family Books". र्िंडल II और VII सबसे
पुराने हैं। उन्हें "फ
ै सर्ली बुक्स" भी कहा जाता है।
• Mandal VIII and IX belongs to middle time. र्िंडल VIII और IX र्ध्य सर्य क
े हैं।
• Mandal I and X were compiled at the last. र्िंडल I और X को आणखरी र्ें सिंकसलत ककया गया था।
• Mandal III contains Gayatri Mantra which was composed to praise sun god Savitri.
र्िंडल III र्ें गायत्री र्िंत्र शासर्ल है जो सूयम िेव साववत्री की स्तुतत करने क
े सलए बनाया गया था।
• Mandal IX is dedicated to Soma Dev. र्िंडल IX सोर्ा िेव को सर्वपमत है।
59. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Rigveda / ऋनवेि
• Mandal X has hymn called Purushasukta in which origin of varna system is discussed. र्िंडल
X र्ें पुरुषसूक्त नार्क भजन है न्जसर्ें वणम व्यवस्था की उत्पवत्त की चचाम है।
• Expert of rigveda were known as hotra or hotri. ररनवेि क
े
ववशेषज्ञ हॉट्रा या हॉट्री क
े रूप र्ें जाने जाते थे।
• Between Zend avesta and rigveda there are similarities in
the terms used for religious and socio-economic context.
Zend avesta और rigveda क
े बीच धासर्मक और सार्ान्जक-आचथमक सिंिभ
क
े सलए इस्तेर्ाल की जाने वाली शतों र्ें सर्ानताएिं हैं।
60. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Samaveda / सार्वेि
• Collection of songs. गीतों का सिंिह।
• Book of chants. र्िंत्रों की पुस्तक। 1810 hymn
• Experts are called Udgatri. ववशेषज्ञों को उिगात्री कहा जाता है।
• Compilation of Samveda is known to be the beginning of Indian music. सार्वेि का सिंकलन
भारतीय सिंगीत की शुरुआत क
े रूप र्ें जाना जाता है।
61. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Yajurveda / यजुवेि
• Collection of sacrificial formulas. यज्ञीय सूत्रों का सिंिह।
• Described rituals to be followed at the time of recitation of Mantras. र्िंत्रों क
े पाठ क
े सर्य
वणणमत अनुष्ठान।
• Written down in both prose and poetry. गद्य और कववता िोनों र्ें सलखा गया है।
• Experts in Yajurveda were called Ardhvaryu. यजुवेि क
े ववशेषज्ञ अधमववयुम कहलाते थे।
Yajurveda / िजुवेद
Krishna Yajurveda /
कृ ष्ण यजुवेि
Shukla Yajurveda /
शुक्ल यजुवेि
63. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Brahman / ब्राह्र्ण
Brahman are prose texts which contains details about meaning of vedic hymn,
their application, story of origin etc. ब्राह्र्ण गद्य ििंथ हैं न्जसर्ें वैदिक भजन क
े
अथम, उनक
े अनुप्रयोग, उत्पवत्त की कहानी आदि क
े बारे र्ें वववरण हैं।
Rigveda / ऋनवेि
Aitareya and Kaushitaki Brahman. /
ऐतरेय और कौशीतकी ब्राह्र्ण।
Samaveda / सार्वेि
Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahman. /
तािंड्य और जैसर्नीया ब्राह्र्ण।
Yajurveda / यजुवेि
Taittireya and Shatpatha Brahman. /
तैवत्तरीय और शतपथ ब्राह्र्ण।
Atharva Veda /
अथवमवेि
Gopatha Brahman. /
गोपथ ब्राह्र्ण।
64. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Aranyaka / आरण्यक
• Concluding portion of Brahman. ब्राह्र्ण क
े भाग का सर्ापन।
• They were called Aranyaka because the mystical and philosophical character of their
content required solitude of Aranya (Forest). उन्हें अरण्यक कहा जाता था क्योंकक उनकी
सार्िी क
े रहस्यर्य और िाशमतनक चररत्र को अरण्य (वन) की आवश्यकता थी।
• It formed a tradition that culminated in Upanishads. इसने एक परिंपरा कायर् की न्जसका
सर्ापन उपतनषिों र्ें हुआ।
• Aranyaka are a bridge between Vedas, Brahman, and Upanishads. अरन्याका वेि,
ब्राह्र्ण और उपतनषिों क
े बीच एक सेतु है।
65. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Upanishad / उपतनषि
• Last phase of Vedic literature. वैदिक सादहत्य का अिंततर् चरण।
• Deals with metaphysics. तत्वर्ीर्ािंसा की व्याख्या करता है।
• They are also known as "Vedanta". उन्हें "वेिािंत" क
े रूप र्ें भी जाना जाता है।
• Literal meaning of Upanishad is "to sit near the feet of". It emphasized upon the path
of knowledge. उपतनषि का शान्ब्िक अथम है "पैरों क
े पास बैठना"। इसर्ें ज्ञान क
े र्ागम पर जोर
दिया गया।
• Subject matter consisted of Brahman, Soul, Rebirth, and theory of Karma. ववषय ब्रह्र्,
आत्र्ा, पुनजमन्र् और कर्म क
े ससद्धािंत से सर्लकर बना था।
• There are a total of 108 Upanishads. Vrihadaranyaka is the oldest. क
ु ल 108 उपतनषि
हैं। वृहिारण्यक सबसे पुराना है।
66. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Vedangas / वेिािंग
Shiksha / शिक्षा Nose Phonetics/ ध्वतनशास्त्र
Kalpa / कल्प Hand
Rituals and ceremonies/
अनुष्ठान और सर्ारोह
Vyakarna / व्याकरण Mouth Grammar
Nirukta / ननरुक्त Ears Etymology / शब्ि-व्युपवत्तशास्र
Chhanda / छुंद Legs
Rules of poetic composition /
काव्य रचना क
े तनयर्
Jyotisha / ज्िोनतष Eyes Astrology
Limbs of Vedas - वेिों क
े अिंग
67. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Ancient rivers / प्राचीन नदियााँ
SN Rivers / नहद
Ancient name /
प्राचीन नाम
1. Indus Sindhu - ससिंधु
2. Jhelum Vitasta
3. Chenab Askini
4. Ravi Parushni
5. Beas Vipasa
6. Sutlej Satudri
7. Ghagghar Drishadvati
8. Gomati Gomal
9. Gandak Sudanira
• Nadisukta hymn of rigveda mentions
21 rivers serially beginning from east
(Ganga) to west (Kubha). ऋनवेि क
े नादिसुक्त
स्तोत्र र्ें पूवम (गिंगा) से पन्श्चर् (क
ु भा) तक की िसर्
21 नदियों का उल्लेख है।
• 4 rivers of afghanistan are also mentioned
- Kubha, Krumu, Gomati, Suvastu.
अफ़गातनस्तान की 4 नदियााँ भी उन्ल्लणखत हैं - क
ु भ
ि
ु र्ु, गोर्ती, सुवास्तु।
• Ganga and Yamuna rivers were not
important at that time. उस सर्य गिंगा और
यर्ुना नदियााँ र्हत्वपूणम नहीिं थीिं।
68. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Rigvedic polity / ऋनवैदिक राजव्यवस्था
• Tribes were called "Jana" and tribal ruler as "Rajan". आदिवासी यों को "जन" और
आदिवासी शासक को "राजन" कहा जाता था।
• Tribal assemblies - Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata, Gana. आदिवासी सभाएाँ - सभा, ससर्तत, ववधाता,
गण।
• Women were allowed to attend sabha and vidhata. र्दहलाओिं को सभा और ववधाता र्ें
जाने की अनुर्तत थी।
• Vidhata was the oldest assembly. ववधाता सबसे पुरानी सभा थी।
• Most important functionary was of Purohita. सबसे र्हत्वपूणम कायम पुरोदहत का था।
• Gana was a non-monarchial assembly which was headed by Ganapati. गण एक गैर-
राजतिंत्रीय सभा थी न्जसकी अध्यिता गणपतत करते थे।
69. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Socio-economic life in rigvedic period / ऋनवेि काल र्ें सार्ान्जक-आचथमक जीवन
• Practice of levirate and widow remarriage. लेववरेट और ववधवा पुनववमवाह का अभ्यास।
• Patriarchal society. वपतृसत्तात्र्क सर्ाज |
• Semi nomadic pastoral society. अधम खानाबिोश िेहाती सर्ाज।
• Cattle rearing was the main occupation. र्वेशी पालन र्ुख्य व्यवसाय था।
• Barley was an important crop. जौ एक र्हत्वपूणम फसल थी।
• Cow was an important animal. गाय एक र्हत्वपूणम जानवर था।
• Varna was the word used for colour. वणम रिंग क
े सलए प्रयुक्त शब्ि था।
• Term "Ayas" was used for copper and bronze, "Hiranya" for gold, "Shyama" for iron.
"अयस" शब्ि का उपयोग तािंबे और कािंसे क
े सलए, "दहरण्या" सोने क
े सलए, "श्यार्ा" लोहे क
े सलए
ककया
जाता था।
70. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Henotheism
• Most important divinity was "Indra"( Rathesta, Purandar, Jitendra Somapa,
Varithahan, and Maghayam). सबसे र्हत्वपूणम िेवत्व "इिंद्र" (रथस्टा, पुरिंिर, न्जतेंद्र सोर्ापा,
वररथान, और र्ाघ्यर्) था
• Agni was an important god. अन्नन एक र्हत्वपूणम िेवता थे।
• Rigvedic Gods can be classified into three categories – Dyutsthana, Antrikshasthana,
and Prithvisthana. ऋनवैदिक िेवताओिं को तीन श्रेणणयों र्ें वगीकृ त ककया जा सकता है
• Indra was considered as Antrikshasthana.
• Only "Agni" was considered as present in all three categories. क
े वल "अन्नन" को तीनों
श्रेणणयों र्ें र्ौजूि र्ाना गया।
• Bogazkhai inscription (Turkey) mentions 4 vedic gods - Indra, Varuna, Mitra, Nastya.
बोगाझाई सशलालेख (तुकी) र्ें 4 वैदिक िेवताओिं का उल्लेख है - इिंद्र, वरुण, सर्त्र, नास्त्य।
71. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Henotheism
Varuna / वरुण - God of water / जल का िेवता
Soma / सोर् - God of plants / पौधों क
े िेवता
Yama / यर् - Guardian of the world of dead / र्ृतकों की िुतनया का सिंरिक
Surya, Savitri, Pusan / सूयाम, साववत्री, पूसन - God of sun / भगवान सूयम
Vishnu / ववष्णु - Minor god / गौण िेवता
Vayu / वायु - Wind god / पवन िेवता
Dayaus - Father of heaven / स्वगम क
े वपता
Diti - Mother of demons / रािसों की र्ााँ
Aditi / अदितत - Goddess of eternity / अनिंत काल की िेवी
Gandharvas / गिंधवम - Divine musicians / दिव्य सिंगीतज्ञ
Ashwin / अन्श्वन - Healer of diseases / रोगों का उपचार करनेवाला
Apsara / अप्सरा - Gods servant / िेवता सेवक
Rudra / रुद्र - Archery god / धनुधामरी भगवान
Usha / उषा - Goddess of dawn / भोर की िेवी
Prithvi / पृथ्वी - Goddess of earth / धरती की िेवी
72. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Later-Vedic phase
• Samaveda, Yajuraveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmans, and early upanishads were
composed. सार्वेि, यजुवमवेि, अथवमवेि, ब्रह्र्ण और प्रारिंसभक उपतनषिों की रचना की गई थी।
• Eastern displacement of Aryans - Climatic change, exploration, Population pressure.
आयों का पूवी ववस्थापन - जलवायु पररवतमन, अन्वेषण, जनसिंख्या िबाव।
• Women were no longer allowed to sit in Sabha. र्दहलाओिं को अब सभा र्ें बैठने की
अनुर्तत नहीिं थी।
• Vidhata assembly completely disappeared. ववधाता सभा पूरी तरह से गायब हो गई।
• Kingship emerged. Concept of king of kings was prevalent (Adhiraja, Rajadhiraj,
Samrat,Ekrat). राजसत्ता उभरी। राजाओिं क
े राजा की अवधारणा प्रचसलत थी (आदिराज,
राजाचधराज, सम्राट, एकराट)।
73. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Later-Vedic phase
Raja /
राजा
Virat /
ववराट
Samrat
/ सम्राट
Bhoja /
भोज
Suvrat
• Atharvaveda defines "ekrat" to be
paramount sovereign. अथवमवेि "एकराट" को
सवोपरर होने क
े सलए पररभावषत करता है।
• King performed "Ashvamegha" and
"Vajapeya. "Rajasuya" was the sacrifice to
confer supreme power. राजा ने "अश्वर्ेघ" और
"वाजपेय" का प्रिशमन ककया। "राजसूय" सवोच्च शन्क्
को प्रिान करने क
े सलए बसलिान था।
• The relegated position of women and
concentration of power to the kings was
due to arrival of agricultural surplus where
women were no longer required. राजाओिं को
र्दहलाओिं की शन्क्त और एकािता की पुनः प्रान्प्त
कृ वष अचधशेष क
े आगर्न क
े कारण हुई, जहााँ
र्दहलाओिं की आवश्यकता नहीिं थी।
74. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Later-Vedic phase
• Agriculture became primary occupation, cattle rearing was secondary. Shatpatha
Brahmana speaks in details about ploughing rituals. कृ वष प्राथसर्क व्यवसाय बन गई, पशुपालन
गौण हो गया। शतपथ ब्राह्र्ण जुताई की रस्र्ों क
े बारे र्ें ववस्तार से बताता है।
• Rice (Vrihi) and wheat (Godhuma) became chief crops. However Yava (Barley) continued.
चावल (व्रीही) और गेहूाँ (गोधुर्ा) र्ुख्य फसलें बन गईं। हालााँकक Yava (जौ) जारी रहा।
• Plough was known as "Sira" and furrows as "Sita". Cowdung was used as manure. हल को
"सीरा" क
े रूप र्ें जाना जाता था और "सीता" क
े रूप र्ें फरसा जाता था। गोबर का उपयोग खाि क
े रूप
जाता था।
• Medium of exchange was cow and jewelry. ववतनर्य का र्ाध्यर् गाय और आभूषण थे।
• Guild of craftmen came into existence. They were called "Shreshati". कारीगरों क
े र्िंडली अन्स्तत्व
र्ें आए। उन्हें "सृन्ष्ट" कहा जाता था।
75. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Later-Vedic society.
• Society got divided into 4 classes - Brahmans, Khatriya, Vaishya & Shudra. सर्ाज 4 वगों र्ें
ववभान्जत हो गया - ब्राह्र्ण, िबत्रय, वैश्य और शूद्र।
• All the three higher classes shared one common feature - Dvija (Twice born). They were
entitled to "Upanayana" or investiture. सभी तीन उच्च वगों ने एक साझा ववशेषता साझा की - द्वव
(िो बार जन्र्)। वे "उपनयन" या तनवेश क
े हकिार थे।
• Polygamy was prevalent. Instances of child marriage was also there. बहुवववाह प्रचसलत था।
बाल वववाह क
े उिाहरण भी थे।
• Patriarchal society. वपतृसत्तात्र्क सर्ाज।
• Certain shudra like "Rathakara" enjoyed high status. "रथकार" जैसे क
ु छ शूद्र उच्च न्स्थतत का आन
लेते थे।
76. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Later-Vedic society.
Marriage Types / वववाि क
े प्रकार
Dharma / धर्म Adharma / अधर्म
Brahma / ब्रह्र्ा - Arranged marriage
between same caste. एक ही जातत क
े बीच
वववाह की व्यवस्था।
Daiva / िैव - Father gives daughter to
sacrificial priest. वपता पुजारी को बेटी िेता है।
Arsa - Token price of bride in form of cow.
गाय क
े रूप र्ें िुल्हन की कीर्त।
Prajapatya / प्रजापत्य - No dowry.
कोई िहेज नहीिं |
Gandharva / गिंधवम - Love marriage. प्रेर् वववाह
Asura / असुर - Marriage done by purchase.
खरीि कर की गई शािी
Rakshasha / रािस - Marriage by kidnapping.
अपहरण करक
े शािी।
Pishacha / वपशाचा - Seduction marriage.
प्रलोभन शािी।
77. The Vedic age/वैदिक युग 1500 – 1000 BC
Later-Vedic religion
• Indra and agni lost their importance. The concept of "Trimurti" emerged. इिंद्र और अन्नन ने
अपना र्हत्व खो दिया। "बत्रर्ूततम" की अवधारणा उभरी।
• Signs of idolatry emerged. र्ूततमपूजा क
े लिण उभर आए।
• Sacrificial rituals became prevalent. यज्ञोपवीत सिंस्कार प्रचसलत हो गया।
• According to "Aitareya Brahman" daughter was considered the source of misery and son
as protector of family. "ऐतरेय ब्राह्र्ण" क
े अनुसार बेटी को िुख का स्रोत और बेटे को पररवार का रि
र्ाना जाता था।
• Pushan became the god of shudras. पूषन शूद्रों का िेवता बन गया।
• Towards the end of vedic period, the prevalance of costly sacrifices and domination of
Brahmins brought upon a strong reaction in the society. वैदिक काल क
े अिंत तक, ब्राह्र्णों की
र्हिंगी बसल और वचमस्व का प्रचलन सर्ाज र्ें एक र्जबूत प्रततकिया लाया।
79. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
➢ Deteriorated condition of shudras. शूद्रों की बबगड़ी हालत।
➢ Kshatriya reaction against domination of priestly class. पुजारी वगम क
े वचमस्व क
े णखलाफ
िबत्रय प्रततकिया।
➢ Mahavir and Gautam Buddha both belonged to the Kshatriya clan. र्हावीर और गौतर्
बुद्ध िोनों ही िबत्रय विंश क
े थे।
➢ Vaishya were looking for a religion to improve their status. वैश्य अपनी न्स्थतत को सुधारने
क
े सलए एक धर्म की तलाश र्ें थे।
➢ Newer doctrine started propagating the idea of "Moksha". नए ससद्धािंतों ने "र्ोि" क
े
ववचार को प्रचाररत करना शुरू ककया।
➢ The spread of new agricultural economy in north-east India. उत्तर-पूवम भारत र्ें नई कृ वष
अथमव्यवस्था का प्रसार।
80. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Buddhism
/ बुद्ध धर्म
Gautama Buddha / गौतम बुद्ध
Real Name / वास्तववक नार् Siddhartha Gautama. ससद्धाथम गौतर्
Birth / जन्र् 563 BC in Lumbini near Kapilvastu, Nepal.
नेपाल क
े कवपलवस्तु क
े पास लुन्बबनी र्ें 563
ई.पू.
Clan / विंश Shakya Kshatriya . शाक्य िबत्रय
Father / वपता Suddhodhana
Real mother Mahamaya Or Mayadevi. र्हार्ाया या
र्ायािेवी
Foster mother / उपर्ाता Gautami Prajapati. गौतर्ी प्रजापतत
Wife / पत्नी Yashodhara. यशोधरा
Son / पुत्र Rahul. राहुल
Horse / घोड़ा Kantaka
81. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Buddhism / बुद्ध
धर्म
➢ Four events - An old man, A sick man, A dead body, An Ascetic, helped him in taking the
path of ascetism. चार घटनाओिं - एक बूढे आिर्ी, एक बीर्ार आिर्ी, एक र्ृत शरीर, एक तपस्वी, न
तप का र्ागम लेने र्ें र्िि की।
➢ At the age of 29, he left home with his horse Kantaka. He wandered Magadha for 6 years
and learned meditation from "Alara Kalma“. 29 वषम की आयु र्ें, उन्होंने अपने घोड़े कािंताका क
े स
घर छोड़ दिया। उन्होंने 6 साल तक र्गध भटकते हुए "अलारा कलर्ा" से ध्यान सीखा।
➢ His second teacher was "Udraka Ramaputra". उनक
े िूसरे सशिक "उद्रका रार्पुत्र" थे।
➢ Enlightment at the age of 35 in Uruvella, Bodh Gaya under a Pipal tree on the banks
of river Nilanjana. नीलािंजना निी क
े ककनारे एक पीपल क
े पेड़ क
े नीचे उरुवेला, बोधगया र्ें 35 साल क
उम्र र्ें आत्र्ज्ञान।
➢ Most of the sermons were given in Shravasti. अचधकािंश उपिेश श्रावस्ती र्ें दिए गए थे।
82. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Buddhism / बुद्ध
धर्म
Mahabhimisikram
मिाभीशमशसक्रम
Nirvana
ननवााण
Chakra
Parivarthan
चक्र पररवतान
Mahaparinirvana
मिापररननवााण
83.
84. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Teachings of Buddhism / बौद्ध धर्म की
सशिाएाँ
Four noble
truth /
चार र्हान
सच्चाई
Dukha
Dukha
Samudya
Dukha
Nirodha
Dukha
Nirodha
Gamini
Pratipada
85. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Teachings of Buddhism / बौद्ध धर्म की
सशिाएाँ
Right speech
सही भाषा
Right conduct
सही आचरण
Right means of livelihood
आजीववका का सही साधन
Right exertion
सही पररश्रर्
Right Mindfulness
सचेतन
Right meditation
सही ध्यान
Right resolution
सही सिंकल्प
Right view
सही दृश्य
Nirvana
ननवााण
86. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Teachings of Buddhism / बौद्ध धर्म की
सशिाएाँ
• Buddha advocated "The middle path" in which extremes were avoided. बुद्ध ने "र्ध्य र्ागम"
की वकालत की न्जसर्ें चरर् सीर्ाओिं से बचा गया।
• Initially he did not allowed women in "Sangha" but he then agreed later on the advice
of his chief disciple "Ananda". His foster mother "Gautami" became the first women to
join Sangha. शुरू र्ें उन्होंने "सिंघ" र्ें र्दहलाओिं को अनुर्तत नहीिं िी थी, लेककन बाि र्ें वह अपने र्ुख्य
सशष्य "आनिंि" की सलाह पर सहर्त हो गईं। उनकी पालक र्ााँ "गौतर्ी" सिंघ र्ें शासर्ल होने वाली पहली
र्दहला बनीिं।
• Followers of Buddhism fall into two categories - Upasakand Bhikshus. बौद्ध धर्म क
े अनुयायी
िो श्रेणणयों र्ें आते हैं - उपासक और सभिु।
• Buddha was agnostic and non-committed to god's existence. भगवान क
े अन्स्तत्व क
े सलए बुद्ध
अज्ञेय और गैर-प्रततबद्ध थे।
• 3 vows of Buddhism - Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. बौद्ध धर्म की 3 प्रततज्ञाएाँ - बुद्ध, धर्म और
87. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Buddha literature / बुद्ध
सादहत्य
• Tripitaka - Sutta Pitaka, Vinay Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka. बत्रवपटक - सुत्त वपटक, ववनय
वपटक, असभधबर् वपटक।
• A small portion of Sutta Pitaka = Jataka stories. सुत्त वपटक का एक छोटा सा भाग = जातक
कथाएाँ।
• Dipavamasa and Mahavamsa - Ceylonese books. िीपवार्ासा और र्हावर्सा - सीलोनस
पुस्तक
ें ।
• Milindpanaho - An important book. Collection of discussions between Indo-Greek king
"Menander"(Milind) and Buddhist monk "Nagasena". सर्सलिंिपाहो - एक र्हत्वपूणम पुस्तक।
इिंडो-िीक राजा "र्ेनेंडर" (सर्सलिंि) और बौद्ध सभिु "नागसेना" क
े बीच चचाम का सिंिह।
• Buddha Charita - Book written in sanskrit by "Ashvaghosh". बुद्ध चररत्र - "अश्वघोष"
द्वारा सिंस्कृ त र्ें सलणखत पुस्तक।
88. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Sects of Buddhism / बौद्ध धर्म क
े
सिंप्रिाय
Hinayana
दहनायान
Mahayana
र्हायान
Vajrayan
वज्रयान
89. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Buddhist councils / बौद्ध
पररषि
SN
Year & Place
वषा और स्थान
Ruler/Patron
िासक / सुंरक्षक
President
अध्िक्ष
Importance
मित्त्व
1.
483 BC,
Saptaparni
Cave,Rajgir,Bihar
Ajatshatru
अजातशत्रु
Mahakassapa
र्हाकाश्यप
Sutta and Vinay
Pitaka
सुत्ता और ववनय
वपटक
2.
383
BC,Challavanya,
Vaishali
Kalashoka
कालाशोक
Sabakami
सबकार्ी
Buddhist Split Into
Stirvadins and
Mahasanghikas
बौद्ध न्स्टरवाडडन
और र्हासिंतघका र्ें
ववभान्जत
90. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Buddhist councils / बौद्ध
पररषि
3.
250 BC,
Ashokarma
Vihar,Patliputra
Ashoka
अिोक
Mogaliputta
Tissa
मोगशिपुत्त
नतस्सा
Abhidhamma
Pitaka
अशभधम्म वपटक
4.
100 AD,
Kundala Van,
Kashmir
Kanishka
कतनष्क
Vasumitra
वसुसर्ट्रा
Division into
Hinayana and
Mahayana sect.
Compilation of
Mahavibha
Shastra.
हीनयान और
र्हायान सिंप्रिाय र्ें
ववभाजन। र्हावविह
शास्त्र का सिंकलन।
91. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Lotus - कमि
Endless Knot
अुंतिीन गााँठ
Golden Fish
सुनिरी मछिी
Victory Banner
जीत का ध्वज
Wheel Of Karma
कमा का पहििा
Treasure Vase
खजाना किि
Parasol
छत्र
Conch Shell
िुंख
92. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Jainism / जैन धर्म
Vardhana Mahavir / वधान मिावीर
Birth / जन्र् 540 BC,Kundagrama,Near Vaishali.
540 ईसा पूवम, वैशाली क
े पास, क
ुिं डािर्ा।
Clan / विंश Jnatrika clan. विंश
Father / वपता Siddharta. ससद्धाथम
Real mother Trishala. बत्रशला
Wife / पत्नी Yashoda. यशोिा
Daughter / बेटी Annoja
Son in law / िार्ाि Jameli
93. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Jainism / जैन धर्म
• Mahavir became ascetic at the age of 30. During next 12 years, he practiced most
rigorous asceticism. र्हावीर 30 वषम की आयु र्ें तपस्वी बन गए। अगले 12 वषों क
े िौरान, उन्होंने स
कठोर तपस्या की।
• At the age of 42, he attained "Kaivalya". 42 वषम की आयु र्ें, उन्होंने "क
ै वल्य" प्राप्त ककया।
• He sat under a Sal tree on the banks of river Riju Palik in Jambhika Gram near Vaishali
and attained kaivalya. वह वैशाली क
े पास जन्बभका िार् र्ें ररजू पासलक निी क
े ककनारे एक साल क
े
क
े नीचे बैठ गया और कावल्य को प्राप्त कर सलया।
• He was also known as "Jina" (The conquerer of senses)and his followers are called
"Jaina". उन्हें "जीना" (इिंदद्रयों का ववजेता) क
े रूप र्ें भी जाना जाता था और उनक
े अनुयातययों को "जैन"
कहा जाता है।
• He founded a Jaina sangha at Pawapuri to propogate his faith. He died in 468 BC at the
age of 72. उन्होंने अपने ववश्वास का प्रचार करने क
े सलए पावपुरी र्ें एक जैन सिंग की स्थापना की। 72
आयु र्ें 468 ईसा पूवम र्ें उनकी र्ृत्यु हो गई।
94. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Teachings of Jainism / जैन धर्म की
सशिाएाँ
Five cardinal truths of
Jainism.
जैन धर्म क
े पािंच प्रर्ुख सत्य।
Ahimsa
अदहिंसा
Asteya
Apangraha
Brahmacharya
ब्रह्र्चयम
Satya
सत्या
95. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Teachings of Jainism / जैन धर्म की
सशिाएाँ
• The five cardinal truths are also called "Pancha Mahavratas" for monks and
"Pancha Anuvratas" for common people. First four cardinal truths were given by
"Prashavnath" whereas fifth one (Brahmacharya) was added by Mahavir. पािंच काडडमनल सत्य
को सभिुओिं क
े सलए "पिंच र्हाव्रत" और आर् लोगों क
े सलए "पिंच अनुव्रत" भी कहा जाता है। पहले चार क
सत्य "पृथ्वीनाथ" द्वारा दिए गए थे जबकक पााँचवें (ब्रह्र्चयम) को र्हावीर द्वारा जोड़ा गया था।
• Triratna of Jainism - Samyaka Jnana, Samyaka Vichara, Samyaka Karma. जैन धर्म क
े बत्ररत्न –
सबयक ज्ञान, सबयक ववचार, सबयक कर्म।
• Philosophy of Jainism is called Syadvada (Theory of maybe). जैन धर्म क
े िशमन को स्याद्वाि
(शायि का ससद्धािंत) कहा जाता है।
• According to syadvad, There are 7 modes of prediction (Saptabhangi) possible. Syadvad
is also called "Anekantvad". स्याद्वाि क
े अनुसार, भववष्यवाणी क
े 7 तरीक
े (सप्तभिंगी) सिंभव हैं। स्या
को "अनयकािंतवाि" भी कहा जाता है।
• Jainism says soul is everywhere, even in stones, rocks, water etc. जैन धर्म कहता है कक आत्र्ा
हर जगह है, यहािं तक कक पत्थरों, चट्टानों, पानी आदि र्ें भी।
96. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Teachings of Jainism / जैन धर्म की
सशिाएाँ
• Jainism says universe is comprised of Jiva, Ajiva, Dharma, Adharma, Kala, Akash. जैन धर्म
कहता है कक ब्रह्र्ािंड र्ें जीवा, अन्जवा, धर्म, अधर्म, काल, आकाश शासर्ल हैं।
• Jainism did not believed in God. According to Jainism, It is not god but man's deeds (Karma)
and the fruits thereof (Karmaphal) that shape destiny of man. जैन धर्म ईश्वर को नहीिं र्ानता था।
धर्म क
े अनुसार, यह ईश्वर नहीिं है बन्ल्क र्नुष्य क
े कर्म (कर्म) और उसक
े फल (कर्मफल) हैं जो र्नुष्य क
आकार िेते हैं।
• Sallekhna (Kaya Kalesha) is an orthodox Jain tradition in which a person accepts voluntary
death by fasting. साललेखा (काया कल्प) एक रूदढवािी जैन परिंपरा है न्जसर्ें एक व्यन्क्त उपवास करक
े
स्वैन्च्छक र्ृत्यु को स्वीकार करता है।
• According to Jainism, There are 3 source of knowledge - Pratyaksha, Anuman, Sayings. जैन
धर्म क
े अनुसार, ज्ञान क
े 3 स्रोत हैं - प्रत्यूष, अनुर्ान, कहावत।
97. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Sects in Jainism / जैन धर्म र्ें सिंप्रिाय
Jain
Digambar
दिगिंबर
Svetambara
श्वेताबबर
98. Evolution of Jainism and Buddhism / जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म का ववकास।
Jain Councils / जैन पररषदें
SN
Year & Place
वषम और स्थान
Head
प्रर्ुख
Importance
र्हत्त्व
1.
300 BC, Patliputra
पाटसलपुत्र
Sthulabhadra
सथुलभाद्रा
Jains got divided into
svetambar and digambar.
जैन श्वेतािंबर और दिगिंबर र्ें
ववभान्जत हो गए।
2.
6 CEN AD, Vallabhi
वल्लभ
Devardhi
12 Anga
12 Upanga
102. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / मिाजनपदों का उदि
Mahajanapadas / र्हाजनपि
❑ From 6 century AD, the widespread use of iron in eastern UP and Bihar gave rise to
territorial states. 6 शताब्िी ईस्वी से, पूवी यूपी और बबहार र्ें लोहे क
े व्यापक उपयोग ने िेत्रीय राज्य
को जन्र् दिया।
❑ These states either consisted of single tribes such as "Shakya", "Kollias","Mallas" etc. or
confederates of tribes such as "Vrijis","Panchal" etc. इन राज्यों र्ें "शाक्य","कोसलयास","र्ल्लस“
आदि जैसे एकल जनजाततयााँ शासर्ल थीिं या जनजाततयों क
े सिंघ जैसे "व्रन्जस", "पािंचाल" आदि।
❑ According to "Anguttar Nikaya" (Part of Sutta Pitaka) there were 16 Mahajanpads. Of
which 4 were very powerful - Magadha,Vatsa,Avanti and Koshla ruled by Bimbisara,
Udayan,Pradyota Mahasena and Prasenjit respectively. "अिंगुतर तनकया" (सुत्त वपटक का भाग) क
अनुसार 16 र्हाजनपि थे। न्जनर्ें से 4 बहुत शन्क्तशाली थे - र्गध, वत्स, अविंती और कोशला िर्शः
उियन, प्रद्योत र्हासेना और प्रसेनन्जत द्वारा शाससत थे।
❑ Vriji was a confederacy of 8 republican clan. वव्रजी एक सिंघी 8 गणतिंत्रीय कबीला था।
106. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / मिाजनपदों का उदि
Haryanka dynasty / हयंका विंश
❑ Bimbisara was the first king to have a standing army. Therefore he was named
"Shrenik Bimbisara" Or "Seniya". बबन्बबसारवास पहला राजा था न्जसक
े पास एक खड़ी सेना थी।
इससलए उन्हें "श्रेतनक बबन्बबसार" या "सेतनया" नार् दिया गया।
❑ The earliest capital of Magadha was Rajgir or Girivraja which was surrounded by 5 hills.
र्गध की प्राचीनतर् राजधानी राजगीर या चगररव्रजा थी जो 5 पहाडड़यों से तघरी थी।
❑ Bimbisara captured Anga and started matrimonial alliances for expansion. बबन्बबसार ने अिंगा
पर कब्जा कर सलया और ववस्तार क
े सलए वैवादहक गठबिंधन शुरू कर दिया।
1st wife/पििी
पत्नी
Kosala Devi - कोसि देवी
2nd Wife/िूसरी
पत्नी
Chelana
3rd Wife/तीसरी
Khema - खेर्ा
Bimbisara – बबत्म्बसार (542 – 493 BC)
107. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / मिाजनपदों का उदि
Haryanka dynasty / हयंका विंश
❑ Ajatshatru was the son of Bimbisara. He laid the foundation of new capital - "Pataligrama".
अजातशत्रु बबन्बबसार का पुत्र था। उन्होंने नई राजधानी की नीिंव रखी - "पाटसलिार्"।
❑ He patronized first Buddhist council. उन्होंने पहले बौद्ध पररषि का सिंरिण ककया।
❑ He fought a battle with Kosala. उसने कोसल क
े साथ युद्ध ककया।
❑ Sunidha and Vatskar, minister of Ajatshatru helped him defeat Vriji. अजातशत्रु क
े र्िंत्री सुतनधा
और वत्सकर ने उन्हें वव्रजी को हराने र्ें र्िि की।
❑ He killed his father and claimed throne. उसने अपने वपता को र्ार डाला और ससिंहासन का िावा ककय
❑ He was succeeded by his son Udayin (460 - 444 BC). His reign was important because he
laid the foundation of "Patliputra" (Modern day Patna). वह अपने बेटे उितयन (460 - 444 ईसा प
द्वारा सफल हुआ था। उनका शासनकाल र्हत्वपूणम था क्योंकक उन्होंने "पाटसलपुत्र" (आधुतनक दिन पटना)
नीिंव रखी।
Ajatsatru - अजातित्रु (490 – 460 BC)
108. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / मिाजनपदों का उदि
Shishunaga dynasty / सशशुनाग विंश
❑ Capital was temporarily shifted to Vaishali. राजधानी को अस्थायी रूप से वैशाली र्ें स्थानािंतररत क
दिया गया था।
❑ Their greatest achievement was the destruction of power of Avanti. उनकी सबसे बड़ी उपलन्ब्ध
अविंती की शन्क्त का ववनाश था।
❑ Kalashoka was the son of Shishunaga, He patronized second Buddhist council. कलशोका
सशशुनाग का पुत्र था, उसने िूसरी बौद्ध पररषि का सिंरिण ककया।
109. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / मिाजनपदों का उदि
Nanda dynasty / निंि विंश
❑ They were the most powerful rulers of Magadha. वे र्गध क
े सबसे शन्क्तशाली शासक थे।
❑ They conquered Kalinga and brought an image of Jina. उन्होंने कसलिंग को जीत सलया और जीना
एक छवव ले आए।
❑ According to writer Curtius, Dhanananda commanded a huge army of 20,000 cavalry,
2,00,000 infantry, 2000 chariots and 3000 elephants. Which terrorized Alexander's and
his army. लेखक कदटमयस क
े अनुसार, धनानिंि ने 20,000 घुड़सवारों, 2,00,000 पैिल सेना, 2000 रथों
3000 हाचथयों की ववशाल सेना की कर्ान सिंभाली। न्जसने ससक
िं िर और उसकी सेना को आतिंककत ककया।
❑ Most of the development and expansion took place in the reign of Mahapadmananda.
He claimed to be "Ekrat". अचधकािंश ववकास और ववस्तार र्हापद्र्निंि क
े शासनकाल र्ें हुआ। उन्होंने
"एकराट" होने का िावा ककया।
❑ Nand were the first non-khatriya rulers. निंि पहले गैर-िबत्रय शासक थे।
❑ The last ruler Dhanananda was defeated by Chandragupta Maurya. अिंततर् शासक धनानिंि को
चिंद्रगुप्त र्ौयम ने हराया था।
110. Emergence of Mahajanapadas / मिाजनपदों का उदि
Foreign invasion / वविेशी आिर्ण
❑ Cyrus (Founder of Persian empire) in 558 BC. 558 ईसा पूवम र्ें साइरस (फारसी साम्राज्य क
े सिंस्थाप
❑ Darius penetrated into North-West India and annexed Punjab. डेररयस ने उत्तर-पन्श्चर् भारत र्ें
प्रवेश ककया और पिंजाब पर कब्जा कर सलया।
❑ Alexander conquered many Indian territories. Among his victory, two were very well
known - Ambhi, The prince of Taxilla, and Porus. ससक
िं िर ने कई भारतीय िेत्रों पर ववजय प्राप्त की
उनकी जीत क
े बीच, िो बहुत प्रससद्ध थे - अबभी, तिसशला क
े राजक
ु र्ार, और पोरस।
111. The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
✓ Arthashastra of Chanakya gives the source of Mauryan empire. चाणक्य का अथम शास्त्र र्ौयम
साम्राज्य का स्रोत िेता है।
✓ Jataka tales,Ceylonese Dipavamsa & Mahavamsa, Tibetan Buddhist text Divyavandana gives
information Ashok & his efforts to spread Buddhism. जातक कथाएाँ, सीलोतनयस िीपवार्सा और
र्हावर्सा, ततब्बती बौद्ध िन्थ दिव्यविंिन से अशोक और बौद्ध धर्म क
े प्रसार क
े उनक
े प्रयासों की जानकारी
✓ Megasthenes's Indica. र्ेगस्थनीज की इिंडडका
✓ Mudrarakshasa of Vishakhadutta explains how Chandragupta overthrew Nand with the
help of Chanakya. ववशाखित्त क
े र्ुिरमि ने बताया कक क
ै से चिंद्रगुप्त ने चाणक्य की र्िि से निंि को उखाड़
✓ Mahabhasya written by Patanjali helps in understanding of the later Mauryan times. पतिंजसल
द्वारा सलणखत र्हाभाष्य बाि क
े र्ौयम काल को सर्झने र्ें र्िि करता है।
✓ Rajatarangini of Kalhana helps in chronology. कल्हण की राजतरिंचगणी कालिर् र्ें र्िि करती है।
113. ✓ He dethroned Dhananand and laid the foundation of Mauryan empire. उसने धनानिंि का ववरोध
ककया और र्ौयम साम्राज्य की नीिंव रखी।
✓ He defeated Seleucus Nicator. उन्होंने सेल्यूकस तनक
े टर को हराया।
✓ Seleucus sent Megasthenes to his courts. सेल्यूकस ने र्ेगस्थनीज को अपने िरबार र्ें भेजा।
✓ Chandragupta constructed Sudarshan lake at Patliputra. चिंद्रगुप्त ने पाटसलपुत्र र्ें सुिशमन झील क
तनर्ामण ककया।
✓ Under Chandragupta Maurya, for the first time, whole of the northern India was united.
चिंद्रगुप्त र्ौयम क
े तहत, पहली बार, सिंपूणम उत्तर भारत एकजुट था।
✓ Chandragupta became Jain and went to Chandragiri hills with Bhadrabahu,
Sravanbelagola (Karnataka) where he took Kayakalesha. चिंद्रगुप्त जैन बन गए और भद्रबाहु,
क
े साथ चिंद्रचगरर पहाडड़यों पर गए जहािं उन्होंने कायाकलेश सलया।
Chandragupta Maurya - चिंद्रगुप्त र्ौयम (321 – 293 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
114. ✓ Also known as Amitrochates (Sanskrit word Amitraghata that means slayer of foes). इसे
असर्त्रोचेट्स (सिंस्कृ त शब्ि अर्ृताघाट न्जसका अथम है िुश्र्नों का वध) क
े रूप र्ें भी जाना जाता है।
✓ Appointed his eldest son Sumana/Sushima as his viceroy in Taxila & Ashok at Ujjain. उज्जैन र्
तिसशला और अशोक र्ें अपने बड़े बेटे सुर्ना / सुशीर्ा को अपने वाइसराय क
े रूप र्ें तनयुक्त ककया।
✓ Bindusara followed Ajivika sect. बबन्िुसार ने अजीववका सिंप्रिाय का अनुसरण ककया।
✓ A Greek king demanded for wine, dry figs, and a sophist from Bindusara. एक यूनानी राजा ने
शराब, सूखे अिंजीर और बबन्िुसार से एक पररष्कार की र्ााँग की।
Bindusara / बबन्िुसार (293 – 273 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
115. ✓ According to Buddhist tradition, Ashoka usurped the throne after killing 99 brothers. But
he spared the youngest named Tissa. बौद्ध परिंपरा क
े अनुसार, अशोक ने 99 भाइयों को र्ारने क
े ब
ससिंहासन पर कब्जा कर सलया। लेककन उन्होंने दटसा नार् क
े सबसे युवा को बख्शा।
✓ Radha Gupta (Son of Chanakya) helped Ashoka in the killings. राधा गुप्ता (चाणक्य क
े पुत्र) ने हत्
र्ें अशोक की र्िि की।
✓ Ashok was coronated in 269 BC. अशोक का 269 ईसा पूवम र्ें राज्यासभषेक हुआ था।
✓ Subhadra or Janpad kalyani was his mother. सुभद्रा या जनपि कल्यानी उनकी र्ााँ थीिं।
Ashok / अशोक (273 – 232 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Monarchical epithet Devanampriya
Barabar caves inscription Piyadassiraja
Junagarh inscription Ashoka Maurya
Kandhar inscription Piyadasi
Ashok name comes from Maski
minor edict.
अशोक नार् र्ास्की र्ाइनर एडडक्ट
से आता है।
116. Ashok / अशोक (273 – 232 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Major rock edicts -
प्रमुख रॉक शििािेख।
Various principle of dhamma - धम्म क
े ववशभन्न शसद्धाुंत
I Prohibition of animal sacrifice and festive gathering.
पशुबसल और उत्सव का तनषेध।
II
Measures of social welfare
सार्ान्जक कल्याण क
े उपाय
III
Respect of Brahmans
ब्राह्र्णों का सबर्ान
IV Respect to relatives and elders. Protection to animals.
ररश्तेिारों और बड़ों का सबर्ान करें। जानवरों को सिंरिण।
V
Appointment of Dhamma Mahamatra.
धबर् र्हार्ात्र की तनयुन्क्त।
VI Order of Dhamma Mahamatra
धबर् र्हार्ात्र का आिेश
117. Ashok / अशोक (273 – 232 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Major rock edicts -
प्रमुख रॉक शििािेख।
Various principle of dhamma - धम्म क
े ववशभन्न शसद्धाुंत
VII Tolerance among all religious sects
सभी धासर्मक सिंप्रिायों क
े बीच सदहष्णुता
VIII
Dhamma yatra
धबर् यात्रा
IX
Prohibition of meaningless ceremony and rituals
तनरथमक सर्ारोह और अनुष्ठानों का तनषेध
X Conquest through Dhamma instead of war
युद्ध क
े बजाय धबर् क
े र्ाध्यर् से ववजय
XI
Explanation of Dhamma policy
धबर् नीतत की व्याख्या
XII Appeal for tolerance among all religious sects.
सभी धासर्मक सिंप्रिायों क
े बीच सदहष्णुता की अपील।
118. Ashok / अशोक (273 – 232 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Major rock edicts -
प्रमुख रॉक शििािेख।
Various principle of dhamma - धम्म क
े ववशभन्न शसद्धाुंत
XIII
Kalinga war, Mention of 5 contemporary rulers of Ashok.
कसलिंग युद्ध, अशोक क
े 5 सर्कालीन शासकों का उल्लेख।
XIV
Inspiration to spend religious life
धासर्मक जीवन बबताने की प्रेरणा
✓ 14 major rock edicts, 2 Kalinga rock edict, 7 pillar rock edicts, 4 minor pillar rock
edicts, 2 Tarai pillar rock edicts, 3 Barabar caves edicts.
✓ Dipenthalar discovered Ashoka's inscriptions and James Princep deciphered them
in 1837. दिपेंथलार ने अशोक क
े सशलालेखों की खोज की और जेबस वप्रिंसप ने उन्हें 1837 र्ें
ववस्थावपत कर दिया।
119. Ashok / अशोक (273 – 232 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
✓ The name "Ashok" occurs only in Maski minor rock edict.
✓ Ashok's inscriptions are found in India,Nepal,Pakistan and Afghanistan. They are
composed of Prakrit language and Brahmi script mostly. But in North-West part,
They appeared in Armaic and Kharosti. अशोक क
े सशलालेख भारत, नेपाल, पाककस्तान
और अफगातनस्तान र्ें पाए जाते हैं। वे ज्यािातर प्राकृ त भाषा और ब्राह्र्ी सलवप से बने हैं।
लेककन उत्तर-पन्श्चर् भाग र्ें, वे आर्ामससक और खोरोस्ती र्ें दिखाई दिए।
✓ Some very important edicts are ; Kandahar edict (Bilingual), Kalinga edict, Kalsi
edict and Girnar edict.
✓ The XIII rock edict is the longest. तेरहवीिं सशलालेख सबसे लिंबी है।
✓ Minor pillar edict is called "Schism Edict". It talks about division in Sangha. र्ाइनर
वपलर एडडट को "न्स्कर् एडडट" कहा जाता है। यह सिंघ र्ें ववभाजन की बात करता है।
120. Ashok / अशोक (273 – 232 BC)
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
✓ Ruminidei pillar edict talks about Buddha's birth in Lumbini, details about
reduction of tax to 1/8 in Lumbini. लुसर्नी र्ें बुद्ध क
े जन्र् क
े बारे र्ें यूमसर्नी स्तिंभ का
उल्लेख है, लुन्बबनी र्ें कर को घटाकर 1/8 करने का वववरण है।
✓ Ashok pillars are inspired by folded pillars of Darius. अशोक स्तिंभ डेररयस क
े तह
स्तिंभों से प्रेररत हैं।
✓ The pillar edict of Kaushambhi was shifted to Praygraj by Jahangir. कौशाबबी क
े
स्तिंभ को जहािंगीर ने प्रयागराज र्ें स्थानािंतररत कर दिया था।
✓ The pillar edict of Sopara and Meerut was shifted to Delhi by Firoz Tughlaq. सोपारा
और र्ेरठ क
े स्तिंभ सिंस्करण को कफरोज तुगलक द्वारा दिल्ली स्थानािंतररत कर दिया गया
था।
✓ Major rock edict II and III gives details about Sangam kingdom. सशलालेख 2 और 3
सिंगर् राज्य क
े बारे र्ें वववरण िेता है।
125. Mauryan administration / र्ौयम प्रशासन
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
District administration - न्जला प्रशासन
✓ Three main officers : Pradeshika, Rajukas and Yuktas. तीन र्ुख्य अचधकारी: प्रिेसशका,राजुका
और युक्ता।
✓ The administration of Patliputra has been described by Megasthenes. The 6 boards
consisted of 5 members each. पाटसलपुत्र का प्रशासन र्ेगस्थनीज द्वारा वणणमत ककया गया है। 6 बोड
सिस्य शासर्ल थे।
1. Industrial arts (औद्योचगक कला)
2. Entertainment of foreigners (वविेसशयों का र्नोरिंजन)
3. Registration of birth and death (जन्र् और र्ृत्यु का पिंजीकरण)
4. Trade and commerce (व्यापार एविं वाणणज्य)
5. Manufacturing goods (वविय का र्ाल)
6. Collection of taxes on goods sold (बेचे गए र्ाल पर करों का सिंिह)
127. Mauryan administration / र्ौयम प्रशासन
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Judicial administration - न्यातयक प्रशासन
✓ According to Pliny, Chandragupta maintained an army of 6,00,000 infantry, 30,000
Cavalry and 900 war elephant. न्प्लनी क
े अनुसार, चिंद्रगुप्त ने 6,00,000 पैिल सेना, 30,000
घुड़सवार और 900 युद्ध हाथी की एक सेना को बनाए रखा।
✓ Army was administered by 6 committee of 5 members each. सेना को प्रत्येक 5 सिस्यों
की 6 ससर्तत द्वारा प्रशाससत ककया गया था।
✓ Santhara and Sanchari were two guilds of spies. Santhara worked by remaining
stationed at public places whereas Sanchari moved from place to place. सिंथारा और
सिंचारी िो जासूसों की श्रेणी थी। सिंथारा सावमजतनक स्थानों पर तैनात रहकर कार् करता था जबकक
सािंचारी एक स्थान से िूसरे स्थान पर जाता था।
✓ The spies were also called "Gadhapurusha". जासूसों को "गधापुरुष" भी कहा जाता था।
✓ Women were also appointed as bodyguards. र्दहलाओिं को अिंगरिक क
े रूप र्ें भी तनयुक्त
ककया गया था।
128. Mauryan administration / र्ौयम प्रशासन
The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Revenue administration - राजस्व प्रशासन
✓ Industry was organized in various guilds. Chief of guild was called "Jeshthaka". उद्योग
ववसभन्न चगल्डों र्ें आयोन्जत ककया गया था। चगल्ड क
े प्रर्ुख को "जेश्थाका" कहा जाता था।
✓ Tax – कर
• Bhaga - Chief source of revenue, राजस्व का र्ुख्य स्रोत 1/4 to 1/6
• Pindakara - Assessed by a group of villages, गािंवों क
े एक सर्ूह द्वारा र्ूल्यािंकन ककया
गया।
• Kara - Tax on fruits,flowers and gardens, फल, फ
ू ल और बगीचों पर कर
• Hiranya - Tax on special class of crops, फसलों क
े ववशेष वगम पर कर
• Pranaya - Emergency period tax, आपातकालीन अवचध कर
• Sita - Income from King's own land, राजा की अपनी भूसर् से आय
• Pradeshya - Import duty, आयात शुल्क
129. The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Mauryan economy - र्ौयमकालीन अथमव्यवस्था
✓ State provided irrigation facility (Setubandha) and charged tax. राज्य ने ससिंचाई सुववधा (सेतुबिंध)
प्रिान की और कर लगाया।
✓ Pana and Masika were punch marked coins of Silver and Copper. पाना और र्ाससका को चािंिी
और तािंबे क
े पिंच चचन्ह्नत ससक्क
े थे।
✓ Sohagaura copper plate inscription and Mahasthana copper plate inscription tells about
relief measures in case of famine. सोहगौरा तािंबे की प्लेट सशलालेख और र्हास्थानी तािंबा प्लेट सशलाल
अकाल क
े र्ार्ले र्ें राहत उपायों क
े बारे र्ें बताते हैं।
✓ Baruch and Supara were the western coasts and Tamralipti was eastern. बारूक और सुपारा
पन्श्चर्ी तट थे और ताम्रसलन्प्त पूवी था।
✓ Mauryan rulers maintained ship building as a state monopoly. र्ौयम शासकों ने राज्य क
े एकाचधका
क
े रूप र्ें जहाज तनर्ामण को बनाए रखा।
✓ The main livelihood of people was agriculture. लोगों की र्ुख्य आजीववका कृ वष थी।
130. The Maurya dynasty / मौिा वुंि
Mauryan society - र्ौयमकालीन सर्ाज
✓ Megasthenes described Mauryan society in 7 classes - Philosphers, Farmers, Soldiers,
Herdsmen, Artisan, Magistrate, and Councilors. र्ेगस्थनीज ने 7 वगों र्ें र्ौयमकालीन सर्ाज का वण
ककया - िाशमतनक, ककसान, सैतनक, चरवाहा, कारीगर, र्न्जस्ट्रेट और पाषमि।
✓ Varna system functioned as desired by the priestly class. वणम व्यवस्था पुरोदहत वगम द्वारा वािंतछत थ
✓ Prostitution was a established institution. वेश्यावृवत्त एक स्थावपत सिंस्थान था।
✓ Megasthenes said slavery did not existed but Kautilya's Arthashastra tells about 9 types of
slaves. र्ेगस्थनीज ने कहा कक िासता का अन्स्तत्व नहीिं था लेककन कौदटल्य का अथमशास्त्र 9 प्रकार क
े िास
र्ें बताता है।
✓ Widows had a honorable place in the society. However Sati pratha was also prevalent.
ववधवाओिं का सर्ाज र्ें सबर्ानजनक स्थान था। हालााँकक सती प्रथा भी प्रचसलत थी। (Paradox / ववरोधाभा