garden landscape

1. CHINESE
LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE PREPARED BY ;
SREYA
GREESHMA
JUHAIANA
MEHRIN
MUHAMMED
SADIYA
NOUSHIQUE

2. • The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand
years.
• It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the imperial family,
built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets,
former government officials, soldiers and merchants, made for reflection and escape from the
outside world.
• They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that
should exist between man and nature.
INTRODUCTION

3. HISTORY
• The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the Yellow River, during
the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings
and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown.
• Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for
garden, you, pu and yuan.
• You was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while pu was a garden for plants.

4. • During the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), yuan became the character for all gardens. The old character
for yuan is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols
which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a
plantation or a pomegranate tree.
• Another early royal garden was Shaqui, or the Dunes of Sand, built by the last Shang ruler, King
Zhou (1075–1046 BC). It was composed of an earth terrace, or tai, which served as an observation platform in
the center of a large square park.
• In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the Terrace of Gusu,
was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a
series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where
boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest
terrace, a view extended as far as Lake Tai, the Great Lake.

5. • The Chinese classical garden had multiple functions. It could be used for banquets, celebrations,
reunions, or romance. It could be used to find solitude and for contemplation. It was a calm place
for painting, poetry, calligraphy, and music, and for studying classic texts.
• The gardens were intended to evoke the idyllic feeling of wandering through a natural landscape, to
feel closer to the ancient way of life, and to appreciate the harmony between man and nature.
• Taoism had a strong influence on the classical garden. After the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD),
gardens were frequently constructed as retreats for government officials who had lost their posts or
who wanted to escape the pressures and corruption of court life in the capital. They chose to
pursue the Taoist ideals of disengagement from worldly concerns.
DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY

6. • Chinese gardens are distinctive in their symbolic use of water , stone , plants & architecture to create a place of
beauty, vibrant with the flow of universal energy .
• These four elements manifest the opposing principles of yin(earth/receptive/dark)and yang (heaven/creative/
bright).
• Chinese philosophy views yin and yang as interactive cycling forces that drive the rhythms of life .

7. CLASSIFICATION OF CHINESE GARDENS
1. IMPERIAL STYLE CHINESE GARDENS
2. SCHOLARELY STYLE CHINESE GARDENS
The royal gardens originated in the ancient game reserves of the chinese
emperors of shang dynasty .
Chinese civil servants used to be chosen on grounds of birth. Confucius
believed they should, instead, be chosen by competitive examination. This led
to the development of a class of scholars. They were educated in philosophy,
literature, music, poetry, calligraphy and painting. Since four of these arts
turned on nature, it was a 'natural' development for scholars to turn to
gardens. Their interest was was in making symbolic places befitting their
scholarship. They made

8. places in which to meditate - on a highly intellectual representation of nature. In the sticky heat of
the representation of woods, water and mountains helped the scholar to meditate on cooler and
fresher places.
Rocks were a vital component of scholar gardens, objects of reverence and study. They brought
mountains into towns. Small rocks were used to rest calligraphy brushes upon. Large stones were
placed in gardens, often grouped to suggest the mountain peaks which featured in landscape
paintings or placed by water to suggest the Isles of the Immortals. The Chinese word for
‘landscape’ is shanshui, meaning ‘mountains and water’. The most famous garden stones came
from Lake Tai (Tai Hu) between Suzhou and Wuxi.

9. ELEMENTS OF CHINESE
LANDSCAPE
• ROCKS ARE OFTEN PILED UP TO MAKE ARTIFICIAL MOUNTAINS.
• MOST FAMOUS OF THESE ARE THE SCHOLOR ROCKS,
LIMESTONES FORMED DUE TO THE EROSION IN TAI LAKE
• THERE WILL BE ALWAYS A GROTTO BENEATH THE MOUNTAIN.
• THEY WHERE THE SYMBOL OF VIRTUE STABILITY AND
ENDURANCE
• TODAY THE GARDENS HAVE SMALL PAVALIONS ATTACHED TO
THE MOUNTAIN.
• THEY HAVE SINGLE PIECE ROCKS TOO.
ARTIFICIAL MOUNTAINS
The Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak,
a scholar stone in the Lingering Garden
in Suzhou

10. A scholar rock from Lake
Tai in the Beijing Botanical
Garden
Rock garden at the Prince
Gong Mansion in Beijing,
complete with a grotto
• Rock garden of
the Mountain Villa with
Embracing Beauty

11. WATER
• A pond or lake is the central element of a Chinese garden.
• The main buildings are usually placed beside it, and pavilions surround the lake to
see it from different points of view.
• The garden usually has a pond for lotus flowers, with a special pavilion for viewing
them.
• There are usually goldfish in the pond, with pavilions over the water for viewing them.
Pond at the Prince Gong Mansion,
Beijing
• The shape of the garden pond often hides the edges of the pond
from viewers on the other side, giving the illusion that the pond goes
on to infinity.
• The softness of the water contrasts with the solidity of the rocks. The
water reflects the sky, and therefore is constantly changing, but even
a gentle wind can soften or erase the reflections
Pond of the Lingering Garden, in Suzhou

12. pond of the Humble
Administrator's Garden
Pond at the Prince Gong
Mansion, Beijing
Lake with water lilies in Liyuan
Garden, Wuxi

13. FLOWERS AND TREES
• Unlike other gardens ,chinese gardens incorporate minimal veriety of plants and
trees in a single garden .
• Trees and shrubs are planted in more neutralistic arrangements perhaps in
pure stands or in association with a special rock .
• Sparse plantings of seasonal flowers are scattered about but will nvere be
found in geometric arrangements :- again the objective is to achieve a stylized ,
neutraklistic feel
• Western gardens tend to have a profusion of plantings whereas CHINEESE
GARDENS STYLE IS MORE MINIMAL .
• Lawn is used least in the chinese private garden ,for its beauty is
best percieved with inexhaustible sight ranges ,and contradicts the
private chinese garden design principlke of avoiding total exposure of
everything at a glance. Blossoming tree by the lake at the
Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing
In the Lingering Garden in Suzhou,
flowers provide a contrast with a
scholar stone chosen to
represent Mount Tiantai, one of the
founding centers of Chinese Buddhism.

14. Bamboo in a garden in the
Summer Palace
Plum blossom in Linyang
Temple

15. PATHWAYS
• Paths are constructed to accentuate the changing scenes and
views into the garden and beyond
• Uneven and zigzag
• Paths may also link to the beauty of paintings where the
landscape is rev ealed not in one hit but in a succession of views
• The path is usually covered in stone ,pebbles or tiles .and covered
the intersperces with patches of moss or other low ground covers.

16. BUILD STRUCTURE
• The type of structures in achinese garden differ as where the
gardens stays.
• Some gardens have library, some have temples, gallaries, bridges,
pavallions.
• Some of them have cermonial pavallions to perform rituals and to
welcome guest.
• While some have pavallion of flowers
• Statues

17. MOON GATES
• The moon gates are those openings to the Chinese gardens
• They are of different shapes.
• Mostly circular shaped and with sloping roofs
• They are very important elements in Chinese weddings
• They are usually attached to walls
• They can be made by several materials like stone, wood, etc..

18. • Bridge connects two different vistas in the Chinese garden
• Constructed also as a symbol of contrast against the moving water .
• The half-moon cavity under the bridge , which gets completed after the reflection on
the water surface follows the principle of harmony and balance .
BRIDGES

19. SYMBOLISM THROUGH
VEGETATION
• Each flower and tree in the garden had its own symbolic meaning
• The pine was the emblem of longevity and tenacity, as well
as Constance in friendship.
• Lotus –perfection
• The bamboo, a hollow straw, represented a wise man, modest and
seeking knowledge
• Plum trees -symbol of rebirth after the winter and the arrival of spring.
• The peach tree in the Chinese garden symbolized longevity and
immortality.
• The pear tree could also symbolize a long friendship or romance, since
the tree lived a long time.
• Mulberry –human activity
• Peony –wealth
• Chrysanthemum –courage to make sacrifices
The Paeonia lactiflora
Plum blossoms (Prunus mume)
in the Plum Garden, Jiangsu

20. LINGERING
GARDEN
(LIU YUAN)

21. LINGERING GARDEN
(LIU YUAN)
• Lingering Garden is a renowned
classical Chinese garden. It is located at 338
Liuyuan Rd. Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China .
• It is recognized with other classical Suzhou
gardens as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1997,
• Occupying an area of 5.8 acres (about 23,300 square
meters), the Lingering Garden is located outside
Changmen Gate in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. Originally a
classical private garden, it is one of the four most famous
gardens in China.

22. HISTORY
• With a history of more than 400 years, the Lingering Garden has changed hands several times. Each
owner did his best to perfect it. The garden was first built in 1593 during the Ming Dynasty (1368 -
1644) by a retired official named Xu Tai. During the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911), it was bought by Liu
Shu.
• As a calligraphy lover, he carved masterpieces on
both sides of the corridors of the buildings. He had
also collected unusually-shaped stones in the
garden.
• The succeeding owners followed his model
when doing restoration work. Almost demolished in
the 1930s, the garden was repaired sponsored by
the government and then opened to the public.

23. KEY SPACES
• Garden is divided into four distinctly themed sections;
East, Central, West, and North.
• The Central area is the oldest part of the garden.
Buildings, the primary feature of any Chinese garden,
occupy one third of the total area.
• A unique feature this garden is the 700 m covered
walk which connects them.
• The built elements of the garden are grouped by
section. The ensemble of structures in the central
garden encircles a pond and grotto main feature.

24. • The grotto is constructed of yellowstone granite and was created by the noted artist
Zhou Binzhong.
• The eastern section of the garden is arrayed around the cloud-capped peak stone. A
central courtyard is ringing by buildings. Behind the Old Hermit Scholars' House is the Small Court
of Stone Forest, a collection of Scholar stones and connected minor courtyards.
• The western section is mostly natural containing only a few pavilions, a large artificial hill,
and a Penzai garden.

25. • Entry
• The garden entry on Liuyuan
Lu. This door leads into the
Gatehouse, the simple style of
the whitewashed walls and
stone lintel is typical of the
urban design in ancient
Suzhou resulting from the
sumptuary law. The garden
name is painted in gold on the
stone lintel and paving
ornaments in the entry plaza.

26. Gatehouse
The gate house is a double arcade three bay
hall with full gable roofline and bowed ridge
decorated with the three immortals. in front
of a small courtyard on three sides by a
roofed corridor. This passage connects to
the Zigzag Path at the rear. A screen with an
inlaid jade map of the garden divides the hall
from the courtyard. The screen is called,
"Full View of the Lingering Garden"
Old Intertwined Trees Court
A complex and unique structure composed of a
courtyard, open 3 bay hall, and covered corridor
which functions as a single space. The courtyard is
planted with two trees symbolizing jade
(Magnolia soulangia) and gold (Osmanthus
fragrans), a sign of prosperity. The entry to this
space is marked by a tablet inscribed by Deputy
Prime Minister Zhu Boqi which read, "Paradise on
Earth".

27. • Small House by the Flowery Path
• A complex and unique structure composed of a covered
passage that simulates a three bay hall Screen windows
facing the pond and a two small sky-wells on the opposite
side. The sky-well is planted with a composition of a
Cypress from the Ming Dynasty and Camellia. An opening
on one side of the sky-well leads into a smaller sky-well
behind the Green Shade Terrace which is a composition of
rock and Boston Ivy.

28. • Zigzag Path A winding
roofed corridor which
connects the entry hall,
residence, and
Old Intertwined Trees Court.
It is marked by a
tablet inscribed by
Suzhou Magistrate Wu
Yun reading,
"Lingering garden".

29. CENTRAL
GARDEN
• Celestial Hall of Five Peaks (五峰仙馆)
• This five bay full gable structure was
inspired by a verse from Li Bai, "There
are five peaks to the south of Mount
Lu which seem to be the golden lotus
flowers cut out by nature". The selection
of this verse was in turn was inspired by
the preexisting Ming Dynasty grotto
which faces the front of the hall.[2]
On the
backside of the Hall a courtyard houses
one of the 12 famous scholar stones,
Rhesus Monkey Peak, of Liu Su's collection.
Inside are numerous pillar couplets.

30. • (绿荫)Named for a verse by Gao Qi
in Ode to Sunflowers, "brightness and beauty
come from the vermillion light brushes and
flowers lean on the shade side."[2]
A
reference to the shade provided by the 300-
year-old maple tree, which overhangs it. A
three bay terrace structure rear double
arcade, with a full gable roofline open on
one side with backrest facing the pond.yard
inlaid with phoniex fish deer crane bat and
lotus paving designs.
Green Shade Pavilion

31. • (涵碧⼭房)Named after a line by
Zhu Shi (Song Dynasty), "The
water is imbued with green, forests
have become more red...".[2]
The
name alludes to the numerous
pines added to the garden during
the second phase of construction.
The typical farmhouse design
typology, three bay with flat eves
and full gables, of the villa
reinforces the idea of a rustic
retreat.
Hanbi Mountain Villa

32. • (明瑟楼)Built as an extension to the
Hanbi Villa during the third phase of
garden construction, this structure is built
to resemble the form a pleasure boat
launching into the pond. It was inspired by
the Du Fu verse, "The boat is exquisite
enough to take two or three of us for our
sailing in the open".[2]
Three bay hipped
gable roofline with flying eves. Cloud stair
rockery,access to top floor which is
screened by mother of pearl inlaid windows.
Pellucid Tower

33. (濠濮亭)A freestanding structure on the
pond. The name is from two famous
angling resorts called Hao and Pu;
however, it also alludes to The Happiness of
Fish (⿂之樂), a dialectic conversation
between Zhuang Zi and Hui Zi.
Ultimately, the name expresses the desire
of the owner for a simple life. It faces
three of the 12 famous scholar stones of
Liu Su's Collection; The Moon, The Magic
Fungus, and The Cockscomb. It is a
freestanding square pavilion with a hipped
gable roofline, and ornamented flying
eves.
HaoPu Pavilion

34. • Passable Pavilion (可亭)The
name comes from a verse
by Liu Yuxi, "the bright moon
passes the pavilion".[2] A
freestanding hexagonal pavilio
n with ridged flying eves
typical of a moon
gazing pavilion. It is flanked
on both sides by two 300-year-
old Ginkgo trees

35. • (清⻛池馆)Named from a line by Su
Dongpo in his Ode to Chi Bi, "The soothing
breeze slowly blow this way but the pond is
rippless..."[2]
This structure uses the Venturi
effect to create a crossbreeze off the pond.
A one bay terrace structure with a hipped
gable roofline open on one side, the flying
eves are decorated with dragon ornaments.
A central wooden screen is flanked by
pillar couplets.
Refreshing Breeze
Pavilion

36. • (闻⽊樨⾹斩)A square three bay
hipped gable roofline and flying
eve pavilion connected to the
roofed passage, and named after
the grove of Cassia trees. There are
two pillar couplets. The yard in
front of the pavilion is decorated
with two phoniex a Buddhist knot
and a lotus.
Osmanthus fragrans
Pavilion

37. EAST GARDEN
• Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak
• considered to be a national treasure of
China. It was a relic from the Song Dynasty,
and forms part of an arrangement with two
other scholar stones, a pond and a
surrounding complex of buildings. It
flanked by Auspicious Cloud Peak and
Mountain Cloud Peak, and fronted by
Could Washing Pond.

38. • Cloud Capped Tower
• .A three bay tower with a hipped
gable roofline and flat eves. It has
two wings attached on either side.
It is sited behind the Auspicious
Cloud Capped Peak, and currently
used as a teahouse

39. • Cloud Capped Pavilion (冠云亭)
• A freestanding hexagonal pavilion with flying eves and ornamental
capstone on the rockery beside the Auspicious Cloud Capped Peak.

40. • Good for Farming Pavilion (佳晴
喜⾬快雪之亭)
• A square one bay pavilion closed
on three sides with a hipped gable
roofline and ornamented ridge.

41. • Awaiting Cloud Temple
• Named after the Auspicious
Cloud Capped Peak, it is a
three bay hall with portico on
three sides and a hipped
gable roofline with flying eves.

42. • Worshipping Stone Pavilion (#峰斩)A
one bay square pavilion with hipped gable
roofline and ornamented flying eves
connected to the covered corridor and the
backside of the Good for Farming Pavilion.
It is named after the nearby Auspicious
Cloud Capped Peak, which it faces.

43. • Pavilion of Oneness
• An attached square pavilion over
the gate to the Small Court of
Stone Forest with a hipped gable
roofline and flying eves.

44. • Return–-to–-Read Study (还我读书斋)
• Named after a line by Tao Qias, "After plowing and sowing I often
return home to read...".[2]
It is a tower facing a courtyard
surrounded by a roofed corridor and decorated with 99 stelae from
famous calligraphers of the Song Dynasty. It is a three bay full gable
tower with connected courtyard

45. • Small Court of Stone Forest
• A 100 m2
courtyard divided into
eight yards, each one anchored by
a scholar stone. Elaborate
pavement ornaments depict crane,
deer, and a five bat longevity motif.

46. • Small Garden of the Stone Forest
• A courtyard entered from the View to Quietude
Gate and surrounded by a roofed corridor on
three sides. In the center is Afterglow Peak which
overlooks Hound Peak. The name of this space is
derived from the garden of Song Dynasty poet
Liu Mengde called The Garden of Delicate Stones.
He like the garden owner Liu Su was also an
avid collector of scholar stones. The main axis of
this courtyard passes through an open window
into a skywell anchored by another scholar stone.
The composition in the skywell space gives the
open window the illusion of being a mirror of
the backside of Afterglow Peak.

47. • Stone Forest Pavilion
• A freestanding hexagonal pavilion with flat eves ridges and an
ornamented capstone. It is sited in the Small Court of Stone Forest.
Sometimes it is called the Azure Pavilion.

48. • Worshipping Stone Hall
• A three bay hall built in the Small
Garden of the Stone Forest
courtyard. It is closed on three
sides with a hipped gable roofline
and flying eves. It is named after
the scholar stone it faces in the
center of the courtyard
called Afterglow Peak.

49. WEST
GARDEN
• Delightful Pavilion (⾄乐亭)
• A double hexagonal pavilion with
flying eves and ridge ornaments
overlooking the Penzai garden.
The name is meant to connote the
visitor will experience ultimate
delight.

50. • Free Roaring Pavilion A free
standing hexagonal pavilion with a
round roofline on top of the hill
overlooking the peach blossom
garden.

51. • One More Village
• Named after a verse by Lu Yu, "Where the hills and streams end
there seems no road beyond, amidst the shady willows and
blooming flowers another village appears". This area was formerly a
productive garden imitating an idyllic rustic village. Currently, it is
used to house a penjing collection.

52. • Peach Blossom Dock
• A square pavilion with pillar
couplets connected to the covered
corridor with a hipped gable
roofline and flying eaves. It is
named after the grove of flowering
trees it faces, which are meant to
be a recreation of the scenery
in utopian tale Peach Blossom
Spring by Tao Qian.

53. • Place of Liveliness
• Named after ancient Chinese
philosophical concept of nature
later adopted by Buddhists and
translated as liveliness. A two-story
three bay terrace structure open on
one side with a portico on four
sides and hipped gable roofline
with flat eves. The door panels are
decorated with carvings.

54. SUMMER
PALACE

55. • Chinese: 颐和园Yíhé Yuán /ee-her ywen/ ‘Nourishing Peace Garden’
• Area: 2.9 square kilometers (1.1 sq mi)
• Age: 257 years (in 2021, completed 1764
• The Summer Palace is known as the ‘Imperial Garden Museum’ in China as its purpose now
is the preservation of national heritage material. It harmonizes plants and paths, water and
land, architecture and horticulture, epitomizing the philosophy and practice of Chinese
garden design.
• A summer Retreat for the Royal Family
• The Summer Palace was used as a summer retreat by the Chinese royal family. During the
hot Beijing summers, the imperial family preferred the beautiful gardens and airy pavilions of
the Summer Palace to the walled-in Forbidden City. Dowager Empress Cixi took up
permanent residence there for a time, giving rise to some wonderful tales of extravagance
and excess.

56. HISTORY
• Construction — Began in 1750
• Emperor Qianlong ordered the construction of the Summer Palace to celebrate his mother's sixtieth
birthday. The Summer Palace was built in 1750 and completed in 1764.
• Burned — 1860
• In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the weakening of national power, the garden was gradually abandoned.
In 1860, it was destroyed by British and French allied forces.
• Rebuilt — 1884–1895
• The Empress Dowager Cixi rebuilt the garden as her summer resort.
• In order to rebuild the Summer Palace, military expenditure was diverted, which contributed to the
Qing government's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895.
• In 1900, it was destroyed by the Allied Forces of the Eight Powers during the defeat of the Boxer
Rebellion, but it was rebuilt again in 1902.
• Opened to the Public — 1914
• In 1912, the Qing Dynasty ended, and the Summer Palace became the private property of the former
imperial family of the Qing Empire. Two years later, the Summer Palace was opened to the public..

57. LAYOUT

59. Tower of Buddhist Incense (Foxiangge)
Tower of Buddhist Incense
It is the main building of the Summer Palace complex, built halfway up the front of Longevity Hill.
Empress Dowager Cixi went there every month to worship Buddha.

60. Hall of Dispelling
Clouds (Paiyundian)
• Hall of Dispelling Clouds
• This was the Summer
Palace’s main place for
Empress Dowager Cixi to
receive guests, host grand
ceremonies, and celebrate
her birthday. Like the Tower
of Buddhist Incense, it is
located on the central axis of
the ‘front hill’ area

61. The Long Corridor
• The paths beside the lake lead you under shady trees, or along the roofed colonnade known as the
Long Corridor, with its magnificently painted ceilings. Bridges, boats, willows, lotus flowers, and other
attractive landscaping make this a pleasant place to soak up the atmosphere and lovely views.
• Facing Kunming Lake, it's 728 meters (2,388 feet) long. In 1992, it was recognized as the longest
corridor in the world and listed in "The Book of Guinness World Records"

62. • It was built as a theater for the
Empress Dowager Cixi. The three-
story theater stage is the biggest
and best-preserved wooden stage
in China. Famous Beijing opera
actors of the Qing Dynasty would
come to perform for the Empress
Dowager and the stage was
regarded as the "Cradle of Beijing
Opera".
Garden of Virtue
and Harmony (Deheyuan)

63. • Sea of Wisdom (Zhihuihai)
• It is located on the peak of
Longevity Hill. The outer layer of
the building is decorated with
exquisite yellow and green glazed
tiles.
SEA OF WISDOM

64. Hall of Jade Ripples (Yulantang)
• This hall was the living quarters of Emperor Guangxu (1871–1908). When Empress Dowager Cixi gained
real power, Guangxu was confined there

65. Hall of Joy and Longevity
(Leshoutang)
• This hall was the living quarters of
Empress Dowager Cixi. Facing Kunming
Lake, and leaning against Longevity Hill,
reaching out to the Hall of Benevolence
and Longevity in the east and the Long
Corridor in the west, it is the best place for
living and relaxation in the Summer Palace
complex.

66. • Suzhou Market Street recreates a
selection of traditional riverside
shops (as would have been found
in Suzhou), many of which can
only be reached by boat. The story
goes that former Emperors, or
their concubines, used to enjoy
'pretend-shopping', as normally
everything was bought for them.
Suzhou Street

67. • The Marble Boat, at the northern edge of the lake, is a decorative building that imitates a real boat.
Erected in 1755, it is the only Western-style structure in the park, inlaid with colorful glass windows and
wheels, and paved with colored bricks.
The Marble Boat

68. • Kunming Lake, in the center of
the park, takes up about 75% of
the park. Boating on Kunming
Lake is highly recommended. It
takes about 10 minutes and gives a
tranquil and relaxing break away
from the crowds of tourists
confined to the pathways. The
boating fee is not included in the
entrance fee.
Kunming Lake

69. THANK YOU