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Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer cells can invade nearby healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. There are over 200 types of cancer that form when genes controlling cell growth become mutated. Cancers are broadly classified as carcinomas, sarcomas, or hematopoietic cancers depending on the tissue they originate from. Key genes involved in cancer development include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genes that control cell division like p53 and RB. Mutations in these genes can cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form tumors.
Environmental mutagens like tobacco smoke, UV light, and aflatoxin B1 can cause cancer-causing mutations in genes like p53. Inflammation from irritants like asbestos creates a microenvironment that promotes cancer growth through oxidative stress and cytokines. Cancer arises through Darwinian selection as mutations give cells a proliferative advantage, allowing them to outcompete normal cells. Tumors evolve clonally as new mutations confer properties like evasion of cell death and metabolism changes. Colorectal cancer progression involves mutations accumulating in crypt stem cells, forming aberrant crypt foci and adenomas that may become malignant. While cancer cells continue dividing, their cell cycle is not necessarily faster than normal cells. Germline
Introduction
History
Definition
Classification of DNA Polymerase
Mechanism of DNA Replication
Process of DNA Replication
Initiation
Regulation
Termination
Conclusion
Reference
DNA replication is semi-conservative, one strand serves as the template for the second strand. Furthermore, DNA replication only occurs at a specific step in the cell cycle.
DNA replication in eukaryotes is much more complicated than in prokaryotes, although there are many similar aspects.
DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance.
Eukaryotic cells can only initiate DNA replication at a specific point in the cell cycle, the beginning of S phase.
Due to the size of chromosomes in eukaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple origins of replication
This document discusses 3D cell culture systems and their application in drug discovery. It notes that 3D cell cultures better mimic the in vivo cellular environment compared to traditional 2D cultures. Cells in 3D cultures exhibit different gene expression, morphology, proliferation rates, and responses to drugs compared to 2D cultures. This makes 3D cultures more predictive of in vivo responses during drug testing. The document outlines different types of 3D culture systems, such as scaffold-based, scaffold-free, spheroids and organoids. It also discusses advantages of 3D cultures for applications in areas like developmental biology, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and personalized drug testing.
The document summarizes the organization of genetic material on chromosomes. It discusses that genetic material includes DNA and RNA, which is stored on chromosomes in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. It then describes key differences in how genetic material is organized in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes, including that prokaryotes generally have circular DNA without histones while eukaryotes have linear DNA packaged into nucleosomes with histones. The document also notes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain organelle DNA and that viruses can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material organized inside a protein capsule.
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses the key phases of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is the phase where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells through several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Chromosomes duplicate and separate equally into the two daughter cells, ensuring each receives a complete copy of the genetic material.
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes following mutations. They encode proteins involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Examples include HER2, Wnt, Myc, Ras and genes in the Ras signaling pathway. Mutations in proto-oncogenes convert them into oncogenes, driving uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development. Common mutations are point mutations, which result in overactive gene products by altering transcription or protein function. For example, point mutations in Ras genes are found in many cancers and keep the Ras protein constantly active.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer cells can invade nearby healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. There are over 200 types of cancer that form when genes controlling cell growth become mutated. Cancers are broadly classified as carcinomas, sarcomas, or hematopoietic cancers depending on the tissue they originate from. Key genes involved in cancer development include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genes that control cell division like p53 and RB. Mutations in these genes can cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form tumors.
Environmental mutagens like tobacco smoke, UV light, and aflatoxin B1 can cause cancer-causing mutations in genes like p53. Inflammation from irritants like asbestos creates a microenvironment that promotes cancer growth through oxidative stress and cytokines. Cancer arises through Darwinian selection as mutations give cells a proliferative advantage, allowing them to outcompete normal cells. Tumors evolve clonally as new mutations confer properties like evasion of cell death and metabolism changes. Colorectal cancer progression involves mutations accumulating in crypt stem cells, forming aberrant crypt foci and adenomas that may become malignant. While cancer cells continue dividing, their cell cycle is not necessarily faster than normal cells. Germline
Introduction
History
Definition
Classification of DNA Polymerase
Mechanism of DNA Replication
Process of DNA Replication
Initiation
Regulation
Termination
Conclusion
Reference
DNA replication is semi-conservative, one strand serves as the template for the second strand. Furthermore, DNA replication only occurs at a specific step in the cell cycle.
DNA replication in eukaryotes is much more complicated than in prokaryotes, although there are many similar aspects.
DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance.
Eukaryotic cells can only initiate DNA replication at a specific point in the cell cycle, the beginning of S phase.
Due to the size of chromosomes in eukaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple origins of replication
This document discusses 3D cell culture systems and their application in drug discovery. It notes that 3D cell cultures better mimic the in vivo cellular environment compared to traditional 2D cultures. Cells in 3D cultures exhibit different gene expression, morphology, proliferation rates, and responses to drugs compared to 2D cultures. This makes 3D cultures more predictive of in vivo responses during drug testing. The document outlines different types of 3D culture systems, such as scaffold-based, scaffold-free, spheroids and organoids. It also discusses advantages of 3D cultures for applications in areas like developmental biology, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and personalized drug testing.
The document summarizes the organization of genetic material on chromosomes. It discusses that genetic material includes DNA and RNA, which is stored on chromosomes in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. It then describes key differences in how genetic material is organized in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes, including that prokaryotes generally have circular DNA without histones while eukaryotes have linear DNA packaged into nucleosomes with histones. The document also notes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain organelle DNA and that viruses can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material organized inside a protein capsule.
Cancer is disease where cells grows out of control and invade, erode and destroy normal tissues
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in orderly fashion
Cancer cell does not obey this path
Cancer cells don't die (Immortality). They just continue to grow and divide in disorderly fashion
This makes it hard for the body to work the way it should
The document summarizes the cell cycle and cell division. It discusses the key phases of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is the phase where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells through several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Chromosomes duplicate and separate equally into the two daughter cells, ensuring each receives a complete copy of the genetic material.
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes following mutations. They encode proteins involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Examples include HER2, Wnt, Myc, Ras and genes in the Ras signaling pathway. Mutations in proto-oncogenes convert them into oncogenes, driving uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development. Common mutations are point mutations, which result in overactive gene products by altering transcription or protein function. For example, point mutations in Ras genes are found in many cancers and keep the Ras protein constantly active.
1. Mutation is a permanent change in DNA that affects genetic information. It can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or be caused by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, and transposons.
2. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, insertions/deletions, and frameshift mutations which can change single DNA bases or protein amino acid sequences.
3. Mutagens increase the natural spontaneous mutation rate by damaging DNA through various mechanisms like causing breaks, dimers, or analog incorporation during replication.
Introduction
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Overexpression of cyclin D1
Loss of p16 Function
Loss of signalling Contributes to abnormal cell proliferation and malignancy
Summary
Questions
The document discusses regulation of the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle is regulated through checkpoints and cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) and cyclins. There are three main checkpoints - at the ends of G1 and G2 phases, and during metaphase. These checkpoints ensure DNA integrity and replication, and proper chromosome attachment before progression to the next phase. Cdks drive progression when activated by binding with cyclins, which are synthesized and degraded throughout the cycle in response to cellular signals.
X chromosome inactivation is an epigenetic process that balances gene expression between males and females. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development. This results in a mosaic of cells where some express genes from the maternal X chromosome and others from the paternal. A gene called XIST controls this process. X inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females but can sometimes cause phenotypic effects if an X-linked recessive trait is expressed if the normal allele is inactive.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on X chromosome inactivation. It includes diagrams illustrating X inactivation, a slide showing Barr bodies with inactive X chromatin, and discusses the clinical implications of X inactivation. Some of the clinical implications addressed are why it can be difficult to determine genes located at the tips of the X and Y chromosomes through linkage studies and why not all women have features of Turner syndrome if one X chromosome is inactivated.
Population genetics is a sub field of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of Evolutionary biology.
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and play an essential role in cellular respiration by generating ATP. While small, the mitochondrial genome encodes components of the electron transport chain. Manipulation of the mitochondrial genome holds promise for crop improvement due to maternal inheritance and absence of position effects. However, transforming the mitochondrial genome remains challenging due to difficulties incorporating foreign DNA and a lack of selectable markers. Successful manipulation could generate cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid seed production.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are protein kinases that regulate critical cellular processes such as the cell cycle, transcription, and differentiation. CDKs are activated when bound to cyclin proteins and phosphorylate target proteins to regulate their activity. Different cyclin-CDK complexes are involved at different phases of the cell cycle, controlling checkpoints and ensuring DNA replication only occurs once per cycle. When DNA damage is detected, CDK inhibitors like p53 and p21 are activated, halting transcription and giving time for DNA repair.
DNA is constantly damaged by radiation, reactive oxygen, and chemicals. To prevent mutations, cells have multiple DNA repair mechanisms. Base Excision Repair directly reverses some damage. Nucleotide Excision Repair and Mismatch Repair remove damaged areas and replace them. Failure to repair UV damage causes skin cancer in Xeroderma Pigmentosum patients. Defects in repair genes also cause Cockayne Syndrome and increased cancer risks. Overall, DNA repair maintains genetic integrity despite constant damage.
Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...SoniaBajaj10
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
This document provides an overview of cancer biology. It defines cancer as the abnormal proliferation of cells and discusses the study of cancer (oncology). The document outlines the different types of tumors and cancers based on cell type and tissue of origin. It also explores the causes of cancer including radiation, chemicals and viruses. Key properties of cancer cells like lack of contact inhibition and defective differentiation are examined. The roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development are described. The document concludes with a review of cancer treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and prevention strategies.
1. Eukaryotic genomes contain nuclear DNA as well as organelle DNA from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Genome size, or C-value, varies greatly between species from 106 bp in prokaryotes to over 1011 bp in some amphibians.
2. Renaturation kinetics can be used to measure genome complexity based on how quickly denatured DNA strands reanneal, with more common sequences reassociating faster. A COT curve plots the percentage of renatured DNA over time at different DNA concentrations.
3. Eukaryotic genomes contain genes, repetitive sequences like satellites and transposons, and non-coding DNA. While genes and complexity generally increase together in lower e
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
Molecular biology is a branch of science concerning biological activity at the molecular level.
The field of molecular biology overlaps with biology and chemistry and in particular, genetics and biochemistry.
A key area of molecular biology concerns understanding how various cellular systems interact in terms of the way DNA, RNA and protein synthesis function.
Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
DNA damage can result from metabolic processes, hydrolysis, or exogenous sources and can lead to various human diseases if left unrepaired. Defects in the cellular response to repair DNA damage can cause cancer, inflammation, cell aging, and neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration involves the death of neurons and is associated with diseases like Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. Neurons are post-mitotic cells that are susceptible to DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous agents. If the damage is not repaired, unrepaired DNA accumulates in neurons and can cause cell cycle reentry and apoptosis, leading to neurodegeneration. Chronic inflammation from infection or other sources can also cause DNA damage through reactive oxygen species
ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS:
structure and development of root hairs, Initiation and molecular genetics of root hair, functions of root hairs.
complete topic from authentic websites. Essential for for all life science students.
The tumour microenvironment consists of cells, molecules and blood vessels that surround and support tumour cells. It includes cancer-associated fibroblasts, myeloid suppressor cells, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, and the extracellular matrix. Hypoxic conditions in the tumour microenvironment activate HIF signalling pathways and cause changes that promote cancer progression in both tumour and stromal cells. Immune cells in the microenvironment like regulatory T cells and myeloid suppressor cells suppress antitumour immune responses and help tumours escape immune surveillance. Targeting the microenvironment may be a promising approach for future cancer immunotherapies.
3D cell culture allows for more natural cell-to-cell attachments and communication through gap junctions compared to 2D culture. This results in greater tissue differentiation and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation in 3D culture, whereas cells in 2D culture are more easily killed. A lab-on-a-chip integrates multiple laboratory functions onto a single microfluidic chip and offers advantages like lower reagent costs, portability, faster reactions, and lower fabrication costs compared to traditional labs.
This document discusses lysosomes and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). It provides background on the discovery of lysosomes and their structure and functions. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and digest macromolecules, cellular debris, and foreign material. CMA selectively degrades cytosolic proteins through binding to a chaperone and lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2A. Disruption of CMA is implicated in diseases like Parkinson's and cancer. CMA activity declines with age.
1) Avalanche Biotechnologies is developing gene therapy treatments for eye diseases using its Ocular BioFactoryTM platform. Its lead product AVA-101 has shown promising clinical results for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with patients gaining or maintaining vision with few additional treatments needed over one year.
2) Avalanche has an integrated gene therapy discovery, development and manufacturing platform and a pipeline of other programs including a collaboration with Regeneron. It has an experienced management team in the areas of gene therapy and ophthalmology.
3) The company highlights its potential to develop one-time transformative treatments for major sight-threatening diseases in ophthalmology using its Ocular BioFactoryTM platform
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pipeline Insight | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pipe...Dr. B.K. Agrawal
NSCLC report encloses the detailed analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer marketed drugs and late stage (Phase-III and Phase-II) pipeline drugs.
The therapies that are approved for the NSCLC treatment are Rozlytrek (Entrectinib), Imfinzi (Durvalumab), Opdivo (Nivolumab), Tecentriq (Atezolizumab), Keytruda (Pembrolizumab), Tafinlar (Dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (Trametinib), Tagrisso (osimertinib), Lorbrena/Lorviqua (Lorlatinib), Vizimpro (Dacomitinib), Alunbrig (Brigatinib), Alecensa (Alectinib), Vitrakvi (Larotrectinib), Portrazza (Necitumumab) along with many more.
1. Mutation is a permanent change in DNA that affects genetic information. It can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or be caused by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, and transposons.
2. There are different types of mutations including point mutations, insertions/deletions, and frameshift mutations which can change single DNA bases or protein amino acid sequences.
3. Mutagens increase the natural spontaneous mutation rate by damaging DNA through various mechanisms like causing breaks, dimers, or analog incorporation during replication.
Introduction
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Overexpression of cyclin D1
Loss of p16 Function
Loss of signalling Contributes to abnormal cell proliferation and malignancy
Summary
Questions
The document discusses regulation of the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle is regulated through checkpoints and cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) and cyclins. There are three main checkpoints - at the ends of G1 and G2 phases, and during metaphase. These checkpoints ensure DNA integrity and replication, and proper chromosome attachment before progression to the next phase. Cdks drive progression when activated by binding with cyclins, which are synthesized and degraded throughout the cycle in response to cellular signals.
X chromosome inactivation is an epigenetic process that balances gene expression between males and females. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development. This results in a mosaic of cells where some express genes from the maternal X chromosome and others from the paternal. A gene called XIST controls this process. X inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females but can sometimes cause phenotypic effects if an X-linked recessive trait is expressed if the normal allele is inactive.
This document contains a PowerPoint presentation on X chromosome inactivation. It includes diagrams illustrating X inactivation, a slide showing Barr bodies with inactive X chromatin, and discusses the clinical implications of X inactivation. Some of the clinical implications addressed are why it can be difficult to determine genes located at the tips of the X and Y chromosomes through linkage studies and why not all women have features of Turner syndrome if one X chromosome is inactivated.
Population genetics is a sub field of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of Evolutionary biology.
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and play an essential role in cellular respiration by generating ATP. While small, the mitochondrial genome encodes components of the electron transport chain. Manipulation of the mitochondrial genome holds promise for crop improvement due to maternal inheritance and absence of position effects. However, transforming the mitochondrial genome remains challenging due to difficulties incorporating foreign DNA and a lack of selectable markers. Successful manipulation could generate cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid seed production.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are protein kinases that regulate critical cellular processes such as the cell cycle, transcription, and differentiation. CDKs are activated when bound to cyclin proteins and phosphorylate target proteins to regulate their activity. Different cyclin-CDK complexes are involved at different phases of the cell cycle, controlling checkpoints and ensuring DNA replication only occurs once per cycle. When DNA damage is detected, CDK inhibitors like p53 and p21 are activated, halting transcription and giving time for DNA repair.
DNA is constantly damaged by radiation, reactive oxygen, and chemicals. To prevent mutations, cells have multiple DNA repair mechanisms. Base Excision Repair directly reverses some damage. Nucleotide Excision Repair and Mismatch Repair remove damaged areas and replace them. Failure to repair UV damage causes skin cancer in Xeroderma Pigmentosum patients. Defects in repair genes also cause Cockayne Syndrome and increased cancer risks. Overall, DNA repair maintains genetic integrity despite constant damage.
Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...SoniaBajaj10
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
This document provides an overview of cancer biology. It defines cancer as the abnormal proliferation of cells and discusses the study of cancer (oncology). The document outlines the different types of tumors and cancers based on cell type and tissue of origin. It also explores the causes of cancer including radiation, chemicals and viruses. Key properties of cancer cells like lack of contact inhibition and defective differentiation are examined. The roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development are described. The document concludes with a review of cancer treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and prevention strategies.
1. Eukaryotic genomes contain nuclear DNA as well as organelle DNA from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Genome size, or C-value, varies greatly between species from 106 bp in prokaryotes to over 1011 bp in some amphibians.
2. Renaturation kinetics can be used to measure genome complexity based on how quickly denatured DNA strands reanneal, with more common sequences reassociating faster. A COT curve plots the percentage of renatured DNA over time at different DNA concentrations.
3. Eukaryotic genomes contain genes, repetitive sequences like satellites and transposons, and non-coding DNA. While genes and complexity generally increase together in lower e
The document discusses tissue engineering approaches for the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the anatomy and limited regenerative capacity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. For peripheral nerve injuries, the current gold standard treatment is autologous nerve grafts, but these have limitations. Alternative approaches discussed include the use of nerve guides containing matrices and scaffolds to bridge gaps and guide axon regeneration. Factors like scaffold composition and geometry, inclusion of cells and growth factors, and degradation properties can influence how well scaffolds support regeneration across critical gaps in nerves. The document reviews considerations for scaffold and matrix design and various strategies for incorporating growth-promoting components in peripheral nerve engineering.
Molecular biology is a branch of science concerning biological activity at the molecular level.
The field of molecular biology overlaps with biology and chemistry and in particular, genetics and biochemistry.
A key area of molecular biology concerns understanding how various cellular systems interact in terms of the way DNA, RNA and protein synthesis function.
Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
DNA damage can result from metabolic processes, hydrolysis, or exogenous sources and can lead to various human diseases if left unrepaired. Defects in the cellular response to repair DNA damage can cause cancer, inflammation, cell aging, and neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration involves the death of neurons and is associated with diseases like Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's. Neurons are post-mitotic cells that are susceptible to DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous agents. If the damage is not repaired, unrepaired DNA accumulates in neurons and can cause cell cycle reentry and apoptosis, leading to neurodegeneration. Chronic inflammation from infection or other sources can also cause DNA damage through reactive oxygen species
ROOT HAIR DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS:
structure and development of root hairs, Initiation and molecular genetics of root hair, functions of root hairs.
complete topic from authentic websites. Essential for for all life science students.
The tumour microenvironment consists of cells, molecules and blood vessels that surround and support tumour cells. It includes cancer-associated fibroblasts, myeloid suppressor cells, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, and the extracellular matrix. Hypoxic conditions in the tumour microenvironment activate HIF signalling pathways and cause changes that promote cancer progression in both tumour and stromal cells. Immune cells in the microenvironment like regulatory T cells and myeloid suppressor cells suppress antitumour immune responses and help tumours escape immune surveillance. Targeting the microenvironment may be a promising approach for future cancer immunotherapies.
3D cell culture allows for more natural cell-to-cell attachments and communication through gap junctions compared to 2D culture. This results in greater tissue differentiation and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation in 3D culture, whereas cells in 2D culture are more easily killed. A lab-on-a-chip integrates multiple laboratory functions onto a single microfluidic chip and offers advantages like lower reagent costs, portability, faster reactions, and lower fabrication costs compared to traditional labs.
This document discusses lysosomes and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). It provides background on the discovery of lysosomes and their structure and functions. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and digest macromolecules, cellular debris, and foreign material. CMA selectively degrades cytosolic proteins through binding to a chaperone and lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2A. Disruption of CMA is implicated in diseases like Parkinson's and cancer. CMA activity declines with age.
1) Avalanche Biotechnologies is developing gene therapy treatments for eye diseases using its Ocular BioFactoryTM platform. Its lead product AVA-101 has shown promising clinical results for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with patients gaining or maintaining vision with few additional treatments needed over one year.
2) Avalanche has an integrated gene therapy discovery, development and manufacturing platform and a pipeline of other programs including a collaboration with Regeneron. It has an experienced management team in the areas of gene therapy and ophthalmology.
3) The company highlights its potential to develop one-time transformative treatments for major sight-threatening diseases in ophthalmology using its Ocular BioFactoryTM platform
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pipeline Insight | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Pipe...Dr. B.K. Agrawal
NSCLC report encloses the detailed analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer marketed drugs and late stage (Phase-III and Phase-II) pipeline drugs.
The therapies that are approved for the NSCLC treatment are Rozlytrek (Entrectinib), Imfinzi (Durvalumab), Opdivo (Nivolumab), Tecentriq (Atezolizumab), Keytruda (Pembrolizumab), Tafinlar (Dabrafenib) in combination with Mekinist (Trametinib), Tagrisso (osimertinib), Lorbrena/Lorviqua (Lorlatinib), Vizimpro (Dacomitinib), Alunbrig (Brigatinib), Alecensa (Alectinib), Vitrakvi (Larotrectinib), Portrazza (Necitumumab) along with many more.
The document describes a diabetes management system that allows patients to record their daily blood test results, meals, and exercise online. It provides monthly analyses to patients and doctors can monitor patient progress. The system aims to improve chronic disease management, use lower-cost care, and educate patients. It is a web-based prototype that could integrate with electronic health records and be accessed on smartphones.
This document provides non-GAAP financial information and reconciliations for Edwards Lifesciences Corporation. It defines non-GAAP measures used by the company such as underlying sales, adjusted net income, and adjusted EPS, which exclude items like currency fluctuations, acquisitions, divestitures, and special charges. It also notes management considers free cash flow an important liquidity measure and provides the company's definition. In addition, the document gives examples of items excluded from non-GAAP measures for specific periods to reconcile to GAAP reporting, such as intellectual property litigation expenses.
This document provides an overview of NEMUS Bioscience, a biotech company focused on developing cannabinoid-based therapies. It discusses NEMUS' partnership with the University of Mississippi, its product pipeline including treatments for glaucoma, chemotherapy side effects, and antibiotic-resistant infections, and provides highlights of recent milestones such as positive studies of a drug for glaucoma and the identification of a molecule for chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. The document also gives financial information about NEMUS and states that it is advancing therapies in large potential markets through proprietary cannabinoid molecules.
Medvantage International has acquired rights to a new vascular coupling device called CUVASLAR that represents an alternative to manual suturing for connecting arteries and veins. The device is expected to reduce surgical time, minimize errors from suturing, and improve patient outcomes. Medvantage plans to submit the device for FDA approval over the next year and market it to the 340,000 microsurgery procedures performed annually in the US.
Intraocular safety OF ANTIVEGF INJECTIONS IN THE EYEAjayDudani1
This document provides information about the intraocular safety of anti-VEGF agents:
- Aflibercept has a well-established safety profile across clinical trials and real-world use, with rare rates of intraocular inflammation (IOI), endophthalmitis, and retinal vasculitis reported.
- Recent communications from the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) have reported cases of IOI and occlusive retinal vasculitis following administration of brolucizumab.
- A review of safety data from trials of brolucizumab found higher rates of serious ocular adverse events like IOI compared to aflibercept, raising concerns about its intraocular safety profile
The speaker summarizes recent work analyzing trends in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) clinical trials using a proprietary database. Some key findings include: (1) There are currently 59 ADCs in active clinical development. (2) In the last year alone, 15 new ADCs entered clinical trials with most targeting solid tumors. (3) There is increasing diversity in the payloads being tested, now over 11 distinct payloads in clinical trials. Continued analysis of drug performance and dosing strategies may help improve the therapeutic window for ADCs.
This document provides an overview of pharmacovigilance and International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. It defines key terms like adverse events, adverse drug reactions, and serious adverse events. It also summarizes several ICH guidelines that provide recommendations for clinical safety data management, expedited reporting, periodic benefit-risk evaluation reports, and pharmacovigilance planning over the lifecycle of a drug. The document outlines guidelines for good clinical practice, clinical trials in special populations like pediatrics, and evaluation of new drugs like antihypertensives and those affecting the QT interval.
Regenerative Medicine Industry Outlook 2014Pete Shuster
The document summarizes the regenerative medicine field based on a report from the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine, including an overview of major industry players and subsectors, clinical trials and products in development, financial performance and investments in 2013, and insights from a panel discussion on key areas of focus. It analyzes trends in cell and gene therapies, areas attracting pharmaceutical investment, and challenges facing the commercialization of regenerative medicine technologies and therapies.
This document summarizes guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) regarding pharmacovigilance and clinical drug development. It defines key terms like adverse events and serious adverse events. It also provides overviews of ICH guidelines on topics like safety reporting standards, post-approval safety data management, risk-benefit analysis, clinical study design and conduct, and special populations like pediatrics. The document aims to aid understanding of ICH guidelines for pharmacovigilance and clinical evaluation of pharmaceutical products.
From the clinic to the cfo adaptive trials and financial decision makingCytel USA
This document discusses how adaptive trial designs can be used to integrate clinical trial planning with financial decision making. It presents two case studies:
1) A biotech company used an adaptive design for a pivotal trial of an AML drug to reduce upfront costs and attract external investment. Interim results determined whether to increase the sample size. This improved the drug's risk/reward profile.
2) Hypothetical options for developing a niche oncology asset were evaluated. Scenarios including group sequential designs with interim analyses provided trade-offs between probability of success, time, cost, and expected value to discuss with management. Integrating financial metrics into adaptive trial design allows more flexible, "investable" research options.
Biosimilars IN RETINAL DISORDERS -DR AJAY DUDANIAjayDudani1
This document discusses the treatment of retinal conditions with a focus on anti-VEGF therapies. It provides a history of the development of anti-VEGF treatments from the discovery of VEGF in the 1980s and 1990s to the approval of ranibizumab and aflibercept in the 2000s. It then discusses the evolution of ranibizumab and the evidence from clinical trials supporting its use. Finally, it addresses biosimilars that are attempting to enter the anti-VEGF market and highlights some of the differences between biosimilars and innovator biologics.
This document discusses the treatment of retinal conditions with a focus on anti-VEGF therapies. It provides a history of the development of anti-VEGF treatments from the discovery of VEGF in the 1980s and 1990s to the approval of ranibizumab and aflibercept in the 2000s. It then discusses the evolution of ranibizumab and the evidence from clinical trials supporting its use. Finally, it addresses biosimilars that are attempting to enter the anti-VEGF market and highlights some of the differences between biosimilars and innovator biologics.
Public Device & Biopharma Ophthalmology Company Showcase - Adverum Biotechnol...Healthegy
Public Device & Biopharma Ophthalmology Company Showcase - Adverum Biotechnologies at OIS@AAO 2016.
Presenter:
Samuel B. Barone, MD SVP, Clinical Development
Powered by:
Healthegy
For more ophthalmology innovation
Visit us at www.ois.net
Pharma leader series top stem cell technology companies 2015 2025Visiongain
For an Executive Summary of this report please contact ben.suntivarakom@visiongain.com
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2. Anavex Life Sciences Corp.
Disclaimer
The Presentation has been prepared by Anavex Life Sciences Corp. using its best efforts to realistically and factually
present the information contained. However, subjective opinion, dependence upon factors outside Anavex Life Sciences
Corp.’s control and outside information sources unavoidably dictate that Anavex Life Sciences Corp. cannot warrant the
information contained to be exhaustive, complete or sufficient. In addition, many factors can affect us which could
significantly alter the results intended by Anavex Life Sciences Corp., rendering the information/ projections in the
Presentation unattainable or substantially altered. Therefore, interested Users should conduct their own assessment and
consult with their own professional advisors prior to making any investment decisions.
This Presentation does not constitute a prospectus or public offering for financing, and no guarantees are made or implied
with regard to the success of Anavex Life Sciences Corp.’s proposed ventures. The Presentation is being disclosed to User
for User’s discussion, review, and/or evaluation only. User also agrees not to trade in the securities of Anavex Life Sciences
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User’s review and evaluation of the Presentation thereof, whichever is earlier.
Slide: 2
3. Anavex History Summary
σ Current pipeline of products developed over seven-years via research collaborations involving
Alexandre Vamvakides, PhD and other worldwide leaders in Sigma Receptors
σ Focus on treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease and Cancer
σ Reverse merger into OTCBB company January 2007
Slide: 3
4. Biopharmaceutical Industry Summary
σ The global pharmaceutical market grew to US $ 712 billion in 2007 at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 10.0% between 1999 and 2007.
σ The leading therapy area by sales was the Central Nervous System (CNS) with 16.5% share.
σ According to URCH Publishing, the global pharmaceutical market is forecasted to grow to $ 929 billion in
2012, an equivalent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% over the next 5-years.
σ In addition to the revenues’ rapid growth, drug companies have enjoyed extremely high returns on
investment capital in recent years as well as a favourable company survivorship rate compared with many
other industries.
σ According to IMS (Global healthcare advisor), annual sales for drugs that combat Alzheimer’s disease are
projected to reach US$8 billion by 2012.
Four of the seven Product Candidates Anavex have developed address diseases of the
CNS with its lead candidate an Alzheimer's compound
Anavex 2-73 soon to go into Human Clinical Trials
Slide: 4
5. Company Highlights
σ Anavex Life Sciences Corp. (www.anavex.com) is an emerging Biopharmaceutical Company. It is a
global Company with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It is engaged in the discovery and
development of novel drugs which target the treatment of Cancer and Neurological Diseases of the
Central Nervous System (CNS), such as Alzheimer's, Epilepsy and Depression.
σ Anavex have a Scientific Advisory Board of world-renowned experts, a highly skilled Management
Team and an International Board of Directors.
σ Anavex has 7 product candidates in development for 8 disease indications. One of the products is
in IND stage and six of them in Preclinical stage. The Company’s target is to launch Human Clinical
Trials for 4 of its compounds (Alzheimer’s, Melanoma, Prostate and Epilepsy) by the beginning of
2010, while the other compounds will follow up.
σ When comparing data with the world’s leading Alzheimer’s drug Donepezil (Eisai/Pfizer), Donepezil
was active at a dose of 0.5mg/kg at least, Anavex 2-73 was fully active at 0.3 mg/kg and sometimes
(for some aspects) even at 0.1 mg/kg. The lower dosage logically leads to lower toxicity indication.
This finding alone makes Anavex 2-73, a strong candidate for Human Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's
Disease.
σ The Company has International Patents on all of its Product Candidates and has 35 new compounds
in the early Pre-clinical stage of development. International Patents will be obtained for these as
well as updates to Patents for existing product candidates.
σ Potential sales of the Company’s products after launch are estimated at US$6 billion.
Slide: 5
6. Sigmaceptor Platform: Anavex Product Candidates
ANAVEX's SIGMACEPTOR(TM)-N program involves the development of novel drugs that target
NEUROLOGICAL AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy,
depression, pain and neuropathic pain. The company's lead candidates have shown strong evidence for
anti-amnesic and neuroprotective properties in studies conducted to date. ANAVEX believes that
mitochondrial dysfunction can be modulated via SIGMA RECEPTORS, a unique class of receptor
molecules, to guard against oxidative stress.
ANAVEX's SIGMACEPTOR(TM)-C program involves the development of novel drugs targeting
CANCER. The company's lead candidates have shown strong evidence for selective pro-apoptotic,
anti-metastatic and low toxicity properties in various types of solid cancers. ANAVEX 7-1037 has
already demonstrated its ability to significantly delay the growth of cancerous tumours in patient-derived
xenografts during advanced pre-clinical studies.
Seven Anavex Product Candidates
ANAVEX 3-97 MELANOMA
ANAVEX 7-1037 PROSTATE
ANAVEX 22-1068 PANCREAS
ANAVEX 2-73 ALZHEIMERS / DIABETES
ANAVEX19-144 EPILEPSY
ANAVEX 1-41 ALZHEIMERS / DEPRESSION
ANAVEX 10-90 NEUROPATHIC PAIN
Slide: 6
7. ANAVEX CURRENT PIPELINE PORTFOLIO PROSPECTS
Development Timeline and Costs 2009 - 2013
COMPUND YEAR
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
ANAVEX 3-97 Cancer (Indic. Melanoma) Pre-clinical Phase II Phase II / III Phase III Phase III
ANAVEX 7-1037 Cancer (Indic. Prostate) Pre-clinical Phase I Phase I / II Phase II / III Phase III
ANAVEX 22-1068 Cancer (Indic. Pancreas) Pre-clinical Phase I Phase I / II Phase II / III Phase III
ANAVEX 2-73 Alzheimer’s IND Phase I Phase II Phase II / III Phase III
ANAVEX 2-73 Diabetic Degenerations Pre-clinical Pre-Clinical Pre-clinical IND / Phase I / II Phase II
ANAVEX 19-144 Epilepsy Pre-clinical IND / Phase 1 Phase I Phase II Phase II / III
ANAVEX 1-41 Alzheimer’s Pre-clinical IND Phase I Phase II Phase II / III
ANAVEX 1-41 Depression Pre-clinical IND Phase I Phase II Phase II
ANAVEX 10-90 Pain Pre-clinical Preclinical Pre-clinical IND / Phase I / II Phase II
Anavex’s Total Estimated Annual R&D Costs (in US$ million)
Year
Total R&D Costs 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total
2.8 8.8 24.5 44 62.5 142.6
Slide: 7
8. Funding Requirements and Use Of Proceeds Breakdown To
September 2010
Anavex Requires USD$ 10.0 mil
to move four of its product
candidates into Phase I and one
of its candidates into Phase II of
development by September
2010. Of the USD$10.0 mil, 2.0
mil will be used for listing on the
AMEX stock exchange and for
general administration and
development costs.
The Company’s target is to
launch Human Clinical Trials for
four of its compounds
(Alzheimer's Disease, Melanoma,
Prostate Cancer and Epilepsy) by
the beginning of 2010 while other
compounds will follow.
9. Business Objectives over 24-Months Sep. 2009-2011
SEPTEMBER 2009 SEPTEMBER 2010 SEPTEMBER 2011
PRE-IND in Phase I in ALZHEIMER Phase II in ALZHEIMER
ALZHEIMER
Phase II in CANCER Phase II / III in CANCER
PRE-IND in CANCER (Melanoma) and (Melanoma) and Phase I in
and EPILEPSY IND / Phase I EPILEPSY EPILEPSY
No PARTNERSHIP 1 PARTNERSHIP in
ALZHEIMER and 2
1 PARTNERSHIP (outside
PARTNERSHIPS outside
Alzheimer)
ALZHEIMER
OTCBB Listing AMEX Listing NASDAQ Listing
(current)
11. Alzheimer’s Disease
σ Currently 28 million patients worldwide, with another person afflicted every minute
σ By 2050 1 in 85 persons worldwide will be living with the disease
σ Four currently marketed meds all off patent within five-years
1. Aricept (donepezil hydrochloride) Eisai and co-marketed with Pfizer
2. Exelon (rivastigmine) Novartis Pharmaceuticals
3. Reminyl (galantamine) Co-developed by Shire Pharmaceuticals
and the Janssen Research Foundation
4. Ebixa (memantine) Merz and marketed in Europe by Lundbeck
σ Alzheimer’s Disease is a ‘must-invest’ area for Big-Pharma
σ Only three early-stage, pure-play candidates available for Big-Pharma licensing
σ Competitive environment remarkably favorable for ANAVEX
σ Most other programs target mechanisms of action recently invalidated like anti-amyloid
Slide: 11
12. Co-development Deals In Alzheimer’s Disease Are Large
Anavex In Talks To Reach That Goal
Mode of
Company name Symbol Financing JV Status Action Phase date
Vitae Pharmaceuticals Private Upfront $ 42m Boehringer Beta-secretase Pre-clinical 15/06/2009
Milestones $ 242m Ingelheim inhibitors
Medivation MDVN Upfront $ 225m Pfizer Dimebon, II/III 03/09/2008
Milestones $ 725m mitochondrial effect
Co-Mentis Private Upfront $ 100m Astellas Beta-secretase I 25/04/2008
(formerly Athenagen) Milestones $ 760m inhibitors and +
nicotinic receptor discovery
agonists
Neurimmune Private $ 380m Biogen Idec Antibodies R&D 20/11/2007
Therapeutics
EPIX Pharmaceuticals EPIX Upfront $ 35m GlaxoSK plc 5 HTA partial Discovery 12/12/2006
Milestones $ 1200m agonist program
Idera Pharmaceuticals IDP Upfront 30m Merck & Co Toll-like receptor I 11/12/2006
Milestones $ 366m agonists
AC Immune Private $ 300m Genentech Anti beta amyloid preclinical 06/12/2006
antibodies
13. A Competitor’s Historical Share Price Chart
Medivation (MDVN: NASDAQ) is in Phase III Clinical Trials with its Alzheimer’s Drug,
Dimebon (JV with Pfizer). The Chart below shows the spike in 2008 when it was still in
Phase II, before the worldwide market crash. It traded at an all-time high of USD$ 33.80
on September 5th, 2008. Recovery from the crash has been steady with the Company
closing at USD$27.63 October 8th.
Slide: 13
14. Anavex’s Rich Oncology Pipeline
σ Oncology (cancer) is a fast growing US$ 8bn market
σ ANAVEX should have 3 compounds in the clinics and ready to
partner in 18 months
σ One compound could advance directly into Phase II
σ ANAVEX will become an active target for Big Pharma:
• Phase I or II data with novel compounds
• Platform for further productivity in a new mechanism of action
Slide: 14
15. Oncology Companies Comparable to Anavex in 12 - 18 months
Achieve High Market Caps Even Without Alzheimer’s Compound
Therapeutic
Company Name Stage Market Cap
Area
Anavex Pre-IND $ 52m Oncology, CNS,
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alnylam Phase II $ 928m Oncology, others
Ardea Phase II $ 295m Oncology, Gout,
HIV
Arqule Phase II $ 280m Oncology
Array Phase II $ 175m Oncology,
inflammation,
metabolism
Celldex Phase II $ 124m Oncology, infectious
disease
Dendreon Phase II-III $ 2.4bn Oncology
* as at October 15, 2008
with data from Wm. Lowry Research and Yahoo Finance
16. Recent Acquisitions Of Oncology (Cancer) Products
Anavex In Talks To Sign Similar Type Of Deal
Therapeutic
Company Name Product Acquirer Date Stage Upfront Milestones
Area
BiPar Sciences Sanofi-aventis 15/04/2009 Phase II $ 500m Oncology
Incorporated
Arana Cephalon, Inc. 27/02/2009 Phase II & $ 207m Oncology and
Therapeutics preclinical inflammatory
Limited
Arius Research Roche 23/07/2008 Preclinical, $ 189m Oncology and
immunology
SGX Eli Lilly and Co 08/07/2008 Phase I & $ 64m Oncology
Pharmaceuticals, Preclinica
Inc.
U3 Pharma AG Daiichi Sankyo 21/05/2008 Preclinical & $ 235m Oncology
Co., Ltd. Research
Piramed Pharma Roche 15/04/2008 Phase Ib $ 160m $ 175m Oncology and
plus inflammatory
preclinical
Agensys, Inc. Astellas 27/11/2007 Phase Ib $ 387m $ 537m Oncology
plus
preclinical
Adnexus Bristol-Myers 24/08/2007 Phase I $ 430m $ 505m Oncology
Therapeutics Squibb
Morphotek Eisai Inc. 22/03/2007 Phase I and $ 325m Oncology and
preclinical Inflammatory
and infectious
* as of October 15, 2008
with data from Wm. Lowry Research and Yahoo Finance
17. Key Management
Hervé de Kergrohen, MD, MBA, Chief Executive Officer and Director
• Dr. de Kergrohen has extensive experience in building and transforming organizations, with
more than 25 years in senior and executive management positions, including CEO, Chairman
or Director roles with more than 12 companies in the United States and Europe.
Alexandre Vamvakides, PhD, Scientific Founder, Chief Scientific Officer,
Chairman of Scientific Advisory Board
• More than 30 years in anti-neurodegenerative (anti-Alzheimer’s), anti-epileptic, anti-
depressive research and development
• Author of more than 80 published scientific papers
• Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Athens,
Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis), sanofi-aventis
• Track record of discovery and development of novel concepts in central nervous system
(CNS), oncology and anti-inflammatory diseases
Harvey Lalach, President, CFO, Secretary and Director
• Various aspects of the securities industry for over 20 years
• Focused on the operation and administration of numerous start-up US and Canadian public
companies, serving in both director and officer capacities
• Extensive experience in the management and governance of listed public companies
Slide: 17
18. International Board
Hervé de Kergrohen, MD, MBA, Chief Executive Officer and Director
• Dr. de Kergrohen has extensive experience in building and transforming organizations, with more than 25 years in senior and
executive management positions, including CEO, chairman or director roles with more than 12 companies in the United States and
Europe.
• Life Science Investment Advisor and Board Member/ High-level Consultant at Kergrohen & Associates.
• Venture Partner at with CDC Innovation, an international venture capital firm with over 415-million Euros under its management.
• Founder of BioData, a biotech conference held annually in Geneva.
Cameron Durrant, MD, MBA, Chairman of the Board
• Merck, GSK, Pharmacia, J&J (Worldwide Vice President, Global Strategic Marketing)
• Former CEO, PediaMed; former CEO, Spherics
• 2005 Ernst & Young healthcare ‘Entrepreneur of the Year’
• Co-founding Board member privately held oncology company (Bexion)
Alison Ayers, MSc, Director
• Worldwide Commercial Head for Oncology, Pfizer
• More than 20 years of oncology-focused pharmaceutical industry experience
• Business and product planning: Pharmacia, Merck, US Bioscience, BMS, Lederle Laboratories
David L. Tousley, CPA, MBA, Director
• President, COO and CFO at companies including airPharma, PediaMed Pharmaceuticals, AVAX Technologies and Pasteur, Merieux,
Connaught (now sanofi-aventis)
• Over $90MM in debt and equity financings
• Leadership of key business development activities, including joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions and divestitures in the US,
Europe and Australia
Harvey Lalach, President, CFO, Secretary and Director
• Various aspects of the securities industry for over 20 years
• Focused on the operation and administration of numerous start-up US and Canadian public companies, serving in both director and
officer capacities
• Extensive experience in the management and governance of listed public companies
Slide: 18
19. Scientific Advisory Board Of World-Renowned Experts
Alexandre Vamvakides, PhD
• Chairman of Scientific Advisory Board, also company’s Scientific Founder and Chief Scientific Officer
Jean-Jacques Bourguignon, PhD
• 30 years experience in medicinal chemistry, including expertise in drug design and optimization as well as organic
and physical chemistry
• Research Director (CNRS) at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Strasbourg-Illkrich, France
Tangui Maurice, PhD
• 15 years in the field of neurosciences, including behavioral and molecular neuropharmacology, sigma receptors,
neuropeptides, neurosteroids, neurotrophic factors, normal/pathological aging models for Alzheimer’s and related
disorders, and behavioral phenotyping of rodent models
• Former behavioral neuropharmacologist, INSERM U710, Montpellier
Mark Smith, Ph.D., FRCPath
• A leading researcher and professor in the Department of Pathology at Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine, and one of the world’s most cited researchers in the fields of Alzheimer’s disease, free radical biology and
neuroscience and behavior
• Executive Director of the American Aging Association and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
having authored over 600 peer-reviewed scientific manuscripts and book chapters
• Scientific research, currently focused on investigating the pathological mechanisms underlying selective neuronal
death in neurodegenerative diseases, notably Alzheimer’s disease
Slide: 19
20. Stock Summary – As At August 14th, 2009
Stock Symbol AVXL.OB
Shares Outstanding 20,746,761
Warrants Outstanding 986,147
Options Outstanding 3,075,000
Shares Fully Diluted 24,807,908
Market Capitalization $52.48MM
% Held by Insiders 50%
% Float 50%
Funding History Summary
• Research grants, self-financed by CSO (1998-2004)
• $7.0MM pre-public by founding shareholder and affiliates (2004-2007)
• $2.5MM equity and converted debt over $3.50/share (2007)
• $1.6MM debt / $0.8MM equity (2008)
• $818,000 debt / $2,254,143 equity (2009)
Slide: 20
21. Anavex’s Three-Year Historical Trading Chart
2007-2009
Anavex (AVXL:OB) will move up to the AMEX exchange in Q1, 2010
as it enters into Human Clinical Trials for its Alzheimer's Compound
Anavex 2-73.
Slide: 21