This document summarizes the major structures and functions of the human brain and spinal cord. It describes the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, medulla oblongata, pons, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. It notes the roles of these structures in controlling movement, sensation, autonomic functions, endocrine regulation, and other processes. The document also briefly discusses the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space before draining into venous sinuses.

1. BRAIN-NEUROANATOMY

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9.  Cerebrum:- It comprises 3 borders,3 surfaces,3 poles and 4 lobes. It receives sensations from
the opposite side of the body. It controls the movements of the opposite side of the body, a
few structures are controlled by both sides. Body is represented upside down, only the face
and area of vocalization are represented straight. Areas of special sensations are:- Vision,
Hearing, Taste, Smell and Vestibular area.
 Cerebellum:- It is a little brain acts like younger sibling of large cerebrum. It controls tone,
posture, equilibrium, and fine movements of the body. It cannot initiate the movements. It is
connected to medulla oblongata by inferior cerebellar peduncle, to pons by middle cerebellar
peduncle and to midbrain by superior cerebellar peduncle.
 Diencephalon:- It is the middle structure which is largely embedded in the cerebrum and
therefore hidden from surface view. The hypothalamic sulcus, extending from the
interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct, divides each half of the diencephalon into
dorsal and ventral parts.
 Medulla Oblongata:- It is the lowest part of brainstem. Visceral centres are :- Respiratory
centre, Cardiac centre for regulation of heart rate, Vasomotor centre for regulation of blood
pressure.
 Pons:- It is also called metencephalon. Cranial nerves V, VI,VII and VIII are attached here. It
relays and regulates the signals that give you the sensation of pain from anywhere in your
body below your neck.

10.  Thalamus:- It is the inner chamber receiving
and coordinating motor, sensory, visceral,
visual, auditory and visual impulses.
 Hypothalamus:- It lies in the floor and lateral
wall of third ventricle. It has designated as the
head ganglion of the autonomic nervous
system because it takes part in the control of
many visceral and metabolic activities of the
body like Endocrine control, Neurosecretion,
Temperature regulation, Regulation of food
and water intake, sexual behaviour and
reproduction, Emotion, Fear, Rage, Pleasure
and Reward.
 Pineal Gland:-It consists of a conical body
8mm long, and a stalk or peduncle which
divides anteriorly into two laminae separated
by the pineal recess of the third ventricle. It
produces hormone that may have an
important regulatory influence or many other
endocrine organs. The best known hormone is
melatonin which causes change in skin colour
in some species.

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13. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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21.  The brain and spinal cord are
suspended in CSF. Produced
continuously in the choroid
plexus, CSF occupies the
subarachnoid space and
ventricles of the brain and
drains through arachnoid
granulations into the dural
venous sinus system
(primarily the superior
sagittal sinus) of the cranial
cavity. Smaller amounts drain
along proximal portion of the
spinal nerves into venous
plexuses or lymphatic
pathways.

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