Anatomy at a glance flashcards

Here are free downloadable DIMS LECTURE NOTES (DOCTORS ACADEMY), we made it accessible for you with removing hurdle of downloading problems. If any problem in downloading then please inform us. if you have data to provide share with us at our email address. Dr.raiammar@gmail.com For more Lecture notes and medical Books Follow us at facebook, https://www.facebook.com/dram.notes https://www.facebook.com/drraiammar https://www.facebook.com/allmedicaldata https://www.facebook.com/rainuggetsseries https://www.facebook.com/cpsp.nuggets https://www.facebook.com/keytoNLE Our Website, https://www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com/

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The document discusses the anatomy of the intercostal spaces, including the muscles, nerves, arteries, veins and other structures located within the spaces between the ribs. It specifically names the external and internal intercostal muscles, intercostal nerves and their branches, intercostal arteries and veins, as well as related structures like the azygos system. The document also covers applied clinical aspects involving the intercostal spaces like pleural taps, thoracotomies, herpes zoster infections, and other conditions.

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The document describes the process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in embryonic development. Vasculogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from mesodermal blood islands, involving the differentiation of hemangioblasts into endothelial cells and blood cells. Angiogenesis is the formation of new vessels from existing ones. It also discusses the development of the heart, including the formation of the atrial and ventricular septa by fusion of endocardial cushions. The fetal circulatory system is described, which involves blood shunting from the right atrium to left via the foramen ovale and ductus venosus/arteriosus, allowing most blood to bypass the lungs. After birth, these fetal circulatory

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Coronary arteries

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Fetal circulation

Adhi Arya

This document discusses fetal circulation and how congenital heart defects impact circulation. It notes that fetal circulation differs significantly from neonatal/adult circulation in aspects like gas exchange, ventricular circuitry, dominant ventricle, and presence of anatomical shunts. Key features of normal fetal circulation like distribution of cardiac output and preferential streaming in vessels are described. The effects of various hemodynamic perturbations on fetal cardiac output are reviewed based on studies in fetal lambs. Specific congenital heart defects and their effects on fetal circulation are also summarized.

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right middle lobe syndrome

Dr Ahmed Sayeed

A 68-year-old Saudi man presented with chronic cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing for 5 years. Imaging showed right middle lobe bronchial thickening and distal collapse. Bronchoscopy found asthma-related changes. Laboratory results showed eosinophilia. He was diagnosed with right middle lobe syndrome due to severe asthma. Treatment involved aggressive asthma management, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics for exacerbations, and potential lobectomy for complications.

Tracheal bronchus slide

Hyungseok Seo

This document reviews tracheal bronchi and strategies for one-lung ventilation in patients with this anomaly. It begins with background on tracheal bronchi, including that they are a congenital anomaly occurring in 0.1-3% of people. It then discusses three classifications of tracheal bronchi and strategies for one-lung ventilation using double lumen tubes, bronchial blockers, or a single lumen tube. Key approaches involve using the classification to select the best device and techniques like sequential lung isolation.

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Fetal circulation

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The document discusses the triad of COPD which includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive asthma. It describes the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and imaging findings of COPD. On chest x-ray, COPD may show rapidly tapering vascular shadows and increased lung radiolucency. CT scanning can detect emphysema and determine if it is centriacinar, panacinar, or paraseptal. Management involves bronchodilators, rehabilitation, and glucocorticoids depending on the severity from mild to very severe COPD.

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right middle lobe collapse

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Chronic collapse of the right middle lobe, known as right middle lobe syndrome, is most commonly seen in elderly women. On chest x-rays, chronic collapse presents with subtle findings such as a triangular opacity pointing laterally where the normal horizontal fissure would be located and blurring of the right heart border. CT scans more clearly show the "tilted ice cream cone" appearance of the collapsed right middle lobe pressing against the heart. The document provides details on the radiographic presentation and characteristics of chronic right middle lobe collapse.

Respiratory Muscle Decline in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (2)

Mahmoud Halawa

This study analyzed respiratory parameters in 28 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) over 10 years to understand disease progression. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) were found to most accurately indicate respiratory muscle decline. Expiratory muscle strength assessed by maximum expiratory mouth pressure (Pgas cough) and diaphragm fatigue measured by transdiaphragmatic pressure-time product (TTdi) were also useful indicators. The study concludes that regular monitoring of FVC, SNIP, Pgas cough and TTdi from an early age is important for guiding treatment and understanding respiratory decline in DMD over time.

Surface Anatomy Thorax

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The document summarizes the key anatomical structures of the cardio respiratory system including: - The inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, aorta, trachea, lungs, pleura, ribs, and intercostal structures. - It describes the lobes and fissures of the right and left lungs. The right lung has 3 lobes divided by the oblique and horizontal fissures, while the left has 2 lobes divided by the oblique fissure. - The pleura is described as a continuous layer consisting of parietal and visceral surfaces with a potential space that contains pleural fluid for lubrication.

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Medastinal lymphadenopathy

Gamal Agmy

1. The document describes the anatomical locations and classifications of mediastinal lymph nodes. It discusses 10 different lymph node stations located in the mediastinum, including the supraclavicular, upper and lower paratracheal, prevascular, subaortic, para-aortic, subcarinal, paraesophageal, pulmonary ligament, and hilar lymph nodes. 2. Conventional mediastinoscopy allows biopsy of stations 2L, 2R, 4L, 4R, and 7 while extended mediastinoscopy provides access to deeper stations 5 and 6. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration provides sampling of stations 7, 8, and 9. 3. Accurate lymph node

Development of Diaphragm, Skull, Vertebrae & Limbs (Special Embryology)

Dr. Sherif Fahmy

1) The diaphragm develops from the septum transversum, cervical myotomes, pleuro-peritoneal membrane, mesoesophagus, thoracic wall mesoderm, and mesoderm around the aorta. 2) The skull develops from two parts - the neurocranium which forms the brain box and viscerocranium. The neurocranium has a cartilaginous and membranous portion while the viscerocranium has membranous and cartilaginous portions. 3) The vertebral column develops from the notochord surrounded by sclerotomes which form the vertebral bodies. Vertebral bodies first form as me

Emphysema and alfa 1 antitrypsin

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- Emphysema can be caused by congenital factors, smoking, or alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. It results in destruction of lung tissue and inability to exhale fully. - In emphysema, the air spaces in the lungs enlarge and the walls between them are destroyed. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange. - Chest x-rays show enlarged, hyperinflated lungs in emphysema patients. Lobectomy is often used to treat congenital lobar emphysema in infants.

Pulmonary Imaging

Khalid

The document provides guidance on reading chest x-rays, including having a systematic approach, assessing film quality, and knowing anatomy. It recommends starting by checking patient details and film quality, then reviewing the airways, bones, cardiac silhouette, diaphragm, and lungs using a checklist. Specific features to examine in the lungs include over/under inflation, infiltrates, masses, and interstitial patterns.

The pericardium and the pericardial sinuses

Mohana Sekar

The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and prevents overexpansion. It has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The pericardium supports the heart, limits its movement, and acts as a shock absorber. Pericardial effusion or inflammation can occur from infection, cancer, or other causes. Effusion is treated by draining fluid while inflammation is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or identifying the underlying cause. Complications like tamponade require draining fluid from the pericardial sac.

Thoracic cavity & mediastinum

1. The document describes the anatomy of the thorax, including boundaries, layers, and contents of the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and pleural spaces. 2. Key structures discussed include the lungs, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and nerves of the thoracic cavity and mediastinum. 3. Clinical conditions involving the pleura and mediastinum are also summarized, such as pneumothorax, mediastinitis, and superior mediastinal syndrome.

Development of lung

Sesha Sai

1. Lung development begins in the fourth week of gestation and progresses through five stages - embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. 2. Key molecular regulators of lung development include fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, retinoic acid, transforming growth factor beta, Wnts, platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. 3. Transcription factors such as NKX2-1, GLI genes, FOX family, GATA6 and SOX family also play important roles in lung development by regulating cell proliferation, branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation.

Anatomy of respiratory system

Selva Kumar

The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx, and conducts air. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs, and is where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Breathing involves inspiration and expiration through cyclic contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The lungs and pleural membranes allow for efficient gas exchange through a vast surface area in the alveoli.

Bronchial Artery Embolization- By Dr.Tinku Joseph

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Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a minimally invasive procedure used to control massive or recurrent hemoptysis by occluding the blood supply to the lungs via selective catheterization and embolization of abnormal bronchial vessels. BAE has a high rate of immediate bleeding control of 57-100% and long-term control of 70-88%. Potential complications include tissue infarction if smaller embolic particles are used and transverse myelitis if branches supplying the spinal cord are inadvertently occluded. Careful angiography is required to identify the origin of vessels like the artery of Adamkiewicz to avoid neurologic complications during the procedure.

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Congenital lung abnormalities

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This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including tracheobronchial abnormalities (such as tracheal agenesis, stenosis, and tracheo-esophageal fistula), pulmonary underdevelopment (such as lung agenesis and lobar hypoplasia seen in Scimitar syndrome), bronchopulmonary foregut malformations (including bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, and cystic adenomatoid malformation), diaphragmatic abnormalities (congenital diaphragmatic hernia and eventration), and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating these conditions and establishing diagnoses.

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