The article assesses the factors influencing the development of bilateral trade relations among Central Asian countries namely Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan through comparative analysis. The importance of deepening institutional reforms and developing trade supporting infrastructure in facilitating bilateral trade was also assessed for exporting and importing operations, and recommendations were developed in key areas. Mingishov Laziz "Analysis of Regional Trade Development Trends in Central Asian Countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38131.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/38131/analysis-of-regional-trade-development-trends-in-central-asian-countries-uzbekistan-kyrgyzstan-and-tajikistan/mingishov-laziz
Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Processes in Central Asiaijtsrd
This article examines regional economic cooperation processes within Central Asia and current trends of regional cooperation among Central Asian countries. Besides, Author analyzed that role of regional and international organization as well as some countries role in developing regional economic cooperation by comparison. Khamdamov Mirzoumid "Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Processes in Central Asia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38181.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/38181/comparative-analysis-of-regional-economic-processes-in-central-asia/khamdamov-mirzoumid
Economic Ties of Georgia with Central Asian Countries and Future Cooperation ...ijtsrd
Central Asia is decisively one of the most significant regions in the world that makes a valuable contribution to Eurasian economic cooperation. The region is affluent with natural and energy resources that arouse the interest and desire for collaboration among the neighbors and generally, rest of the world. Georgia and the Central Asian republics are connected by historical liaison, starting from the ancient Silk Road. Although the multilateral relations have improved significantly over the years, much remains to be undertaken. For this region, Georgia is a gateway to connect with the Western world. On the other hand, Central Asia is also in Georgian interest, that allows the country to be involved in regional transportation projects, as well as increase its access to Asian markets. The aim of the following paper is to analyze economic relationships between Georgia and Central Asian countries in terms of foreign trade, tourism, foreign direct investments and remittances, detailed by countries. Additionally, the study pays attention to future collaboration perspectives and priority areas between the countries. This incorporates the partnership in such strategic spheres, as trade, energy, transport, tourism and infrastructure. The analysis of these issues is crucial since the economic intimacies between the given countries will contribute to deepening cooperation between the nations of the region and push Eurasian economic cooperation ahead. Davit Shatakishvili "Economic Ties of Georgia with Central Asian Countries and Future Cooperation Perspectives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46396.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/46396/economic-ties-of-georgia-with-central-asian-countries-and-future-cooperation-perspectives/davit-shatakishvili
The main goal of this research was identifying non-resource non-energy goods with the highest
export potential for export to China from all the variety and complexity of the product range that Russia is able
to export. Under the new bilateral cooperation framework Russia is able to unleash its export potential and
effectively diversify its exports to China, while China - to receive a profitable supplier for the long term.
This is a comprehensive analysis of the agriculture sector in Ukraine. It is a sectoral guide for perspective investors who are exploring opportunities in Ukraine. The report includes key figures characterizing the market, as well as information about the ongoing projects. This report also contains the list of forthcoming reforms and policy development needed to boost Ukrainian agriculture. The report was prepared by the Office of the National Investment Council of Ukraine and presented at the Council meeting in Kyiv, on May 25, 2018
Uzbekistan and the Eurasian Economic Union EEU Integration in the Interests o...YogeshIJTSRD
Articles in the section, whether the Republic of Uzbekistan is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union or not, can be useful or harmful for our integrated economy. X. I. Muminov | I. B. Abdullayev "Uzbekistan and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU): Integration in the Interests of the Country and the People?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40022.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/40022/uzbekistan-and-the-eurasian-economic-union-eeu-integration-in-the-interests-of-the-country-and-the-people/x-i-muminov
Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Processes in Central Asiaijtsrd
This article examines regional economic cooperation processes within Central Asia and current trends of regional cooperation among Central Asian countries. Besides, Author analyzed that role of regional and international organization as well as some countries role in developing regional economic cooperation by comparison. Khamdamov Mirzoumid "Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Processes in Central Asia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38181.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/38181/comparative-analysis-of-regional-economic-processes-in-central-asia/khamdamov-mirzoumid
Economic Ties of Georgia with Central Asian Countries and Future Cooperation ...ijtsrd
Central Asia is decisively one of the most significant regions in the world that makes a valuable contribution to Eurasian economic cooperation. The region is affluent with natural and energy resources that arouse the interest and desire for collaboration among the neighbors and generally, rest of the world. Georgia and the Central Asian republics are connected by historical liaison, starting from the ancient Silk Road. Although the multilateral relations have improved significantly over the years, much remains to be undertaken. For this region, Georgia is a gateway to connect with the Western world. On the other hand, Central Asia is also in Georgian interest, that allows the country to be involved in regional transportation projects, as well as increase its access to Asian markets. The aim of the following paper is to analyze economic relationships between Georgia and Central Asian countries in terms of foreign trade, tourism, foreign direct investments and remittances, detailed by countries. Additionally, the study pays attention to future collaboration perspectives and priority areas between the countries. This incorporates the partnership in such strategic spheres, as trade, energy, transport, tourism and infrastructure. The analysis of these issues is crucial since the economic intimacies between the given countries will contribute to deepening cooperation between the nations of the region and push Eurasian economic cooperation ahead. Davit Shatakishvili "Economic Ties of Georgia with Central Asian Countries and Future Cooperation Perspectives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46396.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/46396/economic-ties-of-georgia-with-central-asian-countries-and-future-cooperation-perspectives/davit-shatakishvili
The main goal of this research was identifying non-resource non-energy goods with the highest
export potential for export to China from all the variety and complexity of the product range that Russia is able
to export. Under the new bilateral cooperation framework Russia is able to unleash its export potential and
effectively diversify its exports to China, while China - to receive a profitable supplier for the long term.
This is a comprehensive analysis of the agriculture sector in Ukraine. It is a sectoral guide for perspective investors who are exploring opportunities in Ukraine. The report includes key figures characterizing the market, as well as information about the ongoing projects. This report also contains the list of forthcoming reforms and policy development needed to boost Ukrainian agriculture. The report was prepared by the Office of the National Investment Council of Ukraine and presented at the Council meeting in Kyiv, on May 25, 2018
Uzbekistan and the Eurasian Economic Union EEU Integration in the Interests o...YogeshIJTSRD
Articles in the section, whether the Republic of Uzbekistan is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union or not, can be useful or harmful for our integrated economy. X. I. Muminov | I. B. Abdullayev "Uzbekistan and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU): Integration in the Interests of the Country and the People?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40022.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/40022/uzbekistan-and-the-eurasian-economic-union-eeu-integration-in-the-interests-of-the-country-and-the-people/x-i-muminov
This paper discloses major developments of Ukrainian foreign trade for the recent years, shows the behavior of main factors which influenced foreign trade, presents results of modeling as well as short-term forecasts.
In this paper we describe the structure of Ukrainian merchandise trade, exchange rate movements and their impact on the merchandise trade balance. Then we discuss developments of the world economy and forecasts for international trade. Finally, we present the model of Ukrainian merchandise foreign trade followed by the forecasts produced by the model.
From the practical point of view, our work was aimed at building a model that would help to predict the influence of the price (real exchange rate) and income (GDP) changes both domestically and abroad on the Ukrainian Merchandise Trade. The results were planned to use in the monthly and quarterly models of Ukrainian economy developed and operated by CASE and Ukrainian government.
Authored by: Yurij M. Kuz'myn
Published in 2000
Development of Russian–Chinese Trade, Economic, Financial and Cross-Border Re...Russian Council
This Working Paper was prepared as part of a research project concerning the development of strategic partnership and constructive cooperation between Russia and China carried out by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC).
The authors present the results of a comprehensive review of Russian–Chinese trade, economic, financial and cross-border relations, analyse the impact of strengthening bilateral cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the prospects of a “partnership for modernization”, and offer some recommendations in the area of bilateral relations and the development of Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East.
The Current State of Russia-United Kingdom RelationsRussian Council
The Working Paper is prepared in the framework of the RIAC research project “A New Agenda for Russia-United Kingdom Relations”. The Working Paper analyzes the main trends in British domestic and foreign policy, current Russia-UK relations. Russian–British relations have always shown great potential. The areas of common interest pointed out in this paper allow for the practical implementation of tracks working systematically at the same time – the Track One-and-a-Half and the Track II.
This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by studying the experience of several WTO members
Trade in National Currencies: Challenges and OpportunitiesSalikhov Marcel
Salikhov Marsel (m_salihov@fief.ru), Institute for Energy and Finance (Moscow, Russia)
19 October, 2018
Center for Iranian Studies in Ankara (IRAM Center)
Regional Determinants of Central Asian Developmentijtsrd
Contemporary complex international challenges demonstrates inability for many nations to solve a large range of issues of internal development solely or independently. This situation has a many aspects and the search for ways to build socio economic resilience and stability remains actual for most of them. Existing controversies or even negative past experience of the former Soviet administrative management have proven the necessity to preserve and develop intensive efforts to counterbalance the prolonged collapse of the former unitary system. Dr. U. Khasanov "Regional Determinants of Central Asian Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38501.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38501/regional-determinants-of-central-asian-development/dr-u-khasanov
Impact of political stability on the macroeconomic variables and FDI of Pakis...journal ijrtem
Abstract: In this paper we have discussed the vital role of political stability on the link between macroeconomic variables and FDI .For this purpose we have used a data of year 1991 to 2011.In this empirical analysis we have used ADF test for the checking the stationary of the data and other software’s are SPSS and eviews.This result of this study have made sure that import ,BOP, export and GDP growth rate have significant impact on the FDI inflows in the Pakistan and inflation has a negative impact on the FDI based on this research has proved that political stability is crucial for the expansion of foreign direct investment.
Keywords: political stability, ADF, BOP, crucial etc.
In September 2013, China proposed the strategy of “One Belt, One Road” for the first time. According to this
context, a comprehensive analysis of the import and export commodities between Shaanxi Province and the Belt and
Road countries was carried out. The analysis found that mechanical and electrical products of Shaanxi Province took
up the largest volume of trade,which had a rapid growth, was followed by light industry and medicine and other
products with stable growth. Shaanxi Province, with coutries along “one belt one road”, shared a relatively high
trade volume of agricultural products, mechanical and electrical products, mineral products and light industrial and
pharmaceutical products, compared to the small one of software and cultural products.
Russian–Chinese Dialogue: The 2016 Model: Report No. 25/2016Russian Council
This report presents the results of analysis of the state of Russia–China relations in 2015 and the first quarter of 2016.
Leading experts from Russia and China study key foreign policy interests of the two countries, their trade and economic bilateral relations, including investment, transport and energy projects. Special attention is given to security in Eurasia and the role of multilateral institutions in guaranteeing security, the alignment of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt projects, as well as Russia–China scientific, educational and cultural cooperation.
The content of the annual joint report is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the main areas of bilateral cooperation between Russia and China and bringing the opinions of the expert and academic community to the political leadership of the two countries.
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
This paper discloses major developments of Ukrainian foreign trade for the recent years, shows the behavior of main factors which influenced foreign trade, presents results of modeling as well as short-term forecasts.
In this paper we describe the structure of Ukrainian merchandise trade, exchange rate movements and their impact on the merchandise trade balance. Then we discuss developments of the world economy and forecasts for international trade. Finally, we present the model of Ukrainian merchandise foreign trade followed by the forecasts produced by the model.
From the practical point of view, our work was aimed at building a model that would help to predict the influence of the price (real exchange rate) and income (GDP) changes both domestically and abroad on the Ukrainian Merchandise Trade. The results were planned to use in the monthly and quarterly models of Ukrainian economy developed and operated by CASE and Ukrainian government.
Authored by: Yurij M. Kuz'myn
Published in 2000
Development of Russian–Chinese Trade, Economic, Financial and Cross-Border Re...Russian Council
This Working Paper was prepared as part of a research project concerning the development of strategic partnership and constructive cooperation between Russia and China carried out by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC).
The authors present the results of a comprehensive review of Russian–Chinese trade, economic, financial and cross-border relations, analyse the impact of strengthening bilateral cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the prospects of a “partnership for modernization”, and offer some recommendations in the area of bilateral relations and the development of Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East.
The Current State of Russia-United Kingdom RelationsRussian Council
The Working Paper is prepared in the framework of the RIAC research project “A New Agenda for Russia-United Kingdom Relations”. The Working Paper analyzes the main trends in British domestic and foreign policy, current Russia-UK relations. Russian–British relations have always shown great potential. The areas of common interest pointed out in this paper allow for the practical implementation of tracks working systematically at the same time – the Track One-and-a-Half and the Track II.
This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by studying the experience of several WTO members
Trade in National Currencies: Challenges and OpportunitiesSalikhov Marcel
Salikhov Marsel (m_salihov@fief.ru), Institute for Energy and Finance (Moscow, Russia)
19 October, 2018
Center for Iranian Studies in Ankara (IRAM Center)
Regional Determinants of Central Asian Developmentijtsrd
Contemporary complex international challenges demonstrates inability for many nations to solve a large range of issues of internal development solely or independently. This situation has a many aspects and the search for ways to build socio economic resilience and stability remains actual for most of them. Existing controversies or even negative past experience of the former Soviet administrative management have proven the necessity to preserve and develop intensive efforts to counterbalance the prolonged collapse of the former unitary system. Dr. U. Khasanov "Regional Determinants of Central Asian Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38501.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38501/regional-determinants-of-central-asian-development/dr-u-khasanov
Impact of political stability on the macroeconomic variables and FDI of Pakis...journal ijrtem
Abstract: In this paper we have discussed the vital role of political stability on the link between macroeconomic variables and FDI .For this purpose we have used a data of year 1991 to 2011.In this empirical analysis we have used ADF test for the checking the stationary of the data and other software’s are SPSS and eviews.This result of this study have made sure that import ,BOP, export and GDP growth rate have significant impact on the FDI inflows in the Pakistan and inflation has a negative impact on the FDI based on this research has proved that political stability is crucial for the expansion of foreign direct investment.
Keywords: political stability, ADF, BOP, crucial etc.
In September 2013, China proposed the strategy of “One Belt, One Road” for the first time. According to this
context, a comprehensive analysis of the import and export commodities between Shaanxi Province and the Belt and
Road countries was carried out. The analysis found that mechanical and electrical products of Shaanxi Province took
up the largest volume of trade,which had a rapid growth, was followed by light industry and medicine and other
products with stable growth. Shaanxi Province, with coutries along “one belt one road”, shared a relatively high
trade volume of agricultural products, mechanical and electrical products, mineral products and light industrial and
pharmaceutical products, compared to the small one of software and cultural products.
Russian–Chinese Dialogue: The 2016 Model: Report No. 25/2016Russian Council
This report presents the results of analysis of the state of Russia–China relations in 2015 and the first quarter of 2016.
Leading experts from Russia and China study key foreign policy interests of the two countries, their trade and economic bilateral relations, including investment, transport and energy projects. Special attention is given to security in Eurasia and the role of multilateral institutions in guaranteeing security, the alignment of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt projects, as well as Russia–China scientific, educational and cultural cooperation.
The content of the annual joint report is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the main areas of bilateral cooperation between Russia and China and bringing the opinions of the expert and academic community to the political leadership of the two countries.
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
Possibilities of Uzbekistan’s Access to Eurasian Economic Unionijtsrd
In this article Author analysis prospects and problems of joining Eurasian Economic Union EAEU for Uzbekistan by providing literature analysis of uzbek scientists and specialists. Besides, some possible effects of joining Uzbekistan into Eurasian Economic Union are also studied. Mirzoumid Khamdamov "Possibilities of Uzbekistan’s Access to Eurasian Economic Union" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49088.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49088/possibilities-of-uzbekistan’s-access-to-eurasian-economic-union/mirzoumid-khamdamov
Komonditi Export Mining Sector Analysis of Southeast Sulawesitheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Main directions of improvement of the process of investment attractionSubmissionResearchpa
this fast-changing world, conflicts of interest and rivalry between countries are growing. In such a difficult international environment, it is important to keep our country competitive in the region and in the world by Bustonov Mansurjon Mardonakulovich and Abdurakhmanova Mukhtasar Fazliddin qizi 2020. Main directions of improvement of the process of investment attraction. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 19-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.395. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/395/372 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/395
Assalam o Alaikum Everyone!
This Presentation Was Prepared and Presented by Me in Class and it Was Appreciated by Everyone.
So I Would Like to Share it With You All for Knowledge Increment Perpose.Hope You All Will Like.
Thanks...
Regards (M.Noman Waleed)
Export of Local Goods The Basis for the Development of the Countryijtsrd
Currently, work is underway at all enterprises that produce quality products grown in our country and export them to world markets. As a result of the export of goods, the inflow of foreign exchange into the country and the employment of the local population, the stability of the standard of living is ensured. Musayeva Shoira Azimovna "Export of Local Goods - The Basis for the Development of the Country" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49187.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/49187/export-of-local-goods--the-basis-for-the-development-of-the-country/musayeva-shoira-azimovna
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the economic situation of Kyrgyzstan and its attraction
of foreign direct investment (FDI), to provide a clear view of Kyrgyz economy‟s potential and the prospective
of further development of the Kyrgyz economy with FDI.
This research was aimed to analyze the effect of ASEAN economic integration on
Indonesian fishery export. This research employed gravity model which was used to analyze
Indonesian fishery export with ASEAN countries and other non-ASEAN main trading partners. The
result of this research indicated that Indonesian fishery export in 2000 - 2015 fluctuated with an
upward trend
Definition of investment strategy for sustainable development of regional eco...SubmissionResearchpa
This article is discussed that the theoretical foundations of determining the investment strategy for sustainable development of the region’s economy, as well as the current situation, analysis and future plans. by Rakhimberdiev Oybek Alisher ugli 2020. Definition of investment strategy for sustainable development of regional economies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 4 (Mar. 2020), 108-115. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i4.241. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/241/234 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/241
The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile...ijtsrd
This article analyzes impact of changes in tariff policy on imports of textile and clothing products as a result of Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union and changes in tariff revenues from imports of these products. The results show that although Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union has resulted in a slight increase in imports of textiles and garments, a sharp change in imports can be observed in certain groups of goods. It is also expected that reduction of import tariffs and tax rates on textiles and garments will lead to a reduction in customs revenues to state budget, but an increase in customs revenues due to abolition of existing tariff preferences in country after integration. Mingishov Laziz "The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile and Sewing Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47714.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47714/the-impact-of-uzbekistan’s-membership-into-eurasian-economic-union-on-textile-and-sewing-industry/mingishov-laziz
International trade plays an important role in the development of economy as a whole. India is the 19th largest exporter with a share of 1.7 to the total global trade and 10th largest importer with share of 2.65 to the global merchandise trade, according to the WTO ranking for the year 2018. International trade enables the countries to widen the scope of marketing for its output. Exports of goods and services of a nation provide better employment opportunities to the people and higher standard of living of home as well as host countries. Exports lead to increase the efficiency on the national output and productivity of factors of production. Export of a country may become a growth driver of national economy. Expansion of foreign trade may bring variety of benefits to the people and economy of the country. Dr. S Senthil | Dr. S Kowsalya "An Analysis on India’s Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30785.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/30785/an-analysis-on-india%E2%80%99s-foreign-trade/dr-s-senthil
The Economic Research Institute was funded by Government of Kazakh SSR decree in May 1961 according to the state plan of Kazakh SSR. Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a sole shareholder.
The Institute has 7 research centers which major areas of research are: macroeconomic analysis and forecast, applied economical and mathematical research, economic research expertise, strategic elaboration and economic research, performance evaluation of public bodies’ activities, entrepreneurship development and regional policy.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Tradeijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47627.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47627/chinese-experience-of-regulating-and-encouraging-foreign-trade/sarvar-inagamov
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38131 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1024
Table #2.Structure of export and import products of Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and
Tajikistan) and the share of high-tech products in export-import turnover (2016)4
Export structure Import structure
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
Share high technology product (%) 4,7 4,4 0,4 8 6,4 2,8
Share of primary products ( % ) (A) 23,4 15,4 44,8 6,4 4,6 6
Share of intermediate products ( % ) (В) 72,4 68,5 51,1 52,5 51,1 48,4
Share of capital (equipment) ( % )(С) 0,4 3,6 1,8 26,3 14,9 13,8
Share of consumer goods ( % ) (D) 3,7 7,8 2,2 11 26,3 33,3
From a theoretical point of view, countries located far from major trade centers are more likely to engageinmutual tradewith
neighboring countries. However, despite the fact that the volume of total foreign trade in the countries of Central Asia
(Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) in 2017 relative to 2008 increased by 16.5 percent, the share of exports posted in
General exports to these countries decreased from 31.4 to 15.3 percent, and the share of imports in their total imports from
11.5 to 9.2% (table 3 and 4).
Table #3.Trade between Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) in 2017, exports (USD
million)5
IntoUzbekistan Into Kyrgyzstan Into Tajikistan Overall
In percentage
of total exports
2008 2017 2008 2017 2008 2017 2008 2017 2008 2017
From Uzbekistan // // 160 181 154 181 314 362 13 2,7
From Kyrgyzstan 232 146 // // 27 24 259 170 9,4 6,3
From Tajikistan 75 57 3 14 // // 78 71 9 6,3
Overall 307 203 163 191,6 181 205 651 599,7 31,4 15,3
Table #4.Trade between Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) in 2017, imports (million us
dollars)6
From Uzbekistan From Kyrgyzstan From Tajikistan Overall
In percentage
of total imports
2008 2017 2008 2017 2008 2017 2008 2017 2008 2017
IntoUzbekistan // // 232 146,3 75 51,7 307 198 3,2 1,5
Into Kyrgyzstan 160 163,6 // // 3 14 163 177,6 3,4 4,5
Into Tajikistan 154 69,3 27 24,288 // // 181 93,6 4,9 3,2
Overall 314 232,9 259 170,6 78 65,7 651 469,2 11,5 9,2
If the volume of foreign trade turnover between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan in 2008 amounted to 392 million US dollars, in
2010 it reached 496 million US dollars, in 2017 – 309.6 million US dollars. At thesametime,thevolumeofUzbekistan’sexports
to Kyrgyzstan in 2017 amounted to 163.6 million US dollars, and the volume of Kyrgyzstan’s exports to Uzbekistan – 146
million US dollars.
In the total volume of Uzbekistan’s exports to Kyrgyzstan in 2017, the share of fruit was 13.5 %, urea was 6.9 %, ammonium
nitrate was 5.8 %, carpets and other floor coverings – 5.2 %, knitwear and other cotton products – 3.6 %, natural gas in the
gaseous state – 2.7 %, aluminum –1.9 % , etc.
In the volume of Uzbekistan’s imports from Kyrgyzstan in 2017, the share of electric energy was 16.8%, cast iron and steel
were 16.8%, dump trucks for off-road use – 8%, refractory bricks, blocks, tiles and similar refractory ceramic structural
products – 4.5%, Portland cement –3% , etc.
If the volume of foreign trade turnover between Tajikistan andUzbekistanin2008amountedto229millionUSdollars,by2017
this figure was 126.4 million US dollars. At the same time, after a sharp drop in 2008-2013 (by 95%) Uzbekistan’s exports to
Tajikistan increased from 7.5 million US dollars in 2013 to 69.3 million US dollars in 2017.
Uzbekistan’s imports from Tajikistan decreased from $ 98 million up to $ 3.3 millionin2000-2014.Overthepast4 years,there
has been a steady increase in the volume of imports from this country, which in 2017 reached 57.1 million US dollars.
4 Source: Table is compiled by the author based on data from the ITC International trade competitiveness map –
https://tradecompetitivenessmap.intracen.org/TP_EP_IC_StageP.aspx?TY=E&IN=00&YR=2016 // Note: A+B+C+D=100%
5Source: Table is compiled by the Author based on the data from national statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic http://www.stat.kg)
and the Agency for statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan (https://www.stat.tj), the State statistics Committee of the
Republic of Uzbekistan (https://www.stat.uz)
6Source: Table is compiled by the Author based on the data from national statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic http://www.stat.kg)
and the Agency for statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan (https://www.stat.tj), the State statistics Committee of the
Republic of Uzbekistan (https://www.stat.uz)
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In the structure of Uzbekistan’s exports to Tajikistan in 2017, the share of urea (in water solution or without it) was 19.3%,
ammonium nitrate (in water solution or without it) – 12%, cars for cargo transportation – 5.4%, glazed ceramic flags and
paving slabs –4.5% , etc.
In the structure of Tajikistan’s exports to Uzbekistan in 2017, 64.2 percent were zinc ores and concentrates, 16.3 percent –
Portland cement, 13 percent – cotton, 2.6 percent – bars and rods made of silico-manganesesteel,1.06 percent– unalloyedand
unprocessed aluminum and others. (Appendix 1.1.3).
The volume of trade between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is developing at a slow pace. If in 2008 their total foreign trade
turnover was 30 million USD, in 2017 it was 38 million USD. At the same time, if the export of KyrgyzstantoTajikistanin2008-
2013 increased from 27 million USD up to 51 million USD, the figure was 24 million USD in 2017.
Kyrgyzstan’s imports from Tajikistan in 2008-2017tendedtogrow(withtheexceptionof2010,2012,and2013)andincreased
from 3.3 million USD to 14 million USD.
In 2017, 13.5 percent of Kyrgyzstan’s total exports to Tajikistan were oils and preparations made from petroleum or
bituminous minerals, 13 percent – light oils and preparations of petroleum or bituminous minerals, 12.4 percent were
petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals and etc.
In 2017, in the structure of Kyrgyzstan’s imports from Tajikistan, Portland cement accounted for 31.5 percent, fresh grapes –
18 percent, aluminum and products made from it – 7 percent. In 2014-2015, the share of Tajikistan’s electricity exports to
Kyrgyzstan was 65.5% and 46.5%, respectively. However, in 2017, the share of Tajikistan’s electricity exports to Kyrgyzstan
was 3.9%.
As the results of the analysis show that current structure of exports of Central Asian countries, where commodities
predominate, and its lack of diversification is a high dependence of the amount of export revenues on the unstable world
market conditions. Weak post-crisis recovery of the world economy, sharp geopolitical situationinsomeregionsoftheworld7,
the economic sanctions of Western countries against Russia,sloweconomicgrowthin China,therapiddeclineinoil prices8 and
other raw materials and incurred in connection with this problem began to have a negative impact on the growth of foreign
trade of Central Asian countries in recent years9.
The problem is compounded by the presence of numerous foreign trade barriersinthe Central Asiancountries,whichincrease
the transaction costs of business and hinder the growth of the competitiveness of their producers. More or less successfully,
these barriers are eliminated between countries that have joined the Customs Union / EAEU. In General, the potential of
economic cooperation between the Central Asian countries is very poorly used10.
According to the analysis, the following factors are the main reasons for the weak development of trade relations between
these countries:
First, in these countries, export revenues are mainly provided by exports of primary raw materials and intermediate goods,
while imports play an important role in providing the domestic market with machinery and technology, industrial and
consumer goods. Countries mainly produce simple, medium-and low-techproductsthatdonotrequiremanycomponents,and
are poorly connected to each other in creating value chains. From this point of view, the possibility of developing a chain of
national and regional value is limited. Materials and components for existing small, technically complex production (for
example, for the production of automobiles or electronics) are imported from outside. Only a small percentage of spare and
component parts are localized.
Secondly, implementation of various foreign trade policies in these countries has also had a negative impact on the
development of their mutual trade and industrial cooperation. In particular, until recently, Uzbekistan pursued a policy of
protectionism in foreign trade, while Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan pursued relatively more liberal trade policies. Protectionist
policies in Uzbekistan limited opportunities to expand trade with foreign countries, including Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
Thirdly, the low volume of foreign trade and industrial cooperation between these countries is largely a consequence of the
high transaction costs of export-import operations. This situation, on the one hand, can be explained bytheinsufficientlevel of
development of the transport and logistics system in these countries, which does not meetmodernrequirements.Ontheother
hand, there is a lack of transparency regarding rules and regulations, excessive and lengthy customs clearance processes, and
the presence of many documentary requirements. In the context of insufficient capacity and monopolization of domestic
markets for many products, unfavorable trade conditions betweenthesecountriesdo notallowachieving economiesofscalein
many sectors of the economy, expanding the choice of raw materials and intermediate goods for the production of products
7Муминов, И “Стратегический путь развития” "Правда Востока" 2020/3, 29293, №63 Стр.2
8Muminov, Ilkhomjon “New horizons of integration processes in Central Asia”, GSJ, 2020/3, Volume 8, Issue 3, p182
9Ibid p.183
10Ibid p.184
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with higher added value, creating a competitive environment in commodity markets and increasing the competitiveness of
producers11.
In present conditions the development of bilateral tradeandcooperation,developmentoftransportcommunicationsinCentral
Asia could be an important factor in increasing the competitiveness of their economies and growth in real incomes.
The decline in foreign trade turnover in Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) is largely due to the
existing high trade costs. This situation, on the one hand, can be explained by the insufficient level of development of the
transport and logistics system in these countries, which does not meet modern requirements.
On the other hand, the lack of transparency regarding rules and regulations, excessive and lengthy customs clearance
processes, and a multitude of documentary requirements (which require documents in different formats and with different
data elements) all add to the costs and time required to conduct trade.
Trade facilitation is becoming an important factor in increasing foreign trade and accelerating the economic growth of
countries. This is due to the impact of trade facilitation on competitiveness and market integration, and because the trade
regime is playing an increasing role in attracting foreign direct investment.
The main goal of trade facilitation is to speed up and reduce the cost of international trade, while ensuring security and
guarantees. More specifically, trade facilitation is the simplificationofformalities,proceduresandthecorrespondingexchange
of information and documents between different partners in the supply chain.
This is evidenced by the World Bank’s ease of doing business index for the “Foreign trade” component, which reflects theease
of conducting foreign trade operations based on indicators such as time and money costs associated with processing
documents and passing customs control when exporting and importing goods.
As a result of the government’s implementation in recentyearsofa numberofmeasurestoimprovetheinvestment climateand
support exports in Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), simplification and cheapening have
undergone several step-by-step processes ofregistration ofexport-importoperations. Inparticular,thegradual introductionof
the “single window” system12 and the processing of goods through customs declaration in electronic form is important in
simplifying foreign trade procedures in these countries. However, in these countries, there is an excessive bureaucratic
procedure in the legislative and law enforcement practice in the field of issuing permits and passing control procedures at
customs and border posts.
As noted in the World Bank’s “Doing business 2019” report, the amount of time and financial costs for export/import from
abroad in countries that rank high on the “international trade” indicator is close to zero . In particular, if the cost of passing
border and customs control for imports in the countries with the best indicators (28 countries) is 0 USD, in industrialized
countries on averageis100.2 USD, in Europe and Central Asia onaverageis162.3USD,thisfigureis278USdollarsinUzbekistan,
223 USD is in Tajikistan, 512 USD is in Kyrgyzstan (table 5).
Despite a number of reforms implemented in Central Asiancountriestosimplify(optimize)tradein recentyears,asanexample
in Uzbekistan in the period 2014-2018, only the time for processing export documents decreased from 174 hoursto 96hours,
but there were no positive changes in other time and financial expenses. Although the Kyrgyz Republic has achieved a
significant reduction in time and financial costs for exports, time and financial costs for importsremainhigh.IntheRepublicof
Tajikistan, the time for processing export documents has also been reduced from 135 hours to 66 hours, and the time for
border and customs control has been reduced from 144 hours to 51 hours. However,therewerenopositivechangesinexports
and imports in terms of reducing the number of required documents and financial costs spent on customs control. In this
regard, today one of the important directions in the development of foreign trade in Central Asian countries is to reduce the
time and financial costs for processing documents and customs.
11 Mingishov, Laziz “Directions of Deepening Institutional Reforms inIncreasing the Competitiveness of Uzbekistan’s Export” THE
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Vol 8 Issue 4 (October, 2019), P2
12 Resolution No. 305 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan“onmeasuresforphasedimplementationofthemechanismfor
implementing export operations in “single window” principle ”dated17.11.2011,inKyrgyzstan,the“singlewindow”Conceptwasadoptedin
2008 in accordance with Government Resolution No. 315 “on the concept of implementing the" single window "principle in foreign trade of
the Kyrgyz Republic” dated on June 19, 2008 and Government Resolution No. 76 “on the feasibility study of the project to implement the
"single window" principle in foreign trade of the Kyrgyz Republic” dated onFebruary4,2009,theIntroductionofthe “singlewindow”system
in foreign trade in Tajikistan was implemented according to the Concept which was approved by Government decree No. 659 in December
2008. The government also instructed the interagency coordination Committee to develop a program for the implementation of the “single
window” system. The program, which was approved by Government decree No. 222 dated in May 2010, provides for simplification and
automation of trade procedures in the period from 2010 to 2015.
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Table #5.Comparative table of the rating of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan by indicators of the “Foreign
trade” component for 2019
Source: World Bank doing business Reports 2019
For foreign trade in Central Asian countries such as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, the following documents are
required: for exporting products – “certificate of origin”, “certificate of conformity”, and forimporting– “customsdeclaration”,
which are not required in Belarus and Armenia. In addition, there is an excess of documents required in the import of
Kyrgyzstan “Document certifying payment of customs duties”, "transit declaration",“documentondeliverycontrol”,andinthe
export of Tajikistan “Report on inspection by the customs authority”, “document on paymentofcustomsduties”,andinimport
“SOLAS certificate "(appendices 1,2). In total, Uzbekistan requires 10 documents for export, 7 for import, Kyrgyzstan 7 for
export, 10 for import, and Tajikistan 11 for export and 11 for import. For comparison, in the EU countries, the package of
documents presented to customs authorities is the same for both export and import,andconsistsofaninvoice,packinglist,bill
of lading, as well as an “Intrastat” Declaration (statistical report on export/import operations)13.
When determining the main directions for reducing existing barriers to foreign trade of countries, reducing the time and
financial costs of processing documents and customs, the UN studies on trade facilitation and the introduction of paperless
trade are important14. According to the results of this study, in 2017, out of 43 important measures, 12 were partially
implemented in Uzbekistan, which accounted for 25.85% of the results on foreign trade facilitation. The report notes that no
positive results have been achieved in the development of cross-border paperless trade in Uzbekistan. Of the 43 measures in
Kyrgyzstan, 23 were partially implemented, 1 fully implemented, and 37.63% of the results were achieved tofacilitateforeign
trade. In Tajikistan, out of 43 measures, 16 were partiallyimplemented,6werefullyimplemented,and50.54%oftheresultson
foreign trade facilitation were achieved. The state of implementation of these measures in developed countries like the
Netherlands is 93.55%, 86% is in Germany (table 2.1.2). Also, these developed countries have fully implemented a system for
developing cross-border paperless trade, which includes a recognized certification body, participation in cross-border
electronic data exchange (related to trade), electronic exchange of certificates of origin, electronic exchange of sanitary and
phytosanitary certificates, and which have not yet been implemented in Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan).
Table #6.Trade facilitation and implementation of paperless trade in Central Asia and developed countries,
201715
States
The result of the
trade facilitation
Cross-border
Paperless trade
Paperless
trade
Institutional
structure and
cooperation
Formalities Transparency
Uzbekistan 25,81% 0% 29,63% 22,22% 25% 53,33%
Kyrgyzstan 37,63% 11,11% 37,04% 44,44% 33,33% 73,33%
Tajikistan 50,54% 11,11% 37,04% 55,56% 79,17% 73,33%
The Netherlands 93,55% 77,78% 92,59% 100% 100% 100%
Germany 86,02% 61,11% 92,59% 88,89% 91,67% 93,33%
13 REPORT on the results of the Study of the reasons for the lack of positive dynamics in promoting the position of Uzbekistan in the world
Bank report "Doing Business 2019", Tashkent-2019
14This study covers 120 countries and evaluates 47 measures related to the world trade organization agreement to reduce foreign trade
procedures, as of the time of their implementation in countries. (https://untfsurvey.org/ – UN Global Survey on Trade Facilitation and
Paperless Trade ).
15Table is compiled by Author on the basis of Data taken from https://untfsurvey.org/world - UN Global Survey on Trade Facilitation and
Paperless Trade.
Criteria Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
Europe and
Central Asia
OECDОЭСР high
income level
The best country
in overall
EXPORT
Time to pass border and
customs control (hours)
112 5 51 22,1 12,5 1 (19 States)
Border and customs
control costs (USD )
278 10 313 157,5 139,1 0 (19 States)
Time for processing
documents (hours)
96 21 66 24,3 2,4 1 (26 States)
Document processing
costs (USD)
292 110 330 97,9 35,2 0 (20 States)
IMPORT
Time to pass border and
customs control (hours)
111 72 107 21,1 8,5 0 (25 States)
Border and customs
control costs (USD )
278 512 223 162,3 100,2 0 (28 стран)
Time for processing
documents (hours)
174 36 126 24,7 3,4 1 (30 стран)
Document processing
costs (USD)
292 200 260 93,9 24,9 0 (30 стран)
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In order to further deepen the above-mentioned reforms and facilitate trade in the Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), it is also important to implement specific aspects of the “standards for security and facilitation of
international trade in the world” developed by the world customs organization.
The main purpose of applying these standards is to simplify customs control and registration of goods by enterprises,
declarants, organizations, transport and forwarding companies – suppliers of goods, in good faith acting customsrules,andto
increase the effectiveness of the established control over the flow of goods. Many foreign countries achieve this effective
simplified system by creating an authorized economic operator and a trade institution an authorized entity in their export
activities16.
At the same time, a number of specific aspects can be seen in the experience of foreigncountriesincreatingtheAEOInstitute17.
In particular, the establishment of the AEO Institute in Turkey started a new era in customs procedures and further facilitated
trade with its trading partners. The feasibility study program is a major step in turning the Turkish state into a country where
trade is the easiest and safest18.
The Brazilian experience of cooperation between public and private sectors is also essential to accelerate the transition to an
effective system of foreign trade.
In May 2004, the Alliance for the modernization of Brazil’s foreign trade, better known as Procomex, was officiallyestablished
as an informal movement of more than 50 businessassociationswithseniorofficialsfromCustomsCommitteeand theMinistry
of development, industry and trade by providing a dialogue mechanism for customsandbusiness,Procomexhasstarteda long
road to building trust.
It became clear that this would be a lengthy process, and that a more formal institutional structure was needed to ensure the
duration of the work. Thus, in 2005, the Procomex Institute was established as an operational division of the Alliance.
Companies were invited to participate by providing business-specific know-how and financial support. Representatives of
participating companies and business associations had equal rights in the management of the Institute.
In 2006, a survey of participating associations and their corporate membership was conducted to identify the main obstacles
and opportunities for growth, as well as to develop recommendations for modernizing export / import procedures.Attheend
of 2006, a process of proposals for review and priorities was organized with the assistance and partnership of senior customs
authorities. As a result, a formal Memorandum of understanding wassignedwiththe Braziliantaxservice, whichisaccountable
to customs. Five different working groups, including the private sector and customs officials, were created based on the
identified priorities. They reported on their progress on a monthly basis at a meeting betweencustomsandAlliance members.
The Brazilian partnership between the private sector and the government/customsiscrucial andshowsexceptional resultsin
a huge developing economy. While this mechanism needs to be further strengthened in order to meet new challenges in the
rapidly changing international trading environment, the experience of Brazil is an important way to develop effective
cooperation. This model and similar initiatives can play an important role in helping to build a new partnershipparadigmthat
includes all stakeholders in the development of the international supply chain.
In conclusion, based on trade Facilitation and the introduction of paperless trade developed by the UN and the world customs
organization, the implementation of the “world standards for facilitating international trade and security” in Central Asian
countries requires the implementation of the following measures:
Firstly, the establishment of the National Committee for trade facilitation in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (established in
Tajikistan);
Secondly, the development of a regulatory act that provides for the regulation of passing control procedures at posts and the
development of a risk management system and Regulations on “electronic transactions” between Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstanand
Tajikistan;
Thirdly, the creation of a recognized certification body;
16 Currently, there is 1 Institute of Authorized Economic Operators (AEO) in Kyrgyzstan. AEO in Kyrgyzstan emerged as a result of the
creation of the Customs Union in order to bring the Union's customs administration closer to international standards. For the first time, the
AEO Institute within the CU was introduced in 2010. AEO activities in the CU are regulated by the Customs code of the Eurasian economic
Union (Annex 1 to the Agreement on the Customs code of the Eurasian economic Union dated 11.04.2017). at the national level, AEO is
regulated by the Law “on customs regulation in the Kyrgyz Republic”.
Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 363 dated April 29, 2019"onmeasurestointroducetheinstitutionof
an authorized economic operator»
17Turkey has identified the creation of the most convenient and secure commercial activity in the world as the main goal of its foreign trade
strategy and developed the AEO program on January 10, 2013. TurkeysignedthisinternationalbilateralagreementwithSouthKoreaonJune
9, 2014. Negotiations are also underway with the United States, Georgia and Kazakhstan to sign this agreement.
18Murat Seker. Trade Policies, Investment Climate,andExportsacrossCountries.WorldBankPolicyResearchWorkingPaperNo.5654,World
Bank. – Washington, DC, 2010.
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38131 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1029
Fourthly, participation in cross-border electronic exchange of trade-related data; joint use of the material and technical base
(including IT systems and “single window” for trade), application of common data and messagingstandards,andjointtraining
activities;
Fifthly, establishing mutual electronic exchange of the certificate of origin is in need.
Sixthly, it is necessary to improve the activities of authorized economic operators (AEO) and institutions of authorized
economic entities implemented in Central Asiancountries(exceptTajikistan),inaccordancewiththerulesand requirementsof
advanced countries in this area. In particular, the process of granting AEO status in the EU ismorestringent,whichtakesmuch
longer and provides for the provision of three types of authorizedeconomicoperators – “C”,“S”and“F”,whichdifferbothinthe
requirements for obtaining each status and in the privileges for the applied customs control measures. Currently, this is the
way to improve the AEO Institute in the EAEU.
Seventh, the transition to an effective system of foreign trade environment betweenthesecountries,thecreationof anAlliance
of cooperation with the public and private sectors in accelerating the processes of customs modernization (Brazilian
experience);
Professional development of employees of state bodies involved in customs administration. It is necessary to radically
improve the interaction of state bodies in the provision of services within the “Single window”.
ensuring the full functioning of the customs information system that allows participating states to submit applications in
real time and receive permits with the assigned QR code, conduct automatic analysis based on the HS code, and remotely
monitor the process of issuing permits.
Appendix1 Number of required documents for export in Central Asian countries (in comparison with the CIS
countries)19
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
(product: edible
fruits and nuts)
Belarus Kazakhstan
Armenia (Product:
Alcoholic and non-
alcoholic
beverages
1. Contract
Purchase and
sale agreement
Контракт Контракт
2.
Cargo customs
declaration
Cargo customs
declaration
Customs declaration
Customs
declaration
3. Consignment Consignment Consignment Consignment Consignment Consignment
4.
Commercial in
voice
invoice invoice invoice invoice invoice
5. Certificate of origin
Certificate of
origin
Certificate of origin Transit document
6.
Certificate of
conformity
Certificate of
conformity
Certificate of
conformity20
7. Packing list Packing list
Receipts for
payment for
terminal services
Packing list Packing list
8.
License for
exporting cotton
(the export of
cotton)
Report on
inspection from the
customs authority
Consignment
9.
Fumigation
certificate (for
cotton export)
Contract for
transportation
Phytosanitary
certificate
Document confirming
the authority of the
person submitting the
declaration
10.
Phytosanitary
certificate (for
cotton exports)
TIR carnet SOLAS certificate
11
Document on
payment of
customs duties
19REPORT on the results of the Study of the reasons for the lack of positive dynamics in promoting the position of Uzbekistan in the world
Bank report "Doing Business 2019", Tashkent-2019
20These certificates of origin differ depending on the country where the export cargo is sent: the so-called "form A" is required for EU
countries, and the "ST-1" form is required for Russia.
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38131 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1030
Appendix2 Number of required documents for import in Central Asian countries (in comparison with the CIS
countries)21
Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan* Belarus Kazakhstan Armenia*
1.
Customs
declaration
Customs declaration
Cargo customs
declaration
2. Consignment Invoice for transportation Consignment Consignment Consignment
Bill of lading
(CMR)
3. Commercial invoice invoice invoice invoice invoice invoice
4. Certificate of origin Certificate of origin Certificate of origin
5.
Expert assessment
on the HS code
Purchase and sale
agreement
Contract Contract
6. Packing list Packing list Packing list Packing list Packing list Packing list
7. Serial numbers
Document certifying the
cost of transportation
Receipts for payment for
terminal services
Statistical
Declaration
8.
Document certifying
payment of customs
duties
Document on payment of
customs duties
9. Transit Declaration Consignment
Transit
document
(T1)
10.
DKD-delivery control
document
Report on inspection
from the customs
authority
11. SOLAS certificate
Note: * - product: Spare parts for motor vehicles
References:
[1] Data of National Statistical Committee pf Kyrgyz Republic (http://www.stat.kg) and and theAgencyforstatisticsunder
the President of the Republic of Tajikistan(https://www.stat.tj),StatestatisticsCommitteeoftheRepublicofUzbekistan
(https://www.stat.uz).
[2] ITC International trade competitiveness map.
https://tradecompetitivenessmap.intracen.org/TP_EP_IC_StageP.aspx?TY=E&IN=00&YR=2016
[3] Mingishov, L “Important factors and prioritydirectionsofincreasingcompetitivenessofexportgoodsofUzbekistan” GSJ:
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2020, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 www.globalscientificjournal.com P2223
[4] Mingishov, Laziz “Directions of Deepening Institutional Reforms in Increasing the Competitiveness of Uzbekistan’s
Export” THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Vol 8 Issue 4 (October, 2019), P2
[5] Muminov, Ilkhomjon “New horizons of integration processes in Central Asia”, GSJ, 2020/3, Volume 8, Issue 3, p182
[6] Murat Seker. Trade Policies, Investment Climate, and Exports across Countries. World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper No. 5654, World Bank. – Washington, DC, 2010.
[7] REPORT on the results of the Study of the reasons for the lack of positive dynamics in promoting the position of
Uzbekistan in the world Bank report "Doing Business 2019", Tashkent-2019
[8] UN Global Survey on Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade – https://untfsurvey.org/
[9] World Bank Data.
[10] Муминов, И “Стратегический путь развития” "Правда Востока" 2020/3, 29293, №63 Стр.
21REPORT on the results of the Study of the reasons for the lack of positive dynamics in promoting the position of Uzbekistan in the world
Bank report "Doing Business 2019", Tashkent-2019