In the present work, the point kinetics equations are solved numerically using the stiffness confinement
method (SCM). The solution is applied to the kinetics equations in the presence of different types of
reactivities, and is compared with other methods. This method is, also used to analyze reactivity accidents
in thermal reactor at start-up, and full power conditions for control rods withdrawal. Thermal reactor
(HTR-M) is fuelled by uranium-235. This analysis presents the effect of negative temperature feedback, and
the positive reactivity of control rods withdrawal. Power, temperature pulse, and reactivity following the
reactivity accidents are calculated using programming language (FORTRAN), and (MATLAB) Codes. The
results are compared with previous works and satisfactory agreement is found.
NUMERICAL METHODS IN STEADY STATE, 1D and 2D HEAT CONDUCTION- Part-IItmuliya
This file contains slides on NUMERICAL METHODS IN STEADY STATE 1D and 2D HEAT CONDUCTION – Part-II.
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India, during Sept. – Dec. 2010.
Contents: Methods of solving a system of simultaneous, algebraic equations - 1D steady state conduction in cylindrical and spherical systems - 2D steady state conduction in cartesian coordinates - Problems
NUMERICAL METHODS IN STEADY STATE, 1D and 2D HEAT CONDUCTION- Part-IItmuliya
This file contains slides on NUMERICAL METHODS IN STEADY STATE 1D and 2D HEAT CONDUCTION – Part-II.
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India, during Sept. – Dec. 2010.
Contents: Methods of solving a system of simultaneous, algebraic equations - 1D steady state conduction in cylindrical and spherical systems - 2D steady state conduction in cartesian coordinates - Problems
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Lecture 5: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
These slides are especially made to understand the postulates of quantum mechanics or chemistry better. easily simplified and at one place you will find each of relevant details about the 5 postulates. so go through it & trust me it will help you a lot if you are chemistry or a science student.
well done
Kane’s Method for Robotic Arm Dynamics: a Novel ApproachIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper is the result of Analytical Research work in multi-body dynamics and desire to apply
Kane’s Method on the Robotic Dynamics. The Paper applies Kane’s method (originally called Lagrange form
of d’Alembert’s principle) for developing dynamical equations of motion and then prepare a solution scheme for
space Robotics arms. The implementation of this method on 2R Space Robotic Arm with Mat Lab Code is
presented in this research paper. It is realized that the limitations and difficulties that are aroused in arm
dynamics are eliminated with this novel Approach.
Key Words: Dynamics, Equation of Motion, Lagrangian, , Robotic arm, Space Robot,
FUZZY LOGIC Control of CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR ProfDrDuraidAhmed
MATLAB program version 7.6 was used to study dynamic behavior continuous stirred tank reactor and the process control implemented for different control strategies. The results of simulation were compared with experimental data and a good agreement was obtained. However, small differences between the responses were appeared. A comparison has been made between fuzzy logic controller and PID conventional control to test the effectiveness of the behavior of the system. The results showed that, a good improvement was achieved when the fuzzy logic control was used compared to the PID conventional control.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Lecture 5: Introduction to Quantum Chemical Simulation graduate course taught at MIT in Fall 2014 by Heather Kulik. This course covers: wavefunction theory, density functional theory, force fields and molecular dynamics and sampling.
These slides are especially made to understand the postulates of quantum mechanics or chemistry better. easily simplified and at one place you will find each of relevant details about the 5 postulates. so go through it & trust me it will help you a lot if you are chemistry or a science student.
well done
Kane’s Method for Robotic Arm Dynamics: a Novel ApproachIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper is the result of Analytical Research work in multi-body dynamics and desire to apply
Kane’s Method on the Robotic Dynamics. The Paper applies Kane’s method (originally called Lagrange form
of d’Alembert’s principle) for developing dynamical equations of motion and then prepare a solution scheme for
space Robotics arms. The implementation of this method on 2R Space Robotic Arm with Mat Lab Code is
presented in this research paper. It is realized that the limitations and difficulties that are aroused in arm
dynamics are eliminated with this novel Approach.
Key Words: Dynamics, Equation of Motion, Lagrangian, , Robotic arm, Space Robot,
FUZZY LOGIC Control of CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR ProfDrDuraidAhmed
MATLAB program version 7.6 was used to study dynamic behavior continuous stirred tank reactor and the process control implemented for different control strategies. The results of simulation were compared with experimental data and a good agreement was obtained. However, small differences between the responses were appeared. A comparison has been made between fuzzy logic controller and PID conventional control to test the effectiveness of the behavior of the system. The results showed that, a good improvement was achieved when the fuzzy logic control was used compared to the PID conventional control.
Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Validation of Coil Voltage in Inductio...ijeljournal
This paper presents, mathematical model of induction heating process by using analytical and numerical
methods. In analytical method, series equivalent circuit (SEC) is used to represent induction coil and work
piece. Induction coil and workpiece parameters (resistance and reactance) are calculated by standard
formulas along with Nagaoka correction factors and Bessel functions. In Numerical method, magnetic
vector potential formulation is done and finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the field equations.
Analytically and numerically computed parameters such as equivalent coil resistance, reactance, coil
voltage, work piece power are compared and found that they are in good agreement. Analytically and
numerically obtained coil voltages at different frequencies are validated by experimental results. This
mathematical model is useful for coil design and optimization of induction heating process.
Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Validation of Coil Voltage in Inductio...ijujournal
This paper presents, mathematical model of induction heating process by using analytical and numerical methods. In analytical method, series equivalent circuit (SEC) is used to represent induction coil and work piece. Induction coil and workpiece parameters (resistance and reactance) are calculated by standard formulas along with Nagaoka correction factors and Bessel functions. In Numerical method, magnetic
vector potential formulation is done and finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the field equations. Analytically and numerically computed parameters such as equivalent coil resistance, reactance, coil voltage, work piece power are compared and found that they are in good agreement. Analytically and
numerically obtained coil voltages at different frequencies are validated by experimental results. This mathematical model is useful for coil design and optimization of induction heating process.
Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Validation of Coil Voltage in Inductio...ijeljournal
This paper presents, mathematical model of induction heating process by using analytical and numerical methods. In analytical method, series equivalent circuit (SEC) is used to represent induction coil and work piece. Induction coil and workpiece parameters (resistance and reactance) are calculated by standard formulas along with Nagaoka correction factors and Bessel functions. In Numerical method, magnetic vector potential formulation is done and finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the field equations. Analytically and numerically computed parameters such as equivalent coil resistance, reactance, coil voltage, work piece power are compared and found that they are in good agreement. Analytically and numerically obtained coil voltages at different frequencies are validated by experimental results. This mathematical model is useful for coil design and optimization of induction heating process.
Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Validation of Coil Voltage in Inductio...ijeljournal
This paper presents, mathematical model of induction heating process by using analytical and numerical methods. In analytical method, series equivalent circuit (SEC) is used to represent induction coil and work piece. Induction coil and workpiece parameters (resistance and reactance) are calculated by standard formulas along with Nagaoka correction factors and Bessel functions. In Numerical method, magnetic vector potential formulation is done and finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the field equations. Analytically and numerically computed parameters such as equivalent coil resistance, reactance, coil voltage, work piece power are compared and found that they are in good agreement. Analytically and numerically obtained coil voltages at different frequencies are validated by experimental results. This mathematical model is useful for coil design and optimization of induction heating process.
ANALYTICAL, NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF COIL VOLTAGE IN INDUCTIO...ijeljournal
This paper presents, mathematical model of induction heating process by using analytical and numerical
methods. In analytical method, series equivalent circuit (SEC) is used to represent induction coil and work
piece. Induction coil and workpiece parameters (resistance and reactance) are calculated by standard
formulas along with Nagaoka correction factors and Bessel functions. In Numerical method, magnetic
vector potential formulation is done and finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the field equations.
Analytically and numerically computed parameters such as equivalent coil resistance, reactance, coil
voltage, work piece power are compared and found that they are in good agreement. Analytically and
numerically obtained coil voltages at different frequencies are validated by experimental results. This
mathematical model is useful for coil design and optimization of induction heating process.
ANALYTICAL, NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF COIL VOLTAGE IN INDUCTIO...ijeljournal
This paper presents, mathematical model of induction heating process by using analytical and numerical
methods. In analytical method, series equivalent circuit (SEC) is used to represent induction coil and work
piece. Induction coil and workpiece parameters (resistance and reactance) are calculated by standard
formulas along with Nagaoka correction factors and Bessel functions. In Numerical method, magnetic
vector potential formulation is done and finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the field equations.
Analytically and numerically computed parameters such as equivalent coil resistance, reactance, coil
voltage, work piece power are compared and found that they are in good agreement. Analytically and
numerically obtained coil voltages at different frequencies are validated by experimental results. This
mathematical model is useful for coil design and optimization of induction heating process.
Cascade forward neural network based on resilient backpropagation for simulta...Mellah Hacene
Cascade-Forward Neural Network Based on Resilient Backpropagation for Simultaneous Parameters and State Space Estimations of Brushed DC Machines
Advances in Modelling and Analysis B
The use of ekf to estimate the transient thermal behaviour of induction motor...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a survey is conducted to examine the problem of estimating the states and parameters of an asynchronous machine when some of these measures are not available or the estimation approach is the best solution. The modeling is based on the theory of power dissipation; heat transfer and the rate of temperature increase the stator and the rotor, taking into account the effect of speed on trade. The first purpose of this article is displayed the effect of variable losses depending on the load and constant losses on the thermal behavior of asynchronous motor. According to the sensor’s problems and the obtaining of the thermal information about the rotor, the second goal is the use of a sensorless method like the use of the EKF (extended Kalman filter), some simulation results are given and commented.
Determination of transient thermal characteristics for thermal electric behav...journalBEEI
In the current study, it was tried to describe a method for determining thermal characteristics of integrated micro-circuits to identify thermal parameters of multidisciplinary (thermal-electric) behavioral models. The problem is solved on the example of high-frequency pulse voltage converters. A solution was proposed to refine the minimum structure of the thermoelectric model based on an iterative least squares method using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, as well as a graph of the spectral den-sity of time constants. This made it possible to reduce the influence of the filtering factor in the deconvolution operation when building a thermal model using the structural function of the thermal characteristic transition. Also, the results obtained can be used to build integrated circuits (IC) behavioral models, taking into account the thermal processes occurring in them.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
Memristor-Capacitor Based Startup Circuit for Voltage Reference Generatorsmangal das
This paper presents the design of Memristorcapacitor based startup circuit. Memristor is a novel device and has many advantages over conventional CMOS devices such as no leakage current and is easy to manufacture. In this work the switching characteristics of memristor is utilized. First the
theoretical equations describing the switching behavior of memristor are derived. To prove the switching capabilities of Memristor, a startup circuit based on series combination of Memristor-capacitor is proposed. This circuit is compared with the reference circuit (which utilizes resistor in place of memristor) and the previously reported MOSFET based startup circuits. Comparison of different circuits was done to validate the results. Simulation results shows that memristor based circuit attains on (I = 2.25 mA) to off state (I = 10 μA) in 2.8 ns while the MOSFET based startup circuits takes (I = 1 mA) to off state (I = 10 μA) in 55.56 ns. However no significant difference in switching time was observed when compared with resistance based startup circuit. The benefit comes in terms of area because much larger die area is required for manufacturing of resistance in comparison to fabrication of memristor.
Stochastic estimation methods for induction motor transient thermal monitorin...Mellah Hacene
The induction machine, because of its robustness and low-cost, is commonly used in the industry. Nevertheless, as every type of electrical machine, this machine suffers of some limitations. The most important one is the working temperature which is the dimensioning parameter for the definition of the nominal working point and the machine lifetime. Due to a strong demand concerning thermal monitoring methods appeared in the industry sector. In this context, the adding of temperature sensors is not acceptable and the studied methods tend to use sensorless approaches such as observators or parameters estimators like the extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Then the important criteria are reliability, computational cost ad real time implementation.
Stochastic Estimation Methods for Induction Motor Transient Thermal Monitorin...Mellah Hacene
The induction machine, because of its robustness and low-cost, is commonly
used in the industry. Nevertheless, as every type of electrical machine, this
machine suffers of some limitations. The most important one is the working
temperature which is the dimensioning parameter for the definition of the
nominal working point and the machine lifetime. Due to a strong demand
concerning thermal monitoring methods appeared in the industry sector. In
this context, the adding of temperature sensors is not acceptable and the
studied methods tend to use sensorless approaches such as observators or
parameters estimators like the extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Then the
important criteria are reliability, computational cost ad real time
implementation.
A Comparison Between Two Average Modelling Techniques of AC-AC Power ConvertersIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, a comparative evaluation of two modelling tools for switching AC-AC power converters is presented. Both of them are based on average modelling techniques. The first approach is based on the circuit averaging technique and consists in the topological manipulations, applied to a converter states. The second approach makes use of a state-space averaged model of the converter and is based on analytical manipulations using the different state representations of a converter. The two modelling techniques are applied to a same AC-AC called matrix-reactance frequency converter based on buck-boost topology. These techniques are compared on the basis of their rapidity, quantity of calculations and transformations and its limitations.
Similar to Analysis of Reactivity Accident for Control Rods Withdrawal at the Thermal Reactor (20)
On the Unification of Physic and the Elimination of Unbound Quantitiesijrap
This paper supports Descartes' idea of a constant quantity of motion, modernized by Leibniz. Unlike Leibniz, the paper emphasizes that the idea is not realized by forms of energy, but by energy itself. It remains constant regardless of the form, type, or speed of motion, even that of light. Through force, energy is only transformed. Here it is proved that force is its derivative. It exists even at rest, representing the object's minimal energy state. With speed, we achieve its multiplication up to the maximum energy state, from which a maximum force is derived from the object. From this point, corresponding to Planck's Length, we find the value of the force wherever we want. Achieving this removes the differences between various natural forces. The new idea eliminates infinite magnitudes. The process allows the laws to transition from simple to complex forms and vice versa, through differentiation-integration. For this paper, this means achieving the Unification Theory.
Gravity Also Redshifts Light – the Missing Phenomenon That Could Resolve Most...ijrap
In this paper I discover that gravity also redshifts light like the velocity of its source does. When light travels towards a supermassive object, its waves (or photons) undergo continuous stretching, thereby shifting towards lower frequencies. Gravity redshifts light irrespective of whether its source is in motion or static with respect to its observer. An equation is derived for gravitational redshift, and a formula for combined redshift is presented by considering both the velocity, and gravity redshifts. Also explained is how frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum continuously downgrade as a light beam of mix frequencies passes towards a black hole. Further, a clear methodology is provided to figure out whether expansion of the universe is accelerating or decelerating, or alternatively, the universe is contracting.
In this paper I present a new theory that explains as to when and how dark energy is created as mass is destroyed. The theory extends Einstein’s mass energy equation to a more generic form in order to make it work even in high gravity conditions. It also explains why dark energy is created. Further, it is proved Einstein’s mass energy equation holds good only when the destroyed mass has no supermassive object in its close vicinity. The relationship between dark energy and dark matter is unveiled. An extended mathematical form of Einstein’s mass energy equation is derived, based on which the conditions leading to dark energy creation are explained. Three new physical parameters called dark energy discriminant, dark energy radius and dark energy boundary are introduced to facilitate easy understanding of the theory. It is explained in detail that an extremely superdense object has two dark energy boundaries, outer and inner. Mass destroyed only between these two boundaries creates dark energy. Dark energy space, the space between the two aforementioned boundaries, shrouds visible matter in obscurity from optical and electromagnetic telescopes. This theory identifies Gargantuan as a superdense black hole currently creating fresh dark energy, which could be the subject of interest for the astronomical research community having access to sophisticated telescopes, and working on dark energy. It also upholds dark energy and denies the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is nothing but the well-known visible matter positioned in dark energy space. An important relationship is derived between a photon’s frequency and its distance from a black hole to demonstrate the effect of gravity on light. Another important fact revealed by this theory is gravity stretches out light, thereby causing redshift, which is unaccounted in the computation of velocities of outer galaxies. Whether the universe is undergoing accelerated or decelerated expansion, or accelerated contraction can precisely be determined only after accounting for the redshift caused by gravity
International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applicat...ijrap
International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI)
is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing
knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft
Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial
Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to
provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to
meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research
results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in
the areas of Database management systems.
SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HYDROGEN DIFFUSION IN BCC METALS AT LOW TEMPERATURESijrap
Purpose of the work is to discuss some theoretical aspects of the diffusion of hydrogen atoms in the crystal
lattice of BCC metals at low temperatures using the methods of statistical thermodynamics. The values of
the statistical model calculations of H diffusion coefficients in α-Fe, V, Ta, Nb, K are in good agreement
with the experimental data. The statistical model can also explain deviations from the Arrhenius equation
at temperatures 300-100 K in α-Fe, V, Nb and K. It was suggested that thermally activated fast tunnelling
transition of hydrogen atoms through the potential barrier at a temperature below 300 K provides an
almost free movement of H atoms in the α-Fe and V lattice at these temperatures. The results show that
quantum-statistical effects play a decisive role in the H diffusion in BCC metals at low temperatures. Using
the statistical model allows for the prediction of the diffusion coefficient for H in BCC metals at low
temperatures, where it’s necessary to consider quantum effects.
MASSIVE PHOTON HYPOTHESIS OPENS DOORS TO NEW FIELDS OF RESEARCHijrap
Mass, an inherent property of matter, is calculated directly for the photon particle from the very classical
principles of the kinetic theory of gases. It is not an end result with no perspective nor other outcome.
Quite the opposite, a single ponderable tiny photon frees the mind of old ways of thinking and opens up
new paths to a broad field of investigation where the very large can then be described and explained by the
very small. This reality of a non-zero mass suddenly shows up in the interpretation of many experiments
which become clear and simple to comprehend. Besides, that same key particle has the potential to unlock
and solve some long lasting major observational issues or enigmas. All this converges upon its
acknowledgement and acceptance.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD REGARDING A THIRD THEORY OF PHYSICS “THE EVENT:THE TH...ijrap
The quest for a third theory uniting macro-cosmos (relativity) and micro-cosmos (quantum mechanics) has coexisted with the denial of feminine/subjective polarity to masculine/objective. The dismissal of electromagnetism as the tension of opposites in quest of inner/outer unity is sourced in the denial of the feminine qualia -- the negative force field attributed to dark energy/dark matter. However, a conversion philosophy sourced in the hieros gamos and signified by the Mobius strip has formulated an integral consciousness methodology producing quantum objects by means of embracing the shadow haunting contemporary physics. This Self-reflecting process integrating subject/object comprises an ontology of kairos as the “quantum leap.” An interdisciplinary quest to create a phenomenological narrative is disclosed via a holistic apparatus of hermeneutics manifesting image/text of a contemporary grail journey. Reflected in this Third space is the sacred reality of autonomous number unifying polarities of feminine/subjective (quality) and objective/masculine (quantity) as new measurement apparatus for the quantum wave collapse.
3rd International Conference on Integrating Technology in Education (ITE 2022)ijrap
3rd International Conference on Integrating Technology in Education (ITE 2022) This forum also aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATTER, ENERGY, INFORMATION, AND CONSCIOUSNESSijrap
This paper discusses the advantages of describing the universe, or nature, in terms of information and consciousness. Some problems encountered by theoretical physicists in the quest for the theory of everything stem from the limitations of trying to understand everything in terms of matter and energy only. However, if everything, including matter, energy, life, and mental processes, is described in terms of information and consciousness, much progress can be made in the search for the ultimate theory of the universe. As brilliant and successful as physics and chemistry have been over the last two centuries, it is important that nature is not viewed solely in terms of matter and energy. Two additional components are needed to unlock her secrets. While extensive writing exists that describes the connection between matter and energy and their physical basis, little work has been done to learn the special relationship between matter, energy, information, and consciousness.
This paper discusses the advantages of describing the universe, or nature, in terms of information and consciousness. Some problems encountered by theoretical physicists in the quest for the theory of everything stem from the limitations of trying to understand everything in terms of matter and energy only. However, if everything, including matter, energy, life, and mental processes, is described in terms of information and consciousness, much progress can be made in the search for the ultimate theory of the universe. As brilliant and successful as physics and chemistry have been over the last two centuries, it is important that nature is not viewed solely in terms of matter and energy. Two additional components are needed to unlock her secrets. While extensive writing exists that describes the connection between matter and energy and their physical basis, little work has been done to learn the special relationship between matter, energy, information, and
consciousness.
THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND TIME: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEijrap
Understanding the concept of space and time is critical, essential, and fundamental in searching for theall-encompassing theory or the theory of everything (ToE). Some physicists argue that time exists, whileothers posit that time is only a social or mental construct. The author presents an African thought systemon space and time conception, focusing on the African (Bantu) view of space and time. The author arguesthat before the advent of the Western linear view of space and time, Africans had their own visionregarding these two concepts. Their conception of time appears to be holistic, highly philosophical, non-linear, and thought-provoking. The author hopes that exploring these two concepts from an African perspective will provide a new and more in-depth insight into reality's nature. A scientific investigation of space and time from an African-centered perspective is a worthy and necessary endeavor in the quest forthe ToE
Learning to Pronounce as Measuring Cross Lingual Joint Orthography Phonology ...ijrap
Machine learning models allow us to compare languages by showing how hard a task in each language might be to learn and perform well on. Following this line of investigation, we explore what makes a language “hard to pronounce” by modelling the task of grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) transliteration. By training a character-level transformer model on this task across 22 languages and measuring the model’s proficiency against its grapheme and phoneme inventories, we show that certain characteristics emerge that separate easier and harder languages with respect to learning to pronounce. Namely the complexity of a language's pronunciation from its orthography is due to the expressive or simplicity of its grapheme-to phoneme mapping. Further discussion illustrates how future studies should consider relative data sparsity per language to design fairer cross-lingual comparison tasks.
THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND TIME: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEijrap
Understanding the concept of space and time is critical, essential, and fundamental in searching for the all-encompassing theory or the theory of everything (ToE). Some physicists argue that time exists, while others posit that time is only a social or mental construct. The author presents an African thought system on space and time conception, focusing on the African (Bantu) view of space and time. The author argues
that before the advent of the Western linear view of space and time, Africans had their own vision
regarding these two concepts. Their conception of time appears to be holistic, highly philosophical, nonlinear, and thought-provoking. The author hopes that exploring these two concepts from an African
perspective will provide a new and more in-depth insight into reality's nature. A scientific investigation of space and time from an African-centered perspective is a worthy and necessary endeavor in the quest for the ToE.
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
The Concept of Space and Time: An African Perspectiveijrap
Understanding the concept of space and time is critical, essential, and fundamental in searching for the all-encompassing theory or the theory of everything (ToE). Some physicists argue that time exists, while others posit that time is only a social or mental construct. The author presents an African thought system on space and time conception, focusing on the African (Bantu) view of space and time. The author argues that before the advent of the Western linear view of space and time, Africans had their own vision regarding these two concepts. Their conception of time appears to be holistic, highly philosophical, nonlinear, and thought-provoking. The author hopes that exploring these two concepts from an African perspective will provide a new and more in-depth insight into reality's nature. A scientific investigation of space and time from an African-centered perspective is a worthy and necessary endeavor in the quest for the ToE.
The majority of physicists take it for granted that the universe is made up of matter. In turn, matter is composed of atoms; atoms are made up of particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons, etc. Also, protons
and neutrons are composed of quarks, etc. Furthermore, that everything in nature is governed by the known laws of physics and chemistry. The author only partially shares this view. He argues that many phenomena in the universe may depend on rules or factors as yet incorporated by the physical sciences.
The last few years have led him to reflect on the many unsolved physics problems, such as the quest for the theory of everything (ToE), the arrow of time, the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the fine-tuned
universe, etc. to mention just a few. The author posits that a field carries information, performs various mathematical and computational operations, and behaves as an intelligent entity embedded with consciousness.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Analysis of Reactivity Accident for Control Rods Withdrawal at the Thermal Reactor
1. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
DOI : 10.14810/ijrap.2014.3202 21
ANALYSIS OF REACTIVITY ACCIDENT FOR
CONTROL RODS WITHDRAWAL AT THE
THERMAL REACTOR
Hend M. Saad 1
, M. Aziz1
, and H. M.Mansour 2
1
Department of Nuclear Safety Engineering, Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory
Authority, Nasr City, Cairo 11762, Egypt
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
Abstract
In the present work, the point kinetics equations are solved numerically using the stiffness confinement
method (SCM). The solution is applied to the kinetics equations in the presence of different types of
reactivities, and is compared with other methods. This method is, also used to analyze reactivity accidents
in thermal reactor at start-up, and full power conditions for control rods withdrawal. Thermal reactor
(HTR-M) is fuelled by uranium-235. This analysis presents the effect of negative temperature feedback, and
the positive reactivity of control rods withdrawal. Power, temperature pulse, and reactivity following the
reactivity accidents are calculated using programming language (FORTRAN), and (MATLAB) Codes. The
results are compared with previous works and satisfactory agreement is found.
KEYWORDS
Point Kinetics Equations, Stiffness Confinement Method, Reactivity accident, Control Rods, Reactivity
Coefficient, and Safety Analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION
For the nuclear reactor, the start-up and shutdown need different values of the reactivity to be
inserted, for the power to increase or decrease. However, the improper reactivity insertion may
endanger the reactor. For example, the reactivity accident caused by the excessive inserted
reactivity, such as the result of control rod withdrawal, will lead to the power burst and a further
damage of the core. Reactivity accident due to inadvertent withdrawal of the control rod is one
kind of the design basis accident for high temperature gas-cooled reactors, which should be
analyzed carefully in order to validate the reactor inherent safety properties. Thus, the analysis of
the response law of the power to the inserted reactivity is of great importance for the safety
analysis and operating administration of the nuclear reactor. The point reactor kinetics equations
are a system of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations. The stiffness is the essential
difficulty in solving these equations numerically [1]. As pointed out by many authors, this system
of point kinetics equations remains an important set of equations. Reactivity - initiated accident is
a nuclear reactor accident that involves inadvertent removal of control element from an operating
reactor, thereby causing a rapid power excursion in the nearby fuel elements and temperature.
The postulated scenarios for reactivity - initiated accidents are therefore focused on few events,
which result in exceptionally large reactivity excursions, and therefore are critical to fuel
integrity. In a reference model [2], reactivity, initiated accident was considered to be due to
negative temperature feedback. In the present work we considered reactivity accident to be due to
negative temperature feedback and the positive reactivity of control rods withdrawal at start-up
and full power conditions. By analyzing accidents in a thermal reactor, modular high temperature
2. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
22
gas cooled reactor design like HTR-M [2], and using the stiffness confinement method for solving
the kinetic equations. The stiffness confinement method (SCM) is used to solve the kinetics
equations and overcome the stiffness problem in reactor kinetics [1]. The idea is based on the
observation of stiffness characteristic, which is present only in the time response of the prompt
neutron density, but not in the delayed neutron precursors. The method is therefore devised to
have the stiffness decoupled from the differential equation for precursors and is confined to the
one for prompt neutrons, which can be solved [1]. Numerical examples of applying the method to
a variety of problems are given. The method is also used to analyze the reactivity induced
accidents in thermal reactor data, modular high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTR-M) which is
fuelled by uranium -235 at start-up and full power conditions [2]. In the next sections we discuss
the mathematical method; present the results, discussion, and give the conclusion.
2. MATHEMATICAL METHOD
The stiffness confinement method is used to overcome the stiffness problem in reactor kinetics
for solving the point kinetics equations. The idea is based on the observation, that the stiffness
characteristic is present only in the response time of the prompt neutron density, but not in that of
the delayed neutron precursors. The method is, therefore, devised to have the stiffness decoupled
from the differential equations for the precursors and confine it to the one for the prompt
neutrons, which can be analytically solved [1]. The point kinetics equations are a system of
coupled ordinary differential equations, whose solution give the neutron density and delayed
neutrons precursor concentrations in a tightly coupled reactor as a function of time. Typically,
these equations are solved using the reactor model with at least six delayed precursor groups,
resulting in a system consisting of seven coupled differential equations. Obtaining accurate results
is often problematic, because the equations are stiff with many techniques, where very small time
steps are used. These equations take the following form with an arbitrary reactivity function [3,
4]:
(1)
(2)
where: n(t) is the time-dependent neutron density, or (power or neutron flux) all units are (MW)
as power unit; Ci(t) is the ith
group delayed neutron precursor concentration or delayed neutron
emitter population or precursor density (“latent-neutron” density or latent power; same units as in
the power); i is the number of precursor group; ρ(t) is the time-dependent reactivity; βi is ith
group
delayed neutron fraction, and β = Σi·βi , is the total delayed neutron fraction. In addition, Λ is the
neutron generation time (s) and λi is decay constant of the ith-group delayed neutron emitters (s-1
).
Introducing a set of “Reduced” precursor density functions Ĉi (t) and neutron density n (t),
through the following equation [1]:
(3)
Defining two auxiliary functions w (t) and u (t), as in Eqs. (4) and (5):
(4)
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
( 6
1
t
C
t
n
t
dt
t
dn
i
i
i
∑
=
+
Λ
−
= λ
β
ρ
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
C
t
n
dt
t
dC
i
i
i
i
λ
β
−
Λ
=
]
)
(
exp[
)
(
ˆ
)
(
0
t
d
t
u
t
C
t
C
t
i
i
′
′
= ∫
)
(
ln
)
( t
n
dt
d
t
w =
3. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
23
The function w (t) is defined in the same way as Eq. (9) below and provides the mechanism key
of the SCM. The function u (t), however, has nothing to do with stiffness decoupling and is not
really required theoretically. Since an exponential behaviour is often characteristic for the first,
order differential equations, however, a proper choice of u (t) may make Ĉi (t) vary more slowly
in time and thus expedite the numerical calculation. Choose the following u(t) [1]:
(5)
Where, S (t) is defined by Eq. (7) as the sum over all λi·Ci (t). We can rewrite Eqs. (1)
and (2) as follows [1]:
(6)
(7)
And,
Suppose that, it is always possible to express:
(8)
And rewrite Eq. (1) as:
(9)
Eqs. (6)- (9), form the complete set of kinetics equations for the SCM. The initial
conditions are satisfied to be:
(10 a)
(10 b)
(10 c)
)
(
ln
)
( t
S
dt
d
t
u =
[ ] )
(
ˆ
)
(
)
(
ˆ
)
(
)
(
)
(
ˆ 6
1
t
C
t
u
t
C
t
t
w
dt
t
C
d
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
λ
λ
ρ
β
β
+
−
−
+
Λ
= ∑
=
′
′
= ∫
∑
=
t
i
i
i t
d
t
u
t
C
t
S
0
6
1
)
(
exp
)
(
ˆ
)
( λ
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
S
t
n
t
dt
t
dn
+
Λ
−
=
β
ρ
∫ ′
′
=
t
t
d
t
w
t
n
0
]
)
(
exp[
)
(
Λ
−
+
=
∑
=
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
6
1
t
t
w
t
C
t
n i
i
i
ρ
β
λ
0
)
0
( =
u
Λ
=
)
0
(
)
0
(
ρ
w
0
)
0
( n
n =
4. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
24
And, (10 d)
By using the initial conditions, we can obtain the numerical solution of the equations. We first
start by setting w and u in Eq. (7) at their initial values and solves Eq. (7) for Ĉi by discretizing
the equation in t. Having obtained Ĉi, we calculate S (t) with Eq. (1). Then, we use Eq. (5) to re-
evaluate w(t), plug it back into Eq. (7), and repeat the process until w converges (requiring 50
iterations). Calculation for the current time step is then finished with an evaluation of the output
value of w and u via Eqs. (5) and (10). We continue to predict the input values of w and u for the
next time step by linear extrapolation from their output values in the previous and current time
steps, and repeat the whole process of calculation for the next time step. It should be emphasized
that within each time step, there is iteration to convergence on w but no iteration for the function
u , because u is not required by the theory of (SCM) and is, in principle, with an arbitrary
independent function chosen only to expedite the computation. Computer program is designed
with programming languages (FORTRAN and MATLAB) codes to solve the above equations
numerically using Runge-Kutta method, and the output power and temperature are determined
under different input reactivities. [15], [16], and [17]
It is assumed that, the reactor has a negative temperature coefficient of reactivity α (α > 0), when
a large step reactivity ρ0 (ρ0 >β) is inserted. Consider the temperature feedback, the real reactor
reactivity is: [3, 4]
(11)
Then, the derivative of Eq. (11) with respect to time (t) is:
(12)
Where, T (t) and T0 are the reactor temperature, and initial temperature of the reactor,
respectively. After the large reactivity ρ0 is inserted into the reactor, the power responds quickly
and the adiabatic mode can be used for the calculation of reactor temperature. [3, 4] Then, the
derivative of the temperature with respect to time can be given as follows: [17]
(13)
Where, Kc is the reciprocal of thermal capacity of reactor. Substituting Eq. (12) into Eq.
(13) results in the following:
(14)
3. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS
The numerical solution of the point kinetics equations is based on SCM. The SCM is tested with
three types of problems which are: [15], [17]
(1) Step reactivity,
(2) Ramp input Reactivity,
(3) Sinusoidal input Reactivity.
i
i
i
n
C
λ
β
Λ
= 0
)
0
(
ˆ
]
)
(
[
)
( 0
0 T
t
T
t −
−
= α
ρ
ρ
dt
t
dT
dt
t
d )
(
)
(
α
ρ
−
=
)
(
)
(
t
n
K
dt
t
dT
c
=
)
(
)
(
t
n
K
dt
t
d
c
α
ρ
−
=
5. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
25
The results are compared against solutions obtained by other methods. The other methods are
highly accurate, but there vary widely in there complexity of implementation [1]. The compared
methods are Henry’s θ, weighted method [6], Exact data obtained with Ref. [2], and Taylor Series
Methods [5, 7], CORE [8], Mathematica’s built-in differential equation solver (implicit
Runge-Kutta). Each of these methods is highly accurate, but they vary widely in their complexity
of implementation.
3.1 Step Reactivity Insertion
Considering a kinetic problem with step reactivity insertion with β = 0.007.In this case, ρ (t) = ρ0
for t ≥ 0. The following input parameters were used: λi (s-1
) = (0.0127, 0.0317, 0.155, 0.311, 1.4,
3.87), βi = (0.000266, 0.001491, 0.001316, 0.002849, 0.000896, 0.000182) and Λ = 0.00002 s.
Four step reactivity insertions are considered: two prompt subcritical ρ = 0.003 and 0.0055, one
prompt critical ρ = 0.007, one prompt supercritical ρ = 0.008 [2, 8]. The values of n (t) obtained
with the present work are compared (Table 1) with those obtained with a code based on the so-
called “Henry’s θ, weighted method”, which modifies finite difference equations by introducing
tactically chosen weighting functions. The step size taken was h1 = 0.001. For comparison, we
chose “Henry's θ, weighting method”, and the exact values that obtained from Ref. [2] with the
present results. The numbers presented in Table 1 are computed with time steps (1 s, 10 s and 20
s).The results indicate that the present model solutions are in good agreement with all results. The
iteration in computing was used for repeating the process until w and u converge (requiring
approximately 100 iterations) to get step reactivity insertion with accurate results which are
compared with several methods. [17]
Table 1 Comparison of present work and different methods for step reactivity insertion.
ρ Method n(t)
t= 1s t=10s t=20s
0.003
Present Results
θ-Weighting
Chao and Attard
Exact
2.1849
2.1737
2.2254
2.2098
7.89116
8.0069
8.0324
8.0192
27.8266
28.076
28.351
28.297
0.0055
Present Results
θ-Weighting
Chao and Attard
Exact
t=0.1s t=2s t=10s
5.16136
5.19450
5.20570
5.21000
42.5859
42.6520
43.0240
43.0250
1.37302+05
1.38820+05
1.38750+05
1.38860+05
0.007
Present Results
θ-Weighting
Chao and Attard
Exact
t=0.01s t=0.5s t=2s
4.44702
4.50891
4.50013
4.50882
53.0908+02
53.4840+02
53.5302+02
53.4593+02
20.4510+10
20.6410+10
20.6270+10
20.5912+10
0.008
Present Results
θ-Weighting
Chao and Attard
Exact
t=0.01s t=0.1s t=1s
6.14858
6.20300
6.20460
6.20291
1.17679+03
1.41150+03
1.40891+03
1.41042+03
6.0564+23
6.2258+23
6.1574+23
6.1634+23
Another example to the numerical solution of the point kinetics equations is based on (SCM), is
the prompt super-critical process at large step reactivity. [17] The results are highly accurate, but
vary widely in their complexity of implementation. As, explained in section (2) about the point
6. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
26
kinetics equations (1-10), and the negative temperature coefficient of reactivity in Eqs. (11-14), at
the time t = 0, large step reactivity, ρ0 (ρ0> β) is suddenly inserted in the reactor, and the prompt
super-critical process will appear. During this process, the reactor power varies very quickly and
the power increase is up to very high level, so at time t> 0 the contribution of the neutron source
of delayed neutron precursors may be neglected, and is simplified as: [10], [11], [12], and [13]
(15)
Consider the prompt super-critical process with U235
as fissile material under large step increases
in reactivity of 2β and 1.5β, after operating in the steady state, respectively. By considering the
point kinetic equations are with one group of delayed neutrons. The one-group delayed neutron
parameters are: βtot= 0.0065, Λ=0.0001(sec), λ = 0.07741 (sec−1
), Kc = 0.05 K/ (MW s), α =5×10−5
K−1
. For different initial power, that are (10, 1, 0.1and 0.01) MW, respectively, the variation
curves of reactivity and power as well as temperature increase with time, and variation curves of
power with reactivity are plotted in Figures (3.1–3.4), in which 1 denotes only the effect of
prompt neutrons and 2 the effect of both prompt neutrons and delayed neutrons, and the real and
dashed lines denote inserting step reactivity ρ0 = (1.5β, and 2β), respectively. For each group of
curves in Figures (1–4), from the left to right the initial power is (10, 1, 0.1 and 0.01) MW,
respectively.
In Figure (1), is found that, while inserting large step reactivity into the reactor, the total reactivity
firstly decreases slowly with time and then drops quickly to steady level.
Figure (2) illustrates that, power of prompt super-critical process increases acutely, and the
maximum value of power is always larger than the initial power. It can be seen from Figure (2)
that, the excursion of reactor power n is related to the initial power, and the step reactivity
inserted.
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
n
t
dt
t
dn
Λ
−
=
β
ρ
7. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
27
Figure (3) shows the variation curve of the reactor power n versus ρ. The variation curve with
larger ρ0 lays over those with smaller ρ0, but reactivity related to the maximum power has the
same value. Compared with the power increase in the transient process, the initial power is much
smaller, so in figure (3) the curves with the same ρ0 but different initial power pose each other.
Figure (4) indicates that, temperature firstly increases slowly with time, and rises suddenly and
tends to be steady at the end.
8. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
28
In this case, analyzing the delayed supercritical process of a nuclear reactor with temperature
feedback and initial power while inserting small step reactivity, we obtained the variations of total
reactivity and output power with time as well as the variation of output power with reactivity. It is
assumed that, the reactor has a negative temperature coefficient of reactivity α (α > 0), when
small step reactivity ρ0 (ρ0 < β) is inserted, as mentioned in the previous example of large step
reactivity.
Consider the delayed supercritical process with small step inserted reactivity of ρ0 = (β/4, and
β/1.2) of 235
U as fissile material, respectively. It is assumed that, β = 0.0065, Λ = 0.0001 (sec), λ =
0.07741 (sec-1
), Kc = 0.05 (K/MW s), α = 5*10-5
(K-1
), and the initial power is (10, 1 and 0.01)
(MW). The variation curves of reactivity, temperature, and power with time, as well as the
variation curves of power with reactivity under different initial power are plotted in Figures (5–
12).
First case at ρ0 = (β/4)
Figure (5) illustrates that, the power of the delayed supercritical process firstly increases acutely,
then decreases slowly with time, and drops quickly to a steady level.
9. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
29
In Figure (6), is observed that, while inserting small step reactivity into the reactor, the total
reactivity firstly decreases slowly with time and then drops quickly to a steady level.
Figure (7) shows the variation curve of reactor power n versus ρ. The variation curve with
small ρ0, out power increases quickly and decreases slowly with time at inserting small step
reactivity and then drops quickly.
10. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
30
Figure (8) indicates that, temperature firstly increases slowly with time, and suddenly tends to be
steady at the end.
Second case at ρ0 = (β/1.2)
Figure (9) illustrates that the power of the delayed supercritical process firstly increases
rapidly, then decreases slowly with time, at different initial power conditions until it
approaches saturation.
11. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
31
In Figure (10), it is found that, while inserting small step reactivity into the reactor, the total
reactivity firstly decreases slowly with time from positive part and then drops quickly to negative
part and goes to a steady level.
Figure (11) shows the variation curve of the reactor power n versus ρ. The variation curve with
small ρ0, reactor power increases quickly and decreases slowly with time at inserting small step
reactivity and then drops quickly.
12. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
32
Figure (12) indicates that, temperature firstly increases rapidly with time because of inserting
small step reactivity, and suddenly tends to be steady at the end.
3.2 Ramp Input of Reactivity
Consider now the two cases of ramp input. Ramp reactivity usually takes the form:
Where, ρ0 = ρ/β is a given reactivity expressed in dollars [9, 10].We will use the same parameters,
which are used in the step reactivity example, and compare our results with those of Ref. [1]. The
first case is extremely fast and the second is moderately fast. In the first one, it can be seen that,
t
t 0
)
( ρ
ρ =
13. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
33
the response of reactor core at 0.001 s after a ramp input of reactivity at the rate of $100/s is
calculated (with six results for this case are presented in Table 2 in groups of delayed neutron).
The comparison of the SCM solution in Ref. [1] with others methods are accurate. The second
case is a (moderately fast) ramp of $0.01/s to reactor core. The values of the physical parameters
are the same as those of step reactivity insertion examples. The computational results for this case
are presented in Table 3 along with other methods. The iteration in computing was used for
repeating the process until w and u converge (requiring 10 iterations) to take ramp reactivity
insertion which is a time dependent function with small time step in order to get accurate results
in comparison with several methods. [15], [17]
Table 2 Comparison of Present Work and SCM in Ref. [1] for ramp input reactivity at the first case:
(extremely fast).
ρ Methods n(t)
ρ0=0.7 Present Results
SCM
1.09643
1.10842
Table 3 Comparison of Present Work and SCM in Ref. [1] for ramp input reactivity at the second case:
(moderately fast).
Methods t=2 s t=4 s t=6 s t=8 s t=9 s
Presents Results 1.32081 2.19494 5.49151 4.20720 + 01 4.79378 +02
θ-Weighting 1.33832 2.22903 5.58852 4.32151 + 01 5.06363 + 02
SCM 1.33824 2.22842 5.58191 4.27882 + 01 4.87814 + 02
Exact 1.33739 2.22832 5.58151 4.27800 + 01 4.7452 + 02
3.3 Sinusoidal Input of Reactivity
Consider the case of sinusoidal reactivity. In this case the kinetic parameters are used: λi (s-1)
= (0.0124, 0.0305, 0.111, 0.301, 1.14 and 3.01), βi = (0.000215, 0.001424, 0.001274,
0.002568, 0.000748, and 0.000273), Λ = 0.0005 s, T = 5.00 s and β = 0.006502. The
reactivity is a time dependent function of the form Ref. [1, 5, and 9]:
Where, T is a half-period and ρ0 = β .The results of the present method are compared with other
methods in Table 4 and showed a good agreement. The iteration in the computation, is used for
repeating the process until w and u converge (requiring 100 iterations) to get step reactivity
insertion with accurate results. The iteration in computing is used for repeating the process until w
and u converge (requiring 10 iterations) to take sinusoidal reactivity insertion which is a
triangular function inside it half period and small time step to get accurate results. The results are
compared with several methods.
Table 4 Comparison of present work and other methods for sinusoidal reactivity.
t (Sec) Present Work Taylor Core Mathematica
2 11.320 11.3820 10.1475 11.3738
4 84.950 92.2761 96.7084 92.5595
6 15.4824 16.0317 16.9149 16.0748
8 8.027237 8.6362 8.8964 8.6551
10 12.1093 13.1987 13.1985 13.2202
)
(
sin
)
( 0
T
t
t
π
ρ
ρ =
14. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
34
4. ANALYSIS OF REACTIVITY- INITIATED –ACCIDENT
4.1. Reactivity- Initiated Accident
Reactivity- initiated accident involves an unwanted increase in fission rate and reactor power.
The power increase may damage the reactor core, and in very severe cases, even lead to the
disruption of the reactor. The immediate consequence of reactivity- initiated accident is a fast rise
in fuel power and temperature. The power excursion may lead to failure of the nuclear fuel rods
and release of radioactive material into primary reactor coolant. The control rod insertion
increases the thermalization of neutrons, and thus, results in a positive reactivity. So, the control
rod insertion requires a certain driving force. The driving forces on the control rods in the HTR-M
reactor are the buoyancy from the fuel and the supporting force from the control system of the
reactor. If the control system should lose the support of the control rods or the control rods should
break, the control rods would be flown out of the reactor. Thus, in the HTR-M reactor, accidental
insertions can result from the malfunctions of the control rod drive mechanism and/or control rod
control system. In this study, a new computer program has been developed for simulating the
reactor dynamic behaviour during reactivity induced transients, and it has been used for the
analysis of specified reactivity - initiated accidents in several cases. By introducing the model of
reactor with system parameters that are characteristic for modular high temperature gas-cooled
reactor design like HTR-M [11]. For simplicity, we refer to the input data of HTR-M reactors in
tables (7, and 8).
Table 7 235
U (Thermal Neutrons), (HTR-M Reactor)
λi(Sec-1
) 0.0124 0.0305 0.111 0.301 1.14 3.01
βi 0.000215 0.001424 0.001274 0.002568 0.0007485 0.0002814
βtot=0.0067 Λ=1.00*10-4
(Sec)
Table 8 Adiabatic Inherent Shutdown Data of HTR-M Model Reactor.
For the delayed neutron parameters, it is assumed that, HTR-M is fuelled by 235
U as fissile
nuclide. The dynamic equations (16:21) for the model are the conventional point reactor kinetics
equations in combination with a linear temperature feedback for the reactivity, an adiabatic
heating of the core after loss of cooling [2], where Eq. (18 a) may be modified to the positive
control rods reactivity as Eq. (18 b) to be as expressed in Eq. (20): [15], [16], and [17]
(16)
(17)
, (18 a)
(18 b)
Types of Reactors n0(MW) c(MJ/K) α(K-1
)
HTR-M 200.00 100.00 2.2*10-5
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
( 6
1
t
C
t
n
t
dt
t
dn
i
i
i
net
∑
=
+
Λ
−
= λ
β
ρ
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
C
t
n
dt
t
dC
i
i
i
i
λ
β
−
Λ
=
)
)
(
( 0
T
t
T
feed −
−
= α
ρ
2
1 cr
cr
CR
ext or ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ =
=
reactivity
feedback
feed =
ρ
15. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
35
(19)
(20)
(21)
Where:
n (t) = reactor power (MW), ρnet (t) = is the time-dependent reactivity function, ρCR= Positive
Reactivity of Control Rods Withdrawal, β = total delayed neutron fraction, β=Σi βi. βi =Delayed
neutron faction of ith
group. Λ = neutron generation time (sec), λi = decay constant of ith
group
delayed neutron emitters (sec)-1
, Ci (t) =delayed neutron emitter population (in power units), α =
temperature coefficient of reactivity (K-1
), T= reactor temperature (K), T0= critical reactor
temperature (K) and c=heat capacity of reactor (MJ/K).
In the equation of total reactivity ρnet (t) and the positive reactivity of control rods withdrawal ρcr
has two cases to prevent the control rods withdrawal accident:
ρcr1 = ρ1= (β/2), ρcr2 = ρ2= (β) (22)
4.2. Reactivity Addition at Full Power Condition for HTR-M Reactor
HTR-M Reactor is assumed to be operating at equilibrium power condition [200 (MW)], and the
limited value of time (Sec) on x axis is 400 (Sec) at full power condition. Reactivity is added step
by step. The full Power transients for one, and two control rods withdrawal are shown in figure
(13). The control rods are withdrawal; the power pulse will be indicated in the two cases as
explained in Eqs. (23-24).
The two cases of net reactivity after adding positive reactivity of the control rods are expressed
as:
1-ρ1(t) = -α (T (t) - T0) + (β/2), (23)
2-ρ2(t) = -α (T (t) - T0) +(β). (24)
First, with negative temperature feedback and the positive reactivity of control rods withdrawal
(β/2), the maximum power ratio has increased by 23.69 times from the initial value of power at
t=9.355(Sec).
Second, with negative temperature feedback and the positive reactivity of the control rods
withdrawal (β), power ratio has increased by 53.50 times from the initial value of power at
t=0.706(Sec). Then, the power pulse increased many times of the rated power generated in a very
short time. The result is that, the reactivity induced accident due to the control rods withdrawal.
)
(
)
(
)
( t
t
t ext
feed
net ρ
ρ
ρ +
=
reactivity
rods
control
reactivity
external
ext =
=
ρ
CR
net T
t
T
t ρ
α
ρ +
−
−
= )
)
(
(
)
( 0
)
(
1
)
(
t
n
c
dt
t
dT
=
16. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
36
Figure (14) shows the temperature transients in the two cases of reactivity. Temperature is
proportional with power in Eq. (21), and the net reactivity in Eq. (20). The power in Eq. (18)
increases due to the positive reactivity of the control rods withdrawal in the net reactivity
equation. The maximum temperature exceeded 998.4 (K) about 250 (Sec).The results indicate
that: the initial condition t = 0 (Sec), T0 =350 (K), temperature increases, until t=250 (Sec), and
becomes T=476.4 (K), first case: T= 696.7 (K), second case: T=982.5 (K). After t=200 (Sec),
temperature approaches to saturation.
Figure (15) shows the reactivity transients in the four cases. Reactivity is proportional with
temperature in Eq. 18(a,b), and the positive reactivity of the control rods withdrawal in the net
reactivity in Eq. (19, 20).Reactivity is decreased due to the negative temperature feedback of the
loss of cooling. The results indicate that: reactivity increases because of, the positive reactivity of
the control rods withdrawal in the net reactivity equation.
In the first case (eq. (23)): reactivity is decreased from upper part to the below part. In the below
negative part of this figure (15), reactivity is decreased due to the negative temperature feedback
17. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
37
at t=700 (Sec), ρ= (- 4.3*10-3
).In the upper positive part, reactivity is increased due to the positive
reactivity resulting of the control rods withdrawal at t=20 (Sec), ρ= (+3.3*10-3
).
In the second case (eq. (24)): reactivity is decreased from upper part to the below part. In the
below negative part of this figure, reactivity is decreased due to the negative temperature
feedback at t=200 (Sec), ρ= (-7.00*10-3
). In the upper positive part, reactivity is increased due to
the positive reactivity resulting from the control rods withdrawal at t=20 (Sec), ρ= (+6.50*10-3
).
The results of figure (15) indicate that: in the two cases, the net reactivity decreases from positive to
negative.
4.3. Reactivity Addition at Startup Condition for HTR-M Reactor
HTR-M Reactor is assumed to be operating at startup power condition [0.002 (MW)], and the
limited value of time (Sec) on x axis is 400 (Sec) at startup condition. Reactivity is added step by
step. Power transients for one and two control rods withdrawal are shown in figure (16). The
control rods are withdrawal; the power pulse will be indicated in the two cases as explained in
Eqs. (23-24). [15], [17]
First, with negative temperature feedback and the positive reactivity of control rods withdrawal
(β/2) at start-up condition , the maximum power ratio has increased by 25.635 times from the
initial value of power at t = 9.355(Sec).
Second, with negative temperature feedback and the positive reactivity of the control rods
withdrawal (β), power ratio has increased by 42.90 times from the initial value of power at
t=0.706(Sec). Then, the power pulse increased many times of the rated power generated in a very
short time due to the operation of thermal reactor at start-ups condition. The result is that, the
reactivity induced accident due to the control rods withdrawal at start-ups condition. [17]
18. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
38
Figure (17) shows the temperature transients in the two cases of reactivity. Temperature is
proportional with power in Eq. (21), and the net reactivity in Eq. (20). The power in Eq. (18)
increases due to the positive reactivity of the control rods withdrawal in the net reactivity
equation. The maximum temperature exceeded 889.4 (K) about 250 (Sec).The results indicate
that: the initial condition t = 0 (Sec), T0 =300 (K), temperature increases, until t=250 (Sec), and
becomes T=476.4 (K), first case: T= 567.7 (K), second case: T=854.5 (K). After t=200 (Sec),
temperature approaches to saturation.
Figure (18) shows the reactivity transients in the four cases. Reactivity is proportional with
temperature in Eq. 18(a, b), and the positive reactivity of the control rods withdrawal in the net
reactivity in Eq. (19, 20).Reactivity is decreased due to the negative temperature feedback of the
loss of cooling. The results indicate that: reactivity increases because of, the positive reactivity of
the control rods withdrawal in the net reactivity equation.
In the first case (Eq. (23)): reactivity is decreased from upper part to below part. In the below
negative part of this figure (18), reactivity is decreased due to the negative temperature feedback
at t=700 (Sec), ρ= (- 4.3*10-3
).In the upper positive part, reactivity is increased due to the positive
reactivity resulting of the control rods withdrawal at t=20 (Sec), ρ= (+3.3*10-3
).
19. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
39
In the second case (Eq. (24)): reactivity is decreased from upper part to below part. In the below
negative part of this figure, reactivity is decreased due to the negative temperature feedback at
t=200 (Sec), ρ= (-6.50*10-3
). In the upper positive part, reactivity is increased due to the positive
reactivity resulting from the control rods withdrawal at t=20 (Sec), ρ= (+7.50*10-3
).
The results of figure (18) indicate that: in the two cases, the net reactivity decreases from positive
to negative.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Computer program is designed to solve the point reactor dynamics equations using the stiffness
confinement method (SCM) and different input reactivity is applied (step, ramp and sinusoidal)
the resultant powers are determined and illustrated. Good accuracy in comparison with references
values is obtained. After applying the (SCM) as used in references [1, 15, 16 and 17] in our
equations using different input small and large reactivities finding accurate and good results
satisfactory agreement is found. The model is applied to the thermal reactor. There is a modular
high temperature gas-cooled reactor design like HTR-M reactor [11]. The HTR-M reactor is
fuelled by 235U as fissile nuclides. In the work of Van Dam [2] (used it for comparison purpose),
the author obtained reactivity accident due to negative temperature feedback after loss of cooling
to different reactors with different fissile material. Reactivity, initiated accident is considered to
be due to linear temperature feedback and an adiabatic heating of the core after loss of cooling. In
the present work, considering reactivity accident to be due to linear temperature feedback, an
adiabatic heating of the core after loss of cooling with the positive reactivity due to control rods
withdrawal. By analyzing accidents in a thermal reactor (HTR-M), and used the stiffness
confinement method for solving the kinetics equations and addition part in reactivity equation due
to control rods withdrawal. In the present work, obtaining reactivity induced accident due to
control rods withdrawal with negative temperature feedback and the positive reactivity of the
control rods withdrawal to overcome the occurrence of control rods withdrawal accident and
prevent reactors from damage. The positive reactivity is used for two cases: (β/2, β) at full power
and start-up conditions. One can also observe that for the HTR-M thermal reactor, at full power
condition the power ratio increase by factor of 53.50 times the initial value at equilibrium
temperature of 1,000 (K), when reactivity is increased by β, and, at start-up condition, the power
ratio increases by a factor of 42.90 times the initial value at equilibrium temperature of 1,000 (K),
when reactivity is increased by β. So at start-up condition the results of power, temperature, and
reactivity figures are less than at full power condition and found accurate and good results
compared with previous published works.
20. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.2, May 2014
40
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
One of the authors (H. M. S.) would like to give her appreciations to: Prof. Dr. Hesham
Mansour, for his kind supervision and patience. He has been a great source of knowledge
encouragement and guidance. Prof. Dr. Moustafa Aziz, for his supervision and continuous
help, support and valuable guidance during this work, I am also grateful to my family for
their support and love.
The authors would like also to thank all their friends in the Egyptian Nuclear Radiological
Regulatory Authority.
REFERENCES
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Engineering 90 (1985) 40-46.
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Prog. Nucl. Energy, P. (1-4), (2010).
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233-251.
[5] D. McMahon, A. Pierson, A Taylor series solution of the reactor point kinetics equations, arXiv:
1001.4100 2 (2010) 1-13.
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Nuclear Energy 4 (1977) 169-176.
[8] B. Quintero-Leyva, CORE: A numerical algorithm to solve the point kinetics equations, Annals of
Nuclear Energy 35 (2008) 2136-2138.
[9] M. Kinard, E.J. Allen, Efficient numerical solution of the point kinetics equations in nuclear reactor
dynamics, Annals of Nuclear Energy 31 (2004) 1039-1051.
[10] D.L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1971.
[11] K. Kugeler, R. Schulten, High Temperature Reactor Technology, Springer, Berlin, 1989, pp. 246-260.
[12] Samuel, G., Alexander, S., 1994. Nuclear Reactor Engineering. Chapman Hall, Inc, PP. 296–299,
ISBN 0-412-98521-7.
[13] Zhang, F.B., 2000. Operating Physics of Nuclear Reactor. Atomic Energy Press, Beijing, ISBN 7-
5022-2187-5, pp. 231–236 (in Chinese).
[14] Cai, Z.S., Yu, L., Cai, Q., 2003. Neutron flux response to small reactivity with temperature feedback.
Chinese Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering. 23 (1), 58–60 (in Chinese).
[15] H. M. Saad, et al, Analysis of Reactivity Induced Accident for Control Rods Ejection with Loss of
Cooling, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B3 (2), P. (128-137), (2013).
[16] H. M. Saad, et al, Analysis of Reactivity - Initiated Accident for Control Rods Ejection , Journal of
Nuclear and Particle Physics 3 (4), P. (45-54), (2013).
[17] Hend Mohammed El Sayed Saad , Hesham Mohamed Mohamed Mansour , Moustafa Aziz Abdel
Wahab , Analysis of Reactivity Induced Accidents in Power Reactors [Paperback] ,LAP Lambert
Academic Publishing GmbH Co., Saarbrucken, Germany.ISBN-13: 978-3639515558. (2013),
Book at Amazon.com.
Authors
1- Hend Mohammed El Sayed Saad
Short Biography:
I am Assistant Lecturer in Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory
Authority. I have Master degree in reactivity analysis in power reactors. My
knowledge is in nuclear engineering, nuclear reactor theory, nuclear reactor
dynamics, nuclear reactor analysis and physics. Also, Codes knowledge with
Computer code (MATLAB), and programming language (FORTRAN)