International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENTrsmahabir
Flooding is the most common of all major disasters that regularly affect populations and results in extensive damage to property, infrastructure, natural resources, and even to loss of life. To ensure better outcomes, planning and execution of flood management projects must utilize knowledge on a wide range of factors, most of which are of a spatial nature. Advances in geospatial technologies, specifically remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), have enabled the acquisition and analysis of data about the Earth's surface for flood mitigation projects in a faster, more efficient and more accurate manner.
Remote sensing and GIS have emerged as powerful tools to deal with various aspects of flood management in prevention, preparedness and relief management of flood disaster. GIS facilitates integration of spatial and non-spatial data such as rainfall and stream flows, river cross sections and profiles, and river basin characteristics, as well as other information such as historical flood maps, infrastructures, land use, and social and economic data. Such data sets are critical for the in-depth analysis and management of floods.
Remote sensing technologies have great potential in overcoming the information void in the Caribbean region. The observation, mapping, and representation of Earth’s surface have provided effective and timely information for monitoring floods and their effect. The potential of new air- and space-borne imaging technologies for improving hazard evaluation and risk reduction is continually being explored. They are relatively inexpensive and have the ability to provide information on several parameters that are crucial to flood mapping and monitoring.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENTrsmahabir
Flooding is the most common of all major disasters that regularly affect populations and results in extensive damage to property, infrastructure, natural resources, and even to loss of life. To ensure better outcomes, planning and execution of flood management projects must utilize knowledge on a wide range of factors, most of which are of a spatial nature. Advances in geospatial technologies, specifically remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), have enabled the acquisition and analysis of data about the Earth's surface for flood mitigation projects in a faster, more efficient and more accurate manner.
Remote sensing and GIS have emerged as powerful tools to deal with various aspects of flood management in prevention, preparedness and relief management of flood disaster. GIS facilitates integration of spatial and non-spatial data such as rainfall and stream flows, river cross sections and profiles, and river basin characteristics, as well as other information such as historical flood maps, infrastructures, land use, and social and economic data. Such data sets are critical for the in-depth analysis and management of floods.
Remote sensing technologies have great potential in overcoming the information void in the Caribbean region. The observation, mapping, and representation of Earth’s surface have provided effective and timely information for monitoring floods and their effect. The potential of new air- and space-borne imaging technologies for improving hazard evaluation and risk reduction is continually being explored. They are relatively inexpensive and have the ability to provide information on several parameters that are crucial to flood mapping and monitoring.
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Land cover transition and fragmentation of River Ogba catchment in Benin City...Glory Enaruvbe
This study examined variation in the intensity of land cover transition and the pattern of habitat fragmentation
of River Ogba catchment. Landsat images of 1988, 2002 and 2016 were classified into five categories: low
density urban, high density urban, mixed vegetation, agriculture and dense forest using maximum likelihood
classifier. Intensity analysis approach and landscape metrics were used to analyze the changes and fragmentation
of the land cover. Number of patches, largest patch Index, area-weighted shape index and Euclidean nearest
neighbour were computed. The results show that although mixed vegetation accounted for the largest land cover
category in 1988 and 2002, low density urban dominated the study area in 2016. Intensity analysis of land cover
change in the study area indicates a rising trend. The urban fringe is observed to be highly dynamic zone and this
is primarily driven by changes in agriculture, low density urban and mixed vegetation. The implications of rapid
land cover transition and fragmentation in River Ogba catchment, and especially in the urban fringe, include
threat to biodiversity, food supply and deteriorating environmental conditions. This study provides necessary
insights for developing sustainable strategies for urban landscape planning, administration and governance.
A Holistic Approach for Determining the Characteristic Flow on Kangsabati Cat...ijceronline
Kangsabati river rises from the Chotanagpur plateau in the state of West Bengal, India and passes through the districts of Purulia, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal before joining into river Rupnarayan. It is life of these three districts of West Bengal situated in the western part of the state. The river has ephemeral characteristics i.e. it has low flow in the year round and have a high peak on a certain time basis. In the Kangasabati catchment hydrological study gives an evident that during the period every two years there is a chance of drought condition and consecutively after that there is a high flow year. In our study period from 1991 to 2010 there are six low streamflow year i.e. in that year there is less rainfall than the average rainfall on that area. The year 1991, 2002 and 2009 are the drought prone year and above that in 2010 the severe drought condition was seen and this is the lowest rainfall year among the last 20 years and the rainfall on this year is only 766 mm which is in an about 38% less rainfall than the average rainfall of the catchment. And the highest flood peak in the last twenty year is noted on 19th Aug 2007 as 377107.8 Mm3
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Evaluations of Stream Flow Response to Land use and Land Cover Changes in Wab...IJCMESJOURNAL
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LU/LC) is one of the notable human induced worldwide changes. Hence, understanding the stream flow responses of a watershed to this dynamic change is becoming fundamental for water resources management planning. The study was conducted with the objective to analyses the impact of Land use and Land cover changes on stream flow response of Wabe watershed, in Omo-Gibe basin. Land use and land cover maps were developed using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1988, Landsat7 ETM+ 2001 and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS 2018 through maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification using ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS software for satellite image processing and map preparation. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate LU/LC change effects on the stream flow responses of watershed. During the study period the land use and land cover has changed due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The results depicted that there was an incessant expansion of agricultural land, built-up area and forest cover, on the other hand declining of agroforestry; grassland and woodland were happened during from the 1988 to 2018 periods. Due to the occurred LU/LC changes, the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 5.97m3/s for wet season and similarly the dry season flow showed increasing by 0.96m3/s during the study periods from 1988 up to 2018. Generally the result indicated that large changes of the stream flow in the watershed. Hence result notified an urgent intervention, so as to regulate the LU/LC change and to reduce its strong impacts on the stream flow of the Wabe watershed.
Socio-ecological valuation of ecosystem services along the West Antarctic Pen...Jeff Bowman
The Palmer Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project is located along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet. Despite its remoteness the WAP supports a variety of social and economic activities, most notably in the fishing and tourism industries and in international scientific research. Because of the growing pressures imposed by these activities, the rapid rate of environmental change, relatively pristine nature of the environment, its trophic complexity, and rich scientific record, the WAP is an ideal place to explore the impact of climate change on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the services and benefits they provide. Here we present a schema to conduct an initial assessment of WAP marine and terrestrial ecosystem services that will serve as a critical baseline for future studies, and that is broadly applicable to other LTER sites. We will combine social valuation and qualitative, expert-based modelling to identify relevant ecosystem services and to conduct an initial assessment and valuation of ecosystem service supply for the WAP region. The Palmer LTER team of investigators includes experts in topics ranging from physical oceanographic processes, to microbiology, to marine avian and mammal ecology. Through interviews and an online survey we will evaluate the views and perceptions of Antarctic ecosystem services and their changes among this group of experts. Our focus will be on biophysical ecosystem services, but we will include cultural ecosystem services and the impacts of changes on ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service supply in the expert elicitations. This qualitative, socio-ecological valuation will guide an expanded future assessment of WAP ecosystem services that include economic and socio-cultural realms of ecosystem service as perceived and valued by an expanded pool of experts and stakeholders.
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
This is our endeavour to ensure the restoration of the JVPD lake which will help avoid floods and increase the water supply in the surrounding area.
To know more log on to http://www.ward64matters.com
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Land cover transition and fragmentation of River Ogba catchment in Benin City...Glory Enaruvbe
This study examined variation in the intensity of land cover transition and the pattern of habitat fragmentation
of River Ogba catchment. Landsat images of 1988, 2002 and 2016 were classified into five categories: low
density urban, high density urban, mixed vegetation, agriculture and dense forest using maximum likelihood
classifier. Intensity analysis approach and landscape metrics were used to analyze the changes and fragmentation
of the land cover. Number of patches, largest patch Index, area-weighted shape index and Euclidean nearest
neighbour were computed. The results show that although mixed vegetation accounted for the largest land cover
category in 1988 and 2002, low density urban dominated the study area in 2016. Intensity analysis of land cover
change in the study area indicates a rising trend. The urban fringe is observed to be highly dynamic zone and this
is primarily driven by changes in agriculture, low density urban and mixed vegetation. The implications of rapid
land cover transition and fragmentation in River Ogba catchment, and especially in the urban fringe, include
threat to biodiversity, food supply and deteriorating environmental conditions. This study provides necessary
insights for developing sustainable strategies for urban landscape planning, administration and governance.
A Holistic Approach for Determining the Characteristic Flow on Kangsabati Cat...ijceronline
Kangsabati river rises from the Chotanagpur plateau in the state of West Bengal, India and passes through the districts of Purulia, Bankura and Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal before joining into river Rupnarayan. It is life of these three districts of West Bengal situated in the western part of the state. The river has ephemeral characteristics i.e. it has low flow in the year round and have a high peak on a certain time basis. In the Kangasabati catchment hydrological study gives an evident that during the period every two years there is a chance of drought condition and consecutively after that there is a high flow year. In our study period from 1991 to 2010 there are six low streamflow year i.e. in that year there is less rainfall than the average rainfall on that area. The year 1991, 2002 and 2009 are the drought prone year and above that in 2010 the severe drought condition was seen and this is the lowest rainfall year among the last 20 years and the rainfall on this year is only 766 mm which is in an about 38% less rainfall than the average rainfall of the catchment. And the highest flood peak in the last twenty year is noted on 19th Aug 2007 as 377107.8 Mm3
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Evaluations of Stream Flow Response to Land use and Land Cover Changes in Wab...IJCMESJOURNAL
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LU/LC) is one of the notable human induced worldwide changes. Hence, understanding the stream flow responses of a watershed to this dynamic change is becoming fundamental for water resources management planning. The study was conducted with the objective to analyses the impact of Land use and Land cover changes on stream flow response of Wabe watershed, in Omo-Gibe basin. Land use and land cover maps were developed using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1988, Landsat7 ETM+ 2001 and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS 2018 through maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification using ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS software for satellite image processing and map preparation. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate LU/LC change effects on the stream flow responses of watershed. During the study period the land use and land cover has changed due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The results depicted that there was an incessant expansion of agricultural land, built-up area and forest cover, on the other hand declining of agroforestry; grassland and woodland were happened during from the 1988 to 2018 periods. Due to the occurred LU/LC changes, the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 5.97m3/s for wet season and similarly the dry season flow showed increasing by 0.96m3/s during the study periods from 1988 up to 2018. Generally the result indicated that large changes of the stream flow in the watershed. Hence result notified an urgent intervention, so as to regulate the LU/LC change and to reduce its strong impacts on the stream flow of the Wabe watershed.
Socio-ecological valuation of ecosystem services along the West Antarctic Pen...Jeff Bowman
The Palmer Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project is located along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet. Despite its remoteness the WAP supports a variety of social and economic activities, most notably in the fishing and tourism industries and in international scientific research. Because of the growing pressures imposed by these activities, the rapid rate of environmental change, relatively pristine nature of the environment, its trophic complexity, and rich scientific record, the WAP is an ideal place to explore the impact of climate change on marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the services and benefits they provide. Here we present a schema to conduct an initial assessment of WAP marine and terrestrial ecosystem services that will serve as a critical baseline for future studies, and that is broadly applicable to other LTER sites. We will combine social valuation and qualitative, expert-based modelling to identify relevant ecosystem services and to conduct an initial assessment and valuation of ecosystem service supply for the WAP region. The Palmer LTER team of investigators includes experts in topics ranging from physical oceanographic processes, to microbiology, to marine avian and mammal ecology. Through interviews and an online survey we will evaluate the views and perceptions of Antarctic ecosystem services and their changes among this group of experts. Our focus will be on biophysical ecosystem services, but we will include cultural ecosystem services and the impacts of changes on ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service supply in the expert elicitations. This qualitative, socio-ecological valuation will guide an expanded future assessment of WAP ecosystem services that include economic and socio-cultural realms of ecosystem service as perceived and valued by an expanded pool of experts and stakeholders.
The Role of Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Management of Land Degradation...rsmahabir
Abstract
Land degradation involves a wide array of natural and human induced factors affecting the productivity of land. These factors can exist in various non unique and complex combinations of different environmental settings, making detection and monitoring of land degradation an often difficult undertaking. As a result, no universal solution exists to eliminate the problem of land degradation altogether. In order to reduce its rate of encroachment, this phenomenon should be assessed and quantified in order to identify the causes, processes and factors leading to land degradation.
In small tropical and Caribbean islands, there exists a severe shortage of good, reliable and up- to-date information bases for the contributing factors of land degradation. In addition to the limited knowledge about what spatial datasets already exist, there is also no agreed minimum level of quality for datasets and metadata documentation standards. As a result, datasets produced to help in understanding and treating land degradation problems may have unknown or unacceptable levels of uncertainty. This may require re-development of already existing datasets, hence consuming further efforts, financial resources, and time. In critical circumstances where land degradation posses severe threat to the environment and therefore indirectly to humans, the incurred price of a slow or ill informed decision may eventually render the state of land unrecoverable.
It is postulated that Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) would present the opportunity for much more strategic and cooperative management of land degradation datasets in Small Tropical Caribbean Islands. It is therefore expected to be a vital tool in the treatment of land degradation, and also to assist in creating a network of critical resources to drive further research in the area. This paper reviews the challenges faced by Small Tropical Caribbean Islands when managing land degradation, with special emphasis on Trinidad, and discusses how SDI can be used to better facilitate land degradation management in these areas.
This is our endeavour to ensure the restoration of the JVPD lake which will help avoid floods and increase the water supply in the surrounding area.
To know more log on to http://www.ward64matters.com
National Policies & Programs for Slum Upgrading in India: Bridging the Gap between Policy & Practices - Rajiv Ranjan Mishra - Third Expert Meeting of the Regional Slum Upgrading Working Group (RSUWG) - 29th. of November to the 1st. of December 2015 in Laleh International Hotel, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
Flood Monitoring and Flood Risk Assessment in Agenebode, Edo State, NigeriaIJERA Editor
Flooding is a serious natural disaster that has become a recurrent event in many parts of the world causing huge loss of lives and properties. This study analyses flood risk potential in Agenebode, Edo state, Nigeria. Flood frequency analysis was carried out on discharge data from the River Niger at Onitsha from 1960-2006 as the discharge from this river is the primary cause of flooding of the study area. Log-Normal, Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel probability distribution models were used to test for the most appropriate projection for discharge for different return periods.From the analysis, Log-normal distribution was selected as the most appropriate probability distribution for the series in order to determine projected flows for the river for different return periods. The rainfall pattern for the study area was analysed using gauge values for the period 1983-2010. Flood hazard assessment was carried out with the aid of ArcMap using the topographical feature data of the area, Digital Elevation Model obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission (SRTM) hole-filled seamless data and historical records of the previous flood occurrence. A flood hazard map produced indicated that about 1.8 km2 (72% of the total built-up area) of the area is at risk of flooding putting approximately 481 people at direct risk of flooding. This information is useful for providing ameliorative resources for the inhabitants in the event of a flood occurrence.
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Forms of Water Supply, Conservation and use in Banigbe District, Municipality...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rural populations in underdeveloped countries like Benin have difficult access to safe drinking water. This research aims to study the forms of water supply, conservation and use in Banigbé district. The methodological approach revolves around data collection through documentary research; data processing and results analysis. It appears that 88.75% of the 80 households selected for the survey in Banigbé, use at-risk sources (rivers; Private PEA; traditional wells). Only 11.25% have access to water from conventional sources such as the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) and the Drilling of Human Motric Pumps (FPM). 88.75% of those selected for the survey also said that they do not treat drinking water at any source. It is therefore necessary to improve the quality of the water to which the populations of Banigbé have access to, and this through the disinfection of water from at risk sources and the proliferation of village hydraulic equipment in the district of Banigbé.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Presented by Vladimir Smakhtin at the National Workshop on “Use of Space Based Information for Disaster Management” Colombo, Sri Lanka, November 17, 2014.
Estimation of hydraulic properties from pumping tests data of nairobi area, k...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the hydraulic properties of Nairobi area in order to highlight the groundwater potential
and to identify the distribution of hydraulic characteristics of aquifers in the area as well as to highlight vulnerability of the
aquifer to heavy abstraction. Documented pumping tests data of boreholes located in Nairobi County were analyzed. Pumping
test data from eighty four (84) single-well boreholes were analyzed in AQTESOLV software to determine transmissivity and
storativity using Cooper-Jacob’s, Theis’s, Papadopolus-Cooper’s and Theis’s recovery methods. Hydraulic conductivity was
calculated based on the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The values of transmissivity for all wells
ranged between 1.11 and 360.58 m²/d by using Theis -and Cooper-Jacob methods, 1.10 and 360.58 m²/d by Papadopulos-Cooper
method and between 1.289 and 677.81 m²/d by Theis recovery method. The city of Nairobi faces increasing ground-water demand
due to ever rising population which is mainly driven by rural-urban migration and industrial growth. Surface water has not only
been over-stretched but also heavily polluted and unreliable thus groundwater is the only reliable alternative source of water in
the area. Lava and pyroclastic formed during Cenozoic age make up the geology. Under these lavas and pyroclastic rocks lie
schists of Precambrian age and gneisses of Mozambique belt of the same age. These results indicate that the aquifer is
heterogeneous and that the groundwater supply for local water supply (small communities and plants) is reliable but withdrawal
for great regional supply is limited.
Keywords: Hydraulic Properties, Groundwater Management, Igneous Rocks, Pumping Test, Nairobi
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Analysis of patterns of encroachment on flood vulnerable areas by settlements around river kaduna, kaduna south lga, nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2014
21
Analysis of Patterns of Encroachment on Flood Vulnerable Areas
by Settlements around River Kaduna, Kaduna South LGA,
Nigeria
Ejenma, E.1
, Amangabara, G.T.2
,Chikwendu, L.3
and Duru, P.N.3
1.Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
eyinnaya@gmail.com
2.Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
amangabara@yahoo.com
3.Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
brolaz2000@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
This study assessed the patterns of encroachment of settlements on flood vulnerable areas of river Kaduna. The
ENVI version 4.7 software aided the import of images one after the other in a Geo-tiff format. Proximity
analysis was then applied to discover relationships. The river Kaduna was buffered using the multi-ring method
and various settlements were overlaid on the buffer ring to determine settlements at risk. Change computation
was made between 1990 and 2010 with the ENVI.4.7 version basic tools. Since image is classified, the detection
statistic was used where the equivalent classes were defined and the needed pair was added. This provided the
change detection statisticoutput. Results show the rate of change of the flood vulnerability and other land
use/land cover classes of the study area. Also, since settlements can be observed within the very high risk zones
to the left or right of the river, this suggests that the area has a very high risk of flood as corroborated by the GIS
results. In events of flooding, the blue zone may be used as a staging area for rescue operations within the area.
Keywords: Flooding, floodplains, remote sensing, GIS, river Kaduna.
Introduction
Historically, flood plains have been attractive to human settlements for the availability of fertile land, freshwater
supply and transportation. These perceived advantages led to the beginning of modern settlement areas (Bue,
1967). After decades and even centuries of development, anthropogenic influences have introduced new
contaminants to these flood plains. Particularly at the margins of such settlements, rural activities are juxtaposed
and landscape features are subject to rapid modifications (Floyd, 1978). A recent report in Saturday Tribune
(2012) on flooding in Nigeria showed that flood sacked communities, some were totally wiped out, buildings
submerged, properties destroyed, farmlands wiped out, and incalculable and irreversible damage was done to
food and cash crops, rendered hundreds of thousands of citizens homeless and caused death to many citizens.
This is not strange in communities situated at the bank of major rivers and coastal communities in Nigeria, more
importantly when the Nigeria Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) predictions and warnings about the
flood in many parts of the country early 2012 were ignored. NEMA traced the cause of the devastating flooding
in the country to the release of large volume of water from the Goroyo dam in Sokoto State and warned that so
far, other rivers and streams on the routes may be affected especially communities in Niger and Kwara States
that host the Kainji dam. The hinterland cities cannot be totally excluded from flood disasters because most of
them are vulnerable hence at risks. Nigeria has been slow to realise the potentials of remote sensing and GIS in
flood disaster management. This is confirmed by the response to the recent flood disasters that affected more
than 23 States in the country claiming many lives and properties, and threatening the ecological biodiversity.
Remotely sensed imagery and GIS may prove very effective in identifying the spatial component of flood
management offering a synoptic view of the spatial distribution and dynamics of hydrological phenomena such
as flood and erosion. They are used to measure and monitor the areal extent of flooded areas, provide a
quantifiable estimate of the land area and infrastructure affected by flooding and erosion (Izinyon and Ehiorobo,
2011). Goel et al, (2005) presented the technique for preparation of flood hazard maps which included the
development of digital elevation model and simulation of flood flows of different return periods. Bhadra et al,
(2011) proved that GIS technique is effective in extracting the flood inundation extent in time and cost effective
manner for the remotely located hilly basin of Dikrong, where conducting conventional surveys is very difficult.
Also Orok (2011) states that a flood risk map should be able to identify the areas most vulnerable to flooding and
estimate the number of people that will be affected by floods in a particular area. Jeb and Aggarwal (2008)
carried out a study aimed at analyzing flood risk and modeling plans for flood abatement in Kaduna metropolis.
Given the recurrent nature of the problem in Kaduna metropolis, they recommended further research for efficient
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2014
risk management which could estimate the lives at risk due to the hazard. This paper hence presents the patterns
of settlement encroachment in the flood vu
Study Area
With an area of 59km2
and a population of 402,390 at the 2006 census, Kaduna South lies within latitudes
100
26`N and 100
32`N of the equator and on longitudes 7
into the tropical continental (Sudan) climate according Koppen’s classification with seasonal rainfall pattern of
high intensities. Mean annual temperature is about 24.5
evapotranspiration almost equates annual rainfall. It has distinct wet and dry seasons. The area is inhabited by
the Hausas who are mainly dry season vegetable farmers in the floodplains of river Kaduna. The incidence of
flooding is yearly however, the damage to crops and houses is relati
disasters that have in inundated large areas along river Kaduna flood plain from the river claimed several lives
and properties. Therefore, a need for efficient flood hazard assessment of patterns of settlement encro
will mitigate the damage incurred next time there is massive overflow and also curb the current rapid expansion
of settlements into the low-lying flood plains by establishing appropriate land
Methodology
Images were imported one after the other using the geo
produce a vulnerability map for the settlements, the proximity analysis was applied. The proximity analysis was
used to discover proximity relationships whi
tool outputs polygon features were used as inputs to overlay tools. This helped in delineating protected zones
around features showing areas of influence. The river was buffered using th
various settlements were overlaid on the buffer ring to determine settlements at risk. After image preparation and
classification, the change detection function in ENVI 4.7 basic tools was utilized in computing for change
between 1990 and 2010. Since the image is classified, the detection statistic was used. In this case the initial
dates were first input followed by the final state image. The equivalent classes were defined and the needed pair
was added. This operation generated the change detection statistic output (table 2).The output result shows the
rate of change of the flood vulnerable areas and other land use/land cover classes of the study area.
0948 (Online)
22
risk management which could estimate the lives at risk due to the hazard. This paper hence presents the patterns
of settlement encroachment in the flood vulnerable areas of river Kaduna.
and a population of 402,390 at the 2006 census, Kaduna South lies within latitudes
32`N of the equator and on longitudes 70
24`E and 70
28`E of the Greenwich meridian. It falls
into the tropical continental (Sudan) climate according Koppen’s classification with seasonal rainfall pattern of
high intensities. Mean annual temperature is about 24.50
C and mean annual rainfall is about 1,185mm. Annual
annual rainfall. It has distinct wet and dry seasons. The area is inhabited by
the Hausas who are mainly dry season vegetable farmers in the floodplains of river Kaduna. The incidence of
flooding is yearly however, the damage to crops and houses is relative to the intensity of the flood. Flood
disasters that have in inundated large areas along river Kaduna flood plain from the river claimed several lives
and properties. Therefore, a need for efficient flood hazard assessment of patterns of settlement encro
will mitigate the damage incurred next time there is massive overflow and also curb the current rapid expansion
lying flood plains by establishing appropriate land-use legislations.
Fig. 1: Study Area
s were imported one after the other using the geo-tiff format with the aid of ENVI 4.7 software. To
produce a vulnerability map for the settlements, the proximity analysis was applied. The proximity analysis was
used to discover proximity relationships which tools output information with buffer features or table. The buffer
tool outputs polygon features were used as inputs to overlay tools. This helped in delineating protected zones
around features showing areas of influence. The river was buffered using the multi-ring buffer method, and
various settlements were overlaid on the buffer ring to determine settlements at risk. After image preparation and
classification, the change detection function in ENVI 4.7 basic tools was utilized in computing for change
tween 1990 and 2010. Since the image is classified, the detection statistic was used. In this case the initial
dates were first input followed by the final state image. The equivalent classes were defined and the needed pair
ated the change detection statistic output (table 2).The output result shows the
rate of change of the flood vulnerable areas and other land use/land cover classes of the study area.
www.iiste.org
risk management which could estimate the lives at risk due to the hazard. This paper hence presents the patterns
and a population of 402,390 at the 2006 census, Kaduna South lies within latitudes
28`E of the Greenwich meridian. It falls
into the tropical continental (Sudan) climate according Koppen’s classification with seasonal rainfall pattern of
C and mean annual rainfall is about 1,185mm. Annual
annual rainfall. It has distinct wet and dry seasons. The area is inhabited by
the Hausas who are mainly dry season vegetable farmers in the floodplains of river Kaduna. The incidence of
ve to the intensity of the flood. Flood
disasters that have in inundated large areas along river Kaduna flood plain from the river claimed several lives
and properties. Therefore, a need for efficient flood hazard assessment of patterns of settlement encroachment
will mitigate the damage incurred next time there is massive overflow and also curb the current rapid expansion
use legislations.
tiff format with the aid of ENVI 4.7 software. To
produce a vulnerability map for the settlements, the proximity analysis was applied. The proximity analysis was
ch tools output information with buffer features or table. The buffer
tool outputs polygon features were used as inputs to overlay tools. This helped in delineating protected zones
ring buffer method, and
various settlements were overlaid on the buffer ring to determine settlements at risk. After image preparation and
classification, the change detection function in ENVI 4.7 basic tools was utilized in computing for change
tween 1990 and 2010. Since the image is classified, the detection statistic was used. In this case the initial
dates were first input followed by the final state image. The equivalent classes were defined and the needed pair
ated the change detection statistic output (table 2).The output result shows the
rate of change of the flood vulnerable areas and other land use/land cover classes of the study area.
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2014
23
Results and Discussion
Table 1: Settlements at risk to flooding due to encroachment.
Settlement Vulnerability level
Parma Less vulnerable
Tudun wada “
Bardn Yana “
Ungwar Shanu “
Kakuri “
Kaduna South “
Romi Highly vulnerable
Pa “
Makera “
Birnawa “
Kabala “
Source: Authors’ GIS Results
Table 2: Land use/land cover change detection statistic (1990-2010)
Land use/ land cover 1990 2006 2010
Area (km2
) % Area
(km2
)
% Area
(km2
)
%
Built – up area 8.95 14.97 19.57 31.35 33.41 56.69
Bare land 13.05 21.85 14.65 28.2 16.65 15.9
Vegetation 28.44 47.6 15.34 25.85 12.9 21.81
Water body 9.31 15.58 9.66 14.6 3.3 5.6
Total 59.75 100 59.22 100 59.03 100
Kappa coefficient 0.893 0.931 0.967
Overall accuracy % 90.39 94.23 97.22
Source: Authors’fieldwork.
Fig 2: Settlements risk rating due to encroachment
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2014
24
Table 1 and fig. 2 show that settlements around, Romi, Kabala, Birnawa, Makara and Pa areas are within the
highly vulnerable flood prone areas of the river Kaduna while areas like; Kakuri, Parma, Bardn Yana etc fall
within the less vulnerable areas. The elevation of the surrounding area relative to the river contributed more in
determining their vulnerability levels as well as distance from the river. For example, an area that lies right
beside the river may not be liable to flood if it is at a great height, however, an area that this further away may
become flooded if the intervening land is flat or a gentle slope or if the area lies on a depression. Since
settlements can be observed within the very high risk zones to the right or left of the river, this suggests that the
area has a very high risk of flood as corroborated by the results of the GIS analysis. In the event of a flood, the
blue zone may be used as a staging area for rescue operations within the area. There is also need to control land
use within the red zone by government using legislations.
Fig. 3: Patterns of settlement encroachment along floodplains in the area.
Conclusion
The tremendous expansion that the study area (Kaduna South) experienced has created encroachment by the
settlements along the floodplain and environmental degradation consequent to the growth. There is dense
agglomeration of people and economic activities associated with settlement expansion which imposes pressure
on the environment that can shape the physical landscape and the functional state of the ecosystem. Also there
are social ills such as unemployment, poor quality of housing, traffic congestion, poverty, low standard of living
and overcrowding which put pressures on the state and local governments to provide basic social amenities and
infrastructure for the growing population. The high growth rate of settlements in the African continent makes
flood management in settlement planning an issue that cannot be negotiated. This is pertinent since settlement
growth is acknowledged as an important contributor to flooding as the paving over natural surfaces increases
runoff during extreme rainfall events hence reducing infiltration of water into soils and sub-surface strata. In all,
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol.4, No.13, 2014
25
a well applied remote sensing and GIS will go a long way to help in controlling the problem of river flooding all
over the nation. Their application is only literally limited by the imagination of the operators. These gaps have
been clearly demonstrated in this paper.
References
Bhadra, A., Choudhury, S. and Kar, D. (2011). Flood hazard mapping in Dikrong basin of Arunachal Pradesh
(India), world academy of science, engineering and technology, India.
Bue, C. D. (1967). Flood information for flood plain planning. U.S geological survey circular, no. 539 United
States.
Floyd, S. (1978). Remote Sensing: principles and interpretations, W.H. Freeman and company, San Francisco.
Goel, N.K., Than, H.N. and Arya, D.S. (2005). Flood hazard mapping in the lower part of Chindwin river basin,
Myanmar. International conference on innovation advances and implementation of flood forecasting technology,
Tromso, Norway.
Izinyon, O. and Ehiorobo, J. (2011). Measurements and documentation for flood and erosion monitoring and
control in the Niger Delta States of Nigeria, engineering survey, Marrakech, Morocco.
Jeb, D. N. and Aggarwal, S.P. (2008). Flood inundation hazard modeling of the river Kaduna using remote
sensing and geographic information systems. Journal of applied sciences research, 4(12) pp.182-183.
Orok, H. (2011). A GIS-based flood risk mapping of Kano city, Nigeria, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
Saturday Tribune (2012). Feature we’ve never seen a thing like this since 1969. The African Newspaper of
Nigeria Plc. Ibadan. Pp. 46-47.
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