Analysis and evaluation of riak kv cluster environment using basho bench

Intelligent Automation And Soft Computing, 201X
Copyright © 201X, TSI® Press
Vol.XX,no.X,1–9
CONTACT Corresponding Author corresponding author email
© 201X TSI® Press
Analysis and Evaluation of Riak KV Cluster Environment Using Basho-
bench
Aimen Mukhtar Rmis, Ahmet Ercan Topcu
Department of Computer Engineering, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University
KEY WORDS: NoSQL database, Big data, Riak, Basho-bench, Cluster
1 INTRODUCTION
DATA is exploding at an alarming rate due to
increase in many fields of business, experimental
knowledge, social media and academics. Due to this
large size of data‫و‬ it is hard to make information
discovery and decision making in efficient time.
According to the international data corporation report,
it has been predicted that digital data could grow by 40
times from 2012 to 2020, and it is of utmost
significance that we develop tools to handle such a huge
volume of evolving data [2,15].
Today, the amounts of big data that can be managed
by NoSQL systems, like Riak, outstrip what can be
managed by the largest relational database management
system (RDBMS). NoSQL databases are essentially
created from the ground up to require less management
like data distribution, automatic repair, also simpler
data models lead to lower administration [3]. NoSQL
databases essentially use clusters of cheap commodity
servers to handle the exploding data also transaction
volumes, while relational databases tend to rely on
expensive proprietary servers and storage systems.
When using NoSQL, the cost per gigabyte or
transaction per second for NoSQL can be many times
less than the cost for RDBMS, permitting you to save
and the process more data at a much lower price [1].
NoSQL Key Value ( KV) stores, as well as
document databases, let the application to save
practically any structure it needs in a data element. And
rigidly determined BigTable-based NoSQL databases
(Cassandra, HBase) typically allow new columns to be
created without too much confusion. A large number of
NoSQL offerings consequently lead to the problem of
differentiating between these offerings and their
suitability in different circumstances [7].
In this study, we test and evaluate the Riak key-
value database for big data clusters using the Basho-
bench benchmark, a benchmarking tool created to
conduct accurate and repeatable performance tests and
stress tests and produce performance graphs.
This paper aims to accomplish the following:
• To generate a fictitious workload and a data
access pattern on the cluster that matches the
workloads of real-world applications and
monitor its performance.
• Observe the performance of Riak KV with
large data volumes and various workloads
(read, write, update, mix of read update).
ABSTRACT
Many institutions and companies with technological development have been
producing large size of structured and unstructured data. Therefore, we need
special databases to deal with these data and thus emerged NoSQL databases.
They are widely used in the cloud databases and the distributed systems. In the
era of big data, those databases provide a scalable high availability solution. So
we need new architectures to try to meet the need to store more and more
different kinds of different data. In order to arrive at a good structure of large
and diverse data, this structure must be tested and analyzed in depth with the
use of different benchmark tools. In this paper, we experiment the Riak key-value
database to measure their performance in terms of throughput and latency,
where huge amounts of data are stored and retrieved in different sizes in a
distributed database environment. Throughput and latency of the NoSQL
database over different types of experiments and different sizes of data are
compared and then results were discussed.

2 AUTHOR (All CAPS)
• To monitor the performance of the Riak KV
(Throughput, Latency) when data is being
read, write and update operation.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows:
Section 2 we present background and basic concepts.
Section 3 takes a deeper look at related works. Section
4 provides an overview of Riak KV NoSQL databases
system and its infrastructure. Section 5 is about the
Basho bench benchmarking of Riak KV. Section 6
presents the experiment environment for testing the
Riak KV NoSQL database with the Basho bench.
Section 6 provides our experimental results and
discussion. Section 7 concludes the paper.
2 BACKGROUND AND BASIC CONCEPTS
IN this section, the basic concepts related to the big
data, NoSQL database properties will be introduced.
The challenges associated with big data and NoSQL are
also introduced.
2.1 Big data
In this part, we will describe the term big data that is
very related with NoSQL database systems. Big data
can be defined as the capability of managing a huge
volume of data within the right time and proper speed.
Big data is an evolving term that describes any
voluminous amount of structured, semi structured and
unstructured data that has the potential to be mined for
information, which cannot be managed using relational
database management systems (RDBMs). [6,8]
Every day, new data is created from a variety of
sources, including social networks, photos, videos, and
more. Due to the rapid growth of data, it has become
very difficult to process this data through the available
database management system. One of the solutions that
have been proposed to overcome the fast growth of data
has been applying better hardware; however, this
approach has not been sufficient as the hardware
enhancement reached a point where the growth of data
volume outpaces computer resources [5]. Now, big data
could be found in three forms:
• Structured- Any data that can be stored, accessed
and processed in the form of fixed format is
termed as a 'structured' data. Over time, talent in
computer science have achieved greater success
in developing techniques for working with such
kind of data (where the format is well known in
advance) and also deriving value out of it. There
are two sources that provide structured data: data
generated by human intervention such as gaming
data and input data. The second source is the data
generated by machines such as sensor data, web
log data and financial data. [8,9]
• Unstructured data- Before the current ubiquitous
of online and mobile applications, databases
processed direct, structured data. The data forms
were almost simple and described a set of
relationships between various data types in the
database. In contrast, unstructured data refers to
data that is not fully suited to the traditional
column and row structure of a relational
database. In today's big data world, most of the
data created are unstructured, and some estimates
that it is more than 95% of all data generated. [29]
• Semi-structured data- This data combines
structured and unstructured data. Dealing with
this level of data complexity is not easy. Big data
and extensive records lead to long-running
queries; So, we need new methods and
techniques to overcome this challenge and
manage large amounts of data.[14]
2.2 Nosql
The term NoSQL ("Not only SQL") is the term that
describes the entire class of databases which do not
have the characteristics of traditional relational
databases and for which standard query SQL language
is not generally used. NoSQL databases are considered
to be the next generation databases and It supports huge
data storage, horizontally scalable, open source,
distributed databases and massive- parallel data
processing. They are characterized by a less strict static
data structure, simple support to replication and simple
application programming interface. They are often
related to large data sets that need to be quickly and
efficiently accessed and changed on the Web. [11,10]
NoSQL databases can be classified into four
categories.
• Key-Value (KV)- In general, NoSQL
databases allow the use of various types of
relational data tools. These are becoming
common in new business plans and big data
analysis in which classified data should be
stored in a practical and efficient manner [16].
Within this context, key-value store databases
are the simplest NoSQL databases. They can
help developers in the absence of a predefined
schema. Different kinds of objects, data types,
and data containers and are used to
accommodate this [17,15].High query speed
with a simple structure, where KV is the data
model, supports benefits such as high
concurrency and mass storage. Data
modification and query operations are well
supported through primary keys, such as Riak
KV [18] and Redis [19].
• Column-oriented- A table in a column-
oriented database can be used for the data
model; however, This stores tables of
extensible records. It includes columns and
rows, which may be shared through being
divided over nodes. In general, the benefit of
this data model is a more appropriate
application on aggregation and data

INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND SOFT COMPUTING 3
warehouses, HBase [20] and Cassandra [21]
are an example of this kind of data store.
• Documents data stores- Also known as a document-
oriented database, this program is used to retrieve, store
and manage information. The data is semi-structured
data. The documents database can usually use the
secondary index to facilitate the value of the upper
application; however. The Key Value and document
database structures are very similar, they differ in how
they process data. It was named by that name fr from the
manner of storing. So that the data is stored documents
in XML or JSON format [22,23]. Couch and MongoDB
dB [24] are examples of documents data.
• Graph Databases- A graph database comprises nodes that
are connected by edges. Data can be stored in edges and
nodes. One advantage of a graph database is that it can
traverse relationships very quickly. Similar to the other
three types of NoSQL databases mentioned above, graph
databases have some problems with horizontal scaling.
This is why every node can connect to any other node.
Traversing nodes on various physical machines can have
a negative effect on performance. Another difference
from the above three is that most graphics databases
support ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and
durability) transactions. Graph databases are often used to
deal with complex issues such as social networks or path-
finding problems [25], such as Neo4j [26].
3 RELATED WORK
THERE have been numerous papers, researches, blogs, that
test and evaluate NoSQL database to discuss various features
such as their benefits, and find the suitable NoSQL database,
such as that by Ali Hammood et al. [9], this research examines
the more recent versions of the systems. For this purpose, was set
up a testing environment for each workload and monitor the
responses for the Cassandra, HBase, and MongoDB database
systems. according to the results obtained, HBase and Cassandra
worked very well under heavy loads. MongoDB worked very
well with low throughput, but not as well with high throughput.
In the read operation, HBase has lower performance. And the
latency for them is lower than before for all operations,
particularly in MongoDB. Lazar J. Krstić et al. [11], was used
YCSB tool for testing the performance of five NoSQL databases:
BrightstarDB,LevelDB, HamsterDB,RavenDB and STSdb
4.0.Database benchmark, a tool that was used to perform the
measurement itself, was selected to manage the NoSQL
databases running in various ways at approximately the same
level, so that the obtained measurement results could be almost
realistically compared.The authors reported that HamsterDB has
the best performance, while the worst is BrightstarDB. This
conclusion was expected before the start of the actual
performance measurement. In the study by Kuldeep Singh [12],
compared Riak, HBase, Cassandra and mongo dB from different
views. the experiments to compare and evaluate the performance
of different NoSQL datastores on a distributed cluster used ycsb
to test the performances of these four systems using the same test
environment and applying different workloads on these systems.
A summary of the results of this thesis concluded that each
system has a different response when applying a workload due to
the differences in designs.
Abramova et al. [13], tested the performance of
Cassandra based on a number of factors, including the
number of nodes, workload characteristics, number of
threads, and data size, and analyzed whether it provides
the desired acceleration and scalability attributes.
Scaling nodes and the number of data-sets do not
guarantee performance. However, Cassandra handles
concurrent request threads well and extends well with
concurrent threads. A summary of the results of that
paper concluded that when the number of nodes in a
cluster has increased from 1, or 3 to 6, even for
relatively large data sets, this trend cannot guarantee an
improvement in performance.
The authors of [29] showed a method and the results of a
research that selected between three NoSQL databases
systems for a large, distributed healthcare society. The
performance assessment methods and results are displayed
to the following databases: MongoDB, Cassandra and
Riak. The test was based on the YCSB benchmark for
evaluating NoSQL databases. The paper's summary of the
results concludes that the Cassandra database provides the
best throughput performance with the highest latency.
4 RIAK KEY-VALUE (KV)
RIAK is an open-source enterprise version of Riak
Enterprise DS. It is a KV database developed by Basho in
2007 and written in Erlang and C. The enterprise version
adds multi-data center replication, monitoring, and
additional support [22].
Riak KV is a distributed NoSQL database that is
extremely scalable, available, and straightforward to work
with. It automatically assigns the data in a cluster to ensure
quick performance and fault tolerance. Riak Enterprise
includes multi-cluster replication that guarantees low
latency and strong business continuity. Riak KV is an
appropriated distributed NoSQL KV database that ensures
read and write functions even in cases of hardware failure
or network partitions by supporting both local and multi-
cluster replication. Riak KV is designed to work and deal
with an assortment of difficulties confronting big data
applications that incorporate following client or session
data, storing data from connected devices, and replicating
data around the world. It is designed with KV to provide a
powerful, simple data model to store large amounts of
unstructured data [22,18].
Riak KV achieves fast performance and robust business
continuity by automating data distribution across the
cluster, where there is easily added capacity without a
large operational burden with a masterless architecture that
guarantees high availability and scales that are nearly
linear using commodity hardware [18]. Nodes in Riak
form a cluster. This cluster is isolated into partitions and

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virtual nodes (Vnodes) to form a ring to obtain all the
benefits of Riak. The ring is a 160 bit integer space
separated into a similarly sized partitions, as shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Architecture of the Riak cluster.
Each node (also called a physical node) in the ring runs
a certain number of virtual nodes (Vnodes). Each
Vnode occupies one partition in the ring. It defines the
partition size of the ring when configuring Riak or
when the cluster is initialized [27].
5 BENCHMARKING OF NOSQL
THE Basho-bench is a benchmarking tool was
created to conduct accurate and repeatable performance
tests and stress tests and produce performance graphs.
Originally developed to benchmark Riak, it exposes a
pluggable driver interface and has been extended to
serve as a benchmarking tool across a variety of
projects. Basho-bench focuses on two metrics of
performance throughput and latency [28].
How Does the Benchmark Work?
Each node can be either a traffic generator or a Riak
node. A traffic generator runs one copy of Basho-bench
that generates and sends commands to Riak nodes. A
Riak node contains a complete and independent copy
of the Riak package which is identified by an Internet
Protocol (IP) address and a port number. Figure 2
shows how traffic generators and Riak nodes are
organized inside a cluster. There is one traffic generator
for every three Riak nodes [4].
Figure 2. Riak Nodes and Traffic Generators in Basho-bench.
Appendix
6 EXPERIMENT ENVIRONMENT
6.1 Experimental Setup
IN this part, we will introduce the results of
experiments realized by the testing of the Riak KV
NoSQL database with the Basho-bench. The
benchmark is specifically designed for Riak
performance test and analysis. Riak benchmark is done
using the Basho ́s measurement software that defines
the number of transactions per seconds executed per
second. The benchmark needs a configuration file,
which contains the required parameter to begin the
benchmark. It executes the given number of workers
that together perform the given task. The test was done
with a different number of keys (10 K,100 K,1000 K,
10,000 K, and 200,000 K), and the fixed size of 10000
KB every key.
The experiments were performed in the following
environment using 5 nodes of the cluster with 16 GB
RAM, Intel®- Xeon(R) -CPU E3 1241 v3-@ 3.50 GHz
× 8 processor speed and 1TB of ephemeral storage in
each unit. Ubuntu 14.0.4 LTS (64-bit) was installed on
each unit. Figure 3 illustrates the experimental structure
containing details of the primary components.

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Figure 3. Experimental structure.
6.2 Performance Configuration
THE Basho-bench is a test tool to perform reads, updates and
writes based on workload and measure performance. The
possible operations that the driver will run, such as
[{get,4},{put,4},{delete, 1}], which means that out of every 9
operations, get will be called four times, put will be called four
times, and delete will be called once, on average. The benchmark
package gives a set of predetermined experiment s that can be
executed as follows:
• Experiment #A- Updates are heavy. It consists of a 1/1
proportion of reads and updates.
• Experiment #B- Reads mostly. It consists of a 9/1
proportion of reads/updates.
• Experiment #C- Reads only. The workload is 1/ read.
To evaluate the loading time, we generated a different number of
keys (10 K,100 K,1000 K, 10,000 K, and 200,000 K), and a
varying number of threads (4, 8, and 12).
7 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the following, we assign a section to each experiment,
which describes the different scenario experiments between read
and an update, also the results are illustrated in that.
7.1 Experiment #A: Updates are heavy. It consists of a 1/1
proportion of reads and updates. Figure. 3 shows the results.
• Throughput Result
Figure 4. Throughput performance for experiment (A) (1/1
read/update).
We notice from the figure 4 with thread 8 that when
the number of keys in the cluster increased from 100 K
to 1000 K, the throughput performance was similar
(190 operation). However, when the number of keys is
10 K, the performance was high (250 operations). The
overall case if thread 12, performance was very high in
all records compared to other threads.
• Latency Results
Latency is the delay from the input system to the
desired result; in each case, the term is understood
slightly differently, and the latency problems vary from
system to different. Latency greatly affects the
enjoyable and usable of electronic and mechanical
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equipment as well as communications. From the figure
5, observe that the three cases have a high latency in the
process of data update.
This is expected because the reading process usually
does not have a great latency like the rest of the
operations. Where the highest value in threads 4
reached the latency rate to 66 ms, and was almost equal
to the other threads 8, 12.
Figure 5. Latency for experiment (A) (1/1 read/update).
7.2 Experiment # B: Our second experiment updates
are heavy. It consists of a 9/1 proportion of reads and
updates. Figure. 6 shows the results.
The experimental results are shown and analyzed
are illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Throughput performance for experiment (B) (9/1
read/update).
The performance behavior exhibited in experiment (A)
differed from the experiment conducted in the
experiment (B) (9 operation read, 1 operation update).
Moreover, the throughput performance in experiment
(B) was higher than the throughput performance of
experiment (A) in all threads. Furthermore, the
performance decreases when we increase the number of
threads, for example, for a number of keys 10,000 to
20,000 K with threads 4 and 8, The difference in the
number of operations was the not expected.
As can be seen from the figure, the number of keys has
a significant effect on the performance of Riak KV. For
example, in Figure 6, the number of operations using the
10 K keys and 200,000 K with threads 12 are 710
operations/sec and 20 operations/sec, respectively,
which is very large.
• Latency Result
From figure 7, the results here were different from
experiment (C). The latency was high in figure 7 (a),
where the number of records reached 10,000 K to about
44 ms and 70 ms with 200,000 K keys.
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Figure 7. Latency for experiment (B) (9/1 read/update).
7.3 Experiment # C: Read-only. This experiment read ratio is
100%. The results are shown in Figure 8.
The throughput performance of experiment (C) of 100% read
is shown in figure 8. The increase of read keys decreases the
throughput, which confirms again that the number of keys has
significant effect. For example, figure 8 shows the number of
operations using 100 K keys as being 625 operations/sec and when
the number of keys reaches 200,000 K, the number of operations
increased to 475 operations/sec.
Figure 8 shows the number of operations for 200,000 K as 320
operations/sec, thus making it less efficient for thread 8, and also
less throughput performance compared to other threads. In
general, and through the figure of the read-only experiments, the
performance was high and stable in all number of keys, compared
to other experiments (A, B).
Figure 8. Throughput performance for experiment (C) (100% read).
•. Latency Result
Figure 9 shows the Latency for experiment (C) read
operation only, we note that with the increase of the
threads that was caused by the reduction of latency,
through with thread 4, the latency was high where the
highest value 12 ms with 200,000K keys. The result
shown the latency was almost equal in all number of keys
from 10 K to 200,000 K, while the threads were
performing read-only operations.
Figure 9. Latency for experiment (C) (100% read).
In the summary of the previous 3 experiments A, B and
C, we note that the increase in the number of the thread
has had a significant effect on the performance of Riak
KV NoSQL databases, increasing the number of the
thread increases the performance. But its performance
measures varies from one experiment to another, we
notice the throughput effect of the operations of update
and read when they were equal as in experiment (A), so
that they were low compared to other experiments. Figure
10 shows the throughput comparison in the previous 3
experiments.
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Thread 4 625 550 510 500 475
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8 AUTHOR (All CAPS)
Figure 10. Comparing the throughput of three experiment A, B and C.
8 CONCLUSION
IN this paper, we tackle analysis and evaluation of
the read/update throughput as well as the latency of Riak
KV NoSQL database management systems cluster
environment. To achieve this goal, Basho-bench is used.
Benchmarking the NoSQL data stores in the perspective
of the cluster environment and monitor factors such as
throughput, latency are important requirements as there
exists a difference of NoSQL databases and its utility
differs from one application to another. In addition,
system performance is still an important factor when
processing large amounts of data. We did measurements
on three experiments of a different number of operations;
experiment A, B andC. We measured the read throughput
and latency of each of the experiments, and the update
throughput and latency. We found that the performance
is affected significantly by increased data size. We also
found that with the increase in the number of threads, the
throughput performance is better and the latency factor
reduced.
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