The document discusses analogies and their use in testing word knowledge and relationships. It defines an analogy as a comparison that highlights similarities between two things, even if they are physically different. The key is describing the precise relationship between a word pair and applying it to complete other analogies. There are various types of relationships in analogies, such as part to whole, type and category, degree of intensity, function, manner, symbol or representation, and action and significance. Examples are provided to illustrate each relationship type. The purpose of analogies is to both show and explain similarities concisely.

1. ANALOGY
GRADE 7 ENGLISH

4. WHAT IS ANALOGY?
– Analogy questions can also be used to test word knowledge and factual
content. Word knowledge questions are generally pairs of synonyms or
pairs of antonyms.
– An analogy is a comparison of two things to highlight their similarities.
(Often the things being compared are physically different, but an analogy
highlights how they are alike.)
– The key to solving an analogy question is to precisely describe the
relationship between the pair of words and then apply the same
relationship to determine which word completes the analogy.

5. Why Should I Care about Analogies?
– Using an analogy can be an interesting way to convey a new idea. Interest
will be created because your readers will consider the connections
between the elements in your analogy, and succinctness will be achieved
because one of the elements in your analogy will be a well-understood
concept, removing the need for a long explanation.
– The purpose of an analogy is not merely to show, but also to explain. For
this reason, an analogy is more complex than a simile or a metaphor,
which aim only to show without explaining. (Similes and metaphors can be
used to make an analogy, but usually analogies have additional
information to get their point across.)

6. GENERAL TYPES OF
RELATIONSHIPS IN ANALOGY
– Part to Whole
In this type of question, a pair of words consists of a part and a whole.
For example, skull : skeletal system. A skull is part of the skeletal system.

7. general types of relationships in
analogy
– Type and Category
These questions use pairs of words in which one word is a specific type in
a general category.
For example, orange : citrus. An orange is a type of citrus.

8. general types of relationships in
analogy
– Degree of Intensity
These questions test your ability to discern nuance of meaning among
pairs of words.
For example, shower : monsoon. A shower is light rainfall and a monsoon
is heavy rainfall.

9. general types of relationships in
analogy
– Function
These questions pair words that are related through function.
For example, hammer : build. A hammer is used to build.

10. general types of relationships in
analogy
– Manner
This type of analogy describes the manner, way, or style by which an
action is accomplished.
For example, tiptoe : walk. Tiptoe means to walk in the tips of your toe.

11. general types of relationships in
analogy
– Symbol or representation
These questions pair words in which one word is the symbol of the other.
For example, dove : peace. A dove is a symbol of peace.

12. general types of relationships in
analogy
– Action and significance
In this type of analogy one word describes an action and the other word
indicates the significance of the action.
For example, cry : sorrow. To cry signifies sorrow.

13. Activity
1. son : nuclear :: ______ : extended
a. father b. mother c. cousin d. daughters
2. miserly : cheap :: homogeneous : ______
a. extravagant b. unkind c. alike d. friendly
3. marshal : prisoner :: principal : ______
a. teacher b. president c. doctrine d. student
4. mend : sewing :: edit : ______
a. darn b. repair c. manuscript d. makeshift
5. segregate : unify :: repair : ______
a. approach b. push c. damage d. outwit
6. conjugate : pair :: partition : ______
a. divide b. consecrate c. parade d. squelch
7. principle : doctrine :: living : ______
a. will b. dead c. likelihood d. livelihood

14. Activity
8. shallot : ______ :: scallop : mollusk
a. shark b. muscle c. dessert d. onion
9. rotation : earth :: ______ : top
a. planet b. spinning c. sun d. expanding
10. mouse : ______ :: flash : camera
a. rat b. computer c. cord d. dessert
11. cushion : sofa :: shelf : ______
a. ledge b. bookcase c. storage d. frame
12. ______ : play :: sing : anthem
a. act b. scene c. theater d. field
13. scrub : wash :: sob : ______
a. cry b. water c. sad d. tease
14. stars : astronomy :: ______ : history
a. battles b. eclipse c. horse d. autumn
15. rook : chess :: ______ : badminton
a. grass b. tennis c. shuttlecock d. swing

15. Answer key:
1. C. A son is part of a nuclear family, and a cousin is part of an extended family.
2. C. Miserly is another word for cheap, and homogeneous is another word for
alike
3. D. A marshal is a person in charge of a prisoner, and a principal is a person in
charge of a student.
4. C. One fixes sewing by mending; one fixes manuscript by editing.
5. C. To segregate is an antonym of to unify, and to repair is an antonym of to
damage.
6. A. To conjugate means to pair, and to partition means to divide.
7. D. A principle is another word for a doctrine, and a living is another word for
livelihood.

16. Answer key:
8. D. A shallot is a type of onion, and a scallop is a type of mollusk.
9. B. Rotation is the movement of the earth and spinning is the movement of a top.
10. B. A mouse is part of a computer, and a flash is a part of a camera.
11. B. A cushion is a part of a sofa, and a shelf is part of a bookcase
12. A. One acts in a play, and one sings an anthem.
13. A. To scrub is to wash vigorously, and to sob is to cry convulsively
14. A. Stars are a component of astronomy, and battles make up history.
15. C. A rook is a piece used in the game of chess, and a shuttlecock is used to play the
game of badminton.

17. References
– https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/analogy.htm
– https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-analogy#what-is-the-difference-
between-analogy-simile-and-metaphor
– https://elearning.shisu.edu.cn/pluginfile.php/36509/mod_resource/content/1/
ANALOGIES.pdf