This document provides an overview of the corrosion performance of automotive metals when used in biodiesel applications. It discusses how biodiesel is more susceptible to oxidation than conventional diesel due to factors like moisture content and temperature fluctuations. The oxidative degradation products of biodiesel can increase acidity and corrosion. Different metals commonly used in fuel systems like steel, aluminum, copper and stainless steel are reviewed in terms of their corrosion resistance to biodiesel. The document aims to analyze the challenges biodiesel poses for material compatibility in fuel supply systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology about using palm oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil as potential biodiesel feedstocks. It discusses how biodiesel is a promising renewable fuel alternative to address issues with fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Palm oil is currently one of the most efficient oil crops for biodiesel production, but its status as an edible oil creates food vs fuel conflicts. Calophyllum inophyllum oil has potential to be transesterified into biodiesel but requires more research. The document reviews the preparation, performance and emissions of biodiesel from these two oils in compression ignition engines.
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
A Detailed Review of the Impacts of Diesel Biofuel Mixes with Nanofluid Addit...ijtsrd
Diesel and gasoline will not be able to meet the quick supply of internal combustion engines due to pollution limitations and the accelerating demand for energy in many industries. Because of its availability, acceptance by the environment, and competitiveness, the use of renewable fuel resources to replace fossil diesel fuel in part or totally has become unavoidable. Alternative fuels work well in diesel engines without requiring any adjustments. When compared to utilizing exclusively fossil diesel, alternative fuels can reduce combustion temperature, lowering all emission percentages. Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel that is one of the alternative fuels used in diesel engine blends. Its critical for lowering brake specific fuel consumption and enhancing brake thermal efficiency. A colloidal mixture of nano sized particles spread in a liquid media is known as a nanofluid. In a wide range of technical applications, it increases heat transfer qualities and promotes high energy efficiency. Due to their excellent thermo physical qualities, adding nanofluid to diesel biodiesel as an additive for ICE has been an appealing strategy in recent years, notably in the automobile sector, to promote increased combustion efficiency and emission reduction. The goal of this paper is to compile latest research findings on the impact of nanoparticles on fuel characteristics and engine combustion efficiency. Differing types of additives are also examined and explained when combined with different fuel qualities. Finally, the benefits and possibilities of employing nanofluid as an additional fuel are described in preparation for future study. Prof. Pushparaj Singh | Vineeta Mishra "A Detailed Review of the Impacts of Diesel/Biofuel Mixes with Nanofluid Additions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49737.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49737/a-detailed-review-of-the-impacts-of-dieselbiofuel-mixes-with-nanofluid-additions/prof-pushparaj-singh
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology about using palm oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil as potential biodiesel feedstocks. It discusses how biodiesel is a promising renewable fuel alternative to address issues with fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Palm oil is currently one of the most efficient oil crops for biodiesel production, but its status as an edible oil creates food vs fuel conflicts. Calophyllum inophyllum oil has potential to be transesterified into biodiesel but requires more research. The document reviews the preparation, performance and emissions of biodiesel from these two oils in compression ignition engines.
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
A Detailed Review of the Impacts of Diesel Biofuel Mixes with Nanofluid Addit...ijtsrd
Diesel and gasoline will not be able to meet the quick supply of internal combustion engines due to pollution limitations and the accelerating demand for energy in many industries. Because of its availability, acceptance by the environment, and competitiveness, the use of renewable fuel resources to replace fossil diesel fuel in part or totally has become unavoidable. Alternative fuels work well in diesel engines without requiring any adjustments. When compared to utilizing exclusively fossil diesel, alternative fuels can reduce combustion temperature, lowering all emission percentages. Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel that is one of the alternative fuels used in diesel engine blends. Its critical for lowering brake specific fuel consumption and enhancing brake thermal efficiency. A colloidal mixture of nano sized particles spread in a liquid media is known as a nanofluid. In a wide range of technical applications, it increases heat transfer qualities and promotes high energy efficiency. Due to their excellent thermo physical qualities, adding nanofluid to diesel biodiesel as an additive for ICE has been an appealing strategy in recent years, notably in the automobile sector, to promote increased combustion efficiency and emission reduction. The goal of this paper is to compile latest research findings on the impact of nanoparticles on fuel characteristics and engine combustion efficiency. Differing types of additives are also examined and explained when combined with different fuel qualities. Finally, the benefits and possibilities of employing nanofluid as an additional fuel are described in preparation for future study. Prof. Pushparaj Singh | Vineeta Mishra "A Detailed Review of the Impacts of Diesel/Biofuel Mixes with Nanofluid Additions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49737.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49737/a-detailed-review-of-the-impacts-of-dieselbiofuel-mixes-with-nanofluid-additions/prof-pushparaj-singh
Feasibility and Future Prospects of Biodiesel use in IC Engines - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of the feasibility and future prospects of using biodiesel in internal combustion (IC) engines. It discusses biodiesel production through the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. Biodiesel has properties similar to petroleum diesel, including density, flash point, and calorific value. The document compares the properties of various biodiesel fuels derived from crops like jatropha, karanja, castor, and mahua. It also examines engine performance parameters like brake mean effective pressure and mechanical efficiency when operating on biodiesel. Emissions are also evaluated when using biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel in IC engines.
Experimental Investigation of Blends of Esterified Coconut Oil and Sunflower ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of blends of esterified coconut oil and sunflower oil used in a 4-stroke compression ignition engine. Various blends of the two vegetable oils with diesel were tested in a single cylinder engine to analyze their performance characteristics and emissions. The best performing blend was identified as having the highest brake power and thermal efficiency, lowest brake specific fuel consumption, and minimum smoke density emissions. This blend could serve as a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.
A review on preheating of bio diesel for the improvement of the performance c...ijctet
This document summarizes research on preheating bio-diesel fuel to improve engine performance. Bio-diesel has higher viscosity and surface tension than conventional diesel, which can cause issues when used in diesel engines. Preheating bio-diesel reduces these properties and improves atomization and combustion. The literature review found that preheating bio-diesel to 70-90°C can solve filter clogging issues, while a temperature of 140°C is needed to achieve viscosity similar to diesel. Heat exchangers are used to preheat the bio-diesel through heat from engine exhaust gases. Preheating bio-diesel blends up to B80 is shown to improve ignition and decrease emissions.
Emission Characteristics of CI Engine by using Palm Bio- DieselIJERA Editor
Environmental concerns and energy crisis of the world has led to the search of alternate to the fossil fuel. FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is environment friendly, alternative, and non-toxic, safe; biodegradable has a high
flash point and is also termed as Bio-Diesel. The growing economic risk of relying primarily on fossil fuels with
limited reserves and Increasing prices has increased the interest on alternative energy sources. Clean and
renewable biofuels have been touted as the answer to the issue of diminishing fossil fuels. INDIA the largest
producer of palm oil has committed to focus interest on biofuels, namely palm biodiesel. Since palm oil has a
high fossil energy balance, it is a key source of raw material for biodiesel production. This paper presents palm
biodiesel as an alternative source of green renewable energy through a survey conducted from previously
researched findings. In this experimental study testing of emission characteristics and performances test of palm
Bio-diesel at various ratios form (B25%, B 50%, B75%, B100%) of Bio-diesel. As we compared with fossil fuel
(diesel) and palm bio-diesel on base of various emission elements (CO, CO2, NOx, O2, and HC).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on alternative fuels for diesel engines. It discusses various alternative fuels used in diesel engines worldwide, including alcohols, bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and hydrogen. Biodiesel from rapeseed oil methyl esters is most commonly used in Europe and Poland due to climate and agriculture. While biodiesel has benefits like being renewable and having similar properties to diesel, it also has some drawbacks like potential damage to engine components from high viscosity. The document compares properties of diesel, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed oil methyl ester biodiesel. It also discusses effects of biodiesel on engine emissions and potential issues like filter blocking.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Journals
Abstract Diesel engines have been playing a vital role in the transportation and power generation sectors since from its invention. Despite of having better efficiency with diesel engine, the main concern is on emission of pollutants. There are various methods to reduce pollutant emission from a diesel engine. The prominent way to reduce pollutants is the usages of bio fuels with some modifications in the diesel engine. Diesel engine simulation models can be used to understand the combustion performance, prediction of emission concentration. These models can reduce the number of experiments. In this study, the performance and emissions characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke, and direct injection diesel engine operating on diesel and soybean blends have been investigated theoretically. The variations of various species concentration like CO2,CO and NOx with equivalence ratio have been analysed using diesel engine simulation models. These models can reduce the number of experiments. Computer simulation has contributed enormously towards new evaluation in the field of internal combustion engines. Mathematical tools have become very popular in recent years owing to the continuously increasing improvement in computational power. Index terms: Emissions, Bio fuels, Simulation Models
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a multi-cylinder diesel engine fueled with biodiesel from mango seeds and soybeans compared to diesel fuel. The study found that using 100% biodiesel can meet the engine's performance characteristics and smoke levels are close to diesel fuel. Emission characteristics of biodiesel are also close to diesel fuel at full load. Using locally produced biodiesel can help energy self-sufficiency for farmers and support rural employment by reducing reliance on imported fuels. The results indicate biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines with minimal modifications needed.
This document summarizes a research paper on biodiesel as a future fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Jatropha oil is examined as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Experiments were conducted running a diesel engine on blends of jatropha biodiesel and producer gas. The results showed that blends with higher proportions of jatropha biodiesel (JOBD30+PG) produced lower emissions of CO, NOx, and CO2 compared to blends with more producer gas or pure diesel. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel that can help address the decreasing fossil fuel supply while
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Experimental investigation was conducted on a multicylinder diesel engine using honge biodiesel derived from the Pongamia plant. Honge biodiesel was produced using a transesterification process and its properties were tested and found to meet ASTM biodiesel standards. The honge biodiesel was then tested in the diesel engine at varying loads up to 60% throttle. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were evaluated, as well as emission characteristics like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and smoke opacity. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and gas temperature were also analyzed against crank angle. The results showed that honge
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Comparative Study and Analysis of Performance and Emissions Characteri...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that used computational modeling to analyze the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine running on various biodiesel blends. The study tested blends of palm oil, soybean methyl ester, and coconut oil blended with diesel fuel. The simulations analyzed parameters like engine power, torque, fuel consumption, and emissions of gases like NOx, SOx, and particulate matter. The results were compared to analyze which biodiesel blends provided the best performance and lowest harmful emissions. The goal was to identify optimal biodiesel blends and fuels that could reduce emissions while maintaining good engine performance.
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Peroxide Induction to a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide to biodiesel-diesel blends used in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from calophyllum inophyllum oil using a transesterification process. Blends containing 60% diesel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogen peroxide additive showed the best performance. Tests on the engine found that this blend had higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption and emissions than other blends, especially at a injection pressure of 205 bars. The addition of hydrogen peroxide was found to improve the performance and reduce emissions of the engine compared to blends without the additive.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine run on palm biodiesel with magnetic treatment. Key findings include:
- Palm biodiesel was produced via transesterification and used with a magnetic energizer in the fuel system.
- Testing examined the impact on engine performance parameters like efficiency and emissions like CO and NOx compared to conventional diesel.
- Results showed palm biodiesel with magnetic treatment can provide better engine efficiency while reducing some harmful emissions like CO compared to pure diesel.
The document discusses biodiesel, including its production process, properties, and advantages over petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where triglycerides from oils react with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. This produces fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and producing lower emissions than petroleum diesel. The document also outlines some challenges with biodiesel like potential habitat destruction if grown on a large scale and increased corrosion.
IRJET- Raspberry Pi and Image Processing based Person Recognition System for ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and then blended with kerosene at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 50% kerosene. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and results showed that a 50% kerosene blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel and reduced smoke, CO, and HC emissions while slightly increasing NOx emissions. The 50% kerosene blend provided the best performance and emissions characteristics of the fuels tested.
IRJET- Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cook...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process using methanol and KOH catalyst. The biodiesel was then blended with kerosene in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 50% and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed that a 50% blend of kerosene and biodiesel increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel. Specific fuel consumption was also reduced. CO, HC, and smoke emissions decreased with the 50% blend while NOx increased slightly
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document discusses the structural analysis of a wound rotor shaft for a 2.1 MW wind turbine operating at various speeds and frequencies. It analyzes a single-piece steel rotor shaft and models its geometry and meshing. It then presents the results of the total deformation, maximum stress, and maximum strain on the shaft material from simulations run at rated speed, over speed, and critical speed for frequencies of 50Hz and 60Hz. The analysis shows the steel material is capable of withstanding the stresses and strains from operating at various speeds and frequencies for the wind turbine application.
Feasibility and Future Prospects of Biodiesel use in IC Engines - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of the feasibility and future prospects of using biodiesel in internal combustion (IC) engines. It discusses biodiesel production through the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. Biodiesel has properties similar to petroleum diesel, including density, flash point, and calorific value. The document compares the properties of various biodiesel fuels derived from crops like jatropha, karanja, castor, and mahua. It also examines engine performance parameters like brake mean effective pressure and mechanical efficiency when operating on biodiesel. Emissions are also evaluated when using biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel in IC engines.
Experimental Investigation of Blends of Esterified Coconut Oil and Sunflower ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of blends of esterified coconut oil and sunflower oil used in a 4-stroke compression ignition engine. Various blends of the two vegetable oils with diesel were tested in a single cylinder engine to analyze their performance characteristics and emissions. The best performing blend was identified as having the highest brake power and thermal efficiency, lowest brake specific fuel consumption, and minimum smoke density emissions. This blend could serve as a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.
A review on preheating of bio diesel for the improvement of the performance c...ijctet
This document summarizes research on preheating bio-diesel fuel to improve engine performance. Bio-diesel has higher viscosity and surface tension than conventional diesel, which can cause issues when used in diesel engines. Preheating bio-diesel reduces these properties and improves atomization and combustion. The literature review found that preheating bio-diesel to 70-90°C can solve filter clogging issues, while a temperature of 140°C is needed to achieve viscosity similar to diesel. Heat exchangers are used to preheat the bio-diesel through heat from engine exhaust gases. Preheating bio-diesel blends up to B80 is shown to improve ignition and decrease emissions.
Emission Characteristics of CI Engine by using Palm Bio- DieselIJERA Editor
Environmental concerns and energy crisis of the world has led to the search of alternate to the fossil fuel. FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is environment friendly, alternative, and non-toxic, safe; biodegradable has a high
flash point and is also termed as Bio-Diesel. The growing economic risk of relying primarily on fossil fuels with
limited reserves and Increasing prices has increased the interest on alternative energy sources. Clean and
renewable biofuels have been touted as the answer to the issue of diminishing fossil fuels. INDIA the largest
producer of palm oil has committed to focus interest on biofuels, namely palm biodiesel. Since palm oil has a
high fossil energy balance, it is a key source of raw material for biodiesel production. This paper presents palm
biodiesel as an alternative source of green renewable energy through a survey conducted from previously
researched findings. In this experimental study testing of emission characteristics and performances test of palm
Bio-diesel at various ratios form (B25%, B 50%, B75%, B100%) of Bio-diesel. As we compared with fossil fuel
(diesel) and palm bio-diesel on base of various emission elements (CO, CO2, NOx, O2, and HC).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on alternative fuels for diesel engines. It discusses various alternative fuels used in diesel engines worldwide, including alcohols, bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel from vegetable oils, and hydrogen. Biodiesel from rapeseed oil methyl esters is most commonly used in Europe and Poland due to climate and agriculture. While biodiesel has benefits like being renewable and having similar properties to diesel, it also has some drawbacks like potential damage to engine components from high viscosity. The document compares properties of diesel, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed oil methyl ester biodiesel. It also discusses effects of biodiesel on engine emissions and potential issues like filter blocking.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Journals
Abstract Diesel engines have been playing a vital role in the transportation and power generation sectors since from its invention. Despite of having better efficiency with diesel engine, the main concern is on emission of pollutants. There are various methods to reduce pollutant emission from a diesel engine. The prominent way to reduce pollutants is the usages of bio fuels with some modifications in the diesel engine. Diesel engine simulation models can be used to understand the combustion performance, prediction of emission concentration. These models can reduce the number of experiments. In this study, the performance and emissions characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke, and direct injection diesel engine operating on diesel and soybean blends have been investigated theoretically. The variations of various species concentration like CO2,CO and NOx with equivalence ratio have been analysed using diesel engine simulation models. These models can reduce the number of experiments. Computer simulation has contributed enormously towards new evaluation in the field of internal combustion engines. Mathematical tools have become very popular in recent years owing to the continuously increasing improvement in computational power. Index terms: Emissions, Bio fuels, Simulation Models
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a multi-cylinder diesel engine fueled with biodiesel from mango seeds and soybeans compared to diesel fuel. The study found that using 100% biodiesel can meet the engine's performance characteristics and smoke levels are close to diesel fuel. Emission characteristics of biodiesel are also close to diesel fuel at full load. Using locally produced biodiesel can help energy self-sufficiency for farmers and support rural employment by reducing reliance on imported fuels. The results indicate biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines with minimal modifications needed.
This document summarizes a research paper on biodiesel as a future fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Jatropha oil is examined as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Experiments were conducted running a diesel engine on blends of jatropha biodiesel and producer gas. The results showed that blends with higher proportions of jatropha biodiesel (JOBD30+PG) produced lower emissions of CO, NOx, and CO2 compared to blends with more producer gas or pure diesel. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel that can help address the decreasing fossil fuel supply while
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Experimental investigation was conducted on a multicylinder diesel engine using honge biodiesel derived from the Pongamia plant. Honge biodiesel was produced using a transesterification process and its properties were tested and found to meet ASTM biodiesel standards. The honge biodiesel was then tested in the diesel engine at varying loads up to 60% throttle. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were evaluated, as well as emission characteristics like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and smoke opacity. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and gas temperature were also analyzed against crank angle. The results showed that honge
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Comparative Study and Analysis of Performance and Emissions Characteri...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that used computational modeling to analyze the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine running on various biodiesel blends. The study tested blends of palm oil, soybean methyl ester, and coconut oil blended with diesel fuel. The simulations analyzed parameters like engine power, torque, fuel consumption, and emissions of gases like NOx, SOx, and particulate matter. The results were compared to analyze which biodiesel blends provided the best performance and lowest harmful emissions. The goal was to identify optimal biodiesel blends and fuels that could reduce emissions while maintaining good engine performance.
Experimental Study of Hydrogen Peroxide Induction to a 4-Stroke Diesel Engine...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding hydrogen peroxide to biodiesel-diesel blends used in a diesel engine. Biodiesel was produced from calophyllum inophyllum oil using a transesterification process. Blends containing 60% diesel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogen peroxide additive showed the best performance. Tests on the engine found that this blend had higher brake thermal efficiency and lower brake specific fuel consumption and emissions than other blends, especially at a injection pressure of 205 bars. The addition of hydrogen peroxide was found to improve the performance and reduce emissions of the engine compared to blends without the additive.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine run on palm biodiesel with magnetic treatment. Key findings include:
- Palm biodiesel was produced via transesterification and used with a magnetic energizer in the fuel system.
- Testing examined the impact on engine performance parameters like efficiency and emissions like CO and NOx compared to conventional diesel.
- Results showed palm biodiesel with magnetic treatment can provide better engine efficiency while reducing some harmful emissions like CO compared to pure diesel.
The document discusses biodiesel, including its production process, properties, and advantages over petroleum diesel. Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where triglycerides from oils react with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. This produces fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. Biodiesel has benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and producing lower emissions than petroleum diesel. The document also outlines some challenges with biodiesel like potential habitat destruction if grown on a large scale and increased corrosion.
IRJET- Raspberry Pi and Image Processing based Person Recognition System for ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and then blended with kerosene at ratios of 10%, 20%, and 50% kerosene. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and results showed that a 50% kerosene blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel and reduced smoke, CO, and HC emissions while slightly increasing NOx emissions. The 50% kerosene blend provided the best performance and emissions characteristics of the fuels tested.
IRJET- Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cook...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil and kerosene. Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process using methanol and KOH catalyst. The biodiesel was then blended with kerosene in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 50% and tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Test results showed that a 50% blend of kerosene and biodiesel increased brake thermal efficiency by 2.55% compared to pure biodiesel. Specific fuel consumption was also reduced. CO, HC, and smoke emissions decreased with the 50% blend while NOx increased slightly
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document discusses the structural analysis of a wound rotor shaft for a 2.1 MW wind turbine operating at various speeds and frequencies. It analyzes a single-piece steel rotor shaft and models its geometry and meshing. It then presents the results of the total deformation, maximum stress, and maximum strain on the shaft material from simulations run at rated speed, over speed, and critical speed for frequencies of 50Hz and 60Hz. The analysis shows the steel material is capable of withstanding the stresses and strains from operating at various speeds and frequencies for the wind turbine application.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document provides an overview of the corrosion performance of automotive metals in biodiesel. It discusses how biodiesel can corrode engine parts made of metals like aluminum, copper, and stainless steel. Biodiesel is more prone to oxidation, moisture absorption, and microbial growth compared to conventional diesel. The oxidation products of biodiesel, such as acids, increase corrosion. Aluminum and copper experience higher corrosion rates in biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. The document reviews the corrosion rates of different metals found in engine components when exposed to biodiesel under static immersion tests.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of Parthenium stem powder for biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions. The study optimized various process parameters like pH, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial lead concentration using response surface methodology. Batch experiments using Box-Behnken design showed that the optimum conditions for maximum lead biosorption were a pH of 5, initial lead concentration of 20 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and fit the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The Parthenium stem powder was found
This document discusses the structural analysis of a wound rotor shaft for a 2.1 MW wind turbine operating at various speeds and frequencies. It analyzes a single-piece steel rotor shaft and models its geometry and meshing. It then presents the results of the total deformation, maximum stress, and maximum strain from running structural simulations on the rotor shaft at various rated speeds, over speeds, and critical speeds at 50Hz and 60Hz frequencies. The analysis shows the steel shaft material is capable of withstanding the stresses and strains from operating at different speeds and frequencies. The conclusion is this analysis can be used to select the best material for the rotor shaft and ensure its proper design.
1) A study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of TIG welded magnesium-lithium alloy plates.
2) The results showed that the microstructure in the fusion zone was refined while the heat affected zone had coarser grains than the base metal.
3) Tensile testing found that the tensile strength of the welded joint was 84% of the base metal strength due to the coarse grains in the heat affected zone causing lower mechanical properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of Parthenium stem powder for biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions. The study optimized various process parameters like pH, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial lead concentration using response surface methodology. Batch experiments using Box-Behnken design showed that the optimum conditions for maximum lead biosorption were a pH of 5, initial lead concentration of 20 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 30 g/L. Kinetic, thermodynamic and isotherm studies demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and fit the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The Parthenium stem powder was found to
This document contains a list of journal papers in a tabular format published between 2014-2019. The table includes the document title, authors, year of publication, and journal for 15 papers related to materials science. Many of the papers focus on characterization and evaluation of wear resistance and corrosion resistance of physical vapor deposited coatings like TiAlN, TiCN, and TiCrN using test methods like ball cratering and polarization. The authors of most papers include P. Vijayasarathi and collaborators.
1) The document describes a study on designing and fabricating a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste.
2) The goals of the study were to produce alternative energy from biogas in an effective and cost-efficient manner, while also generating high-quality fertilizer.
3) Kitchen waste was collected from hostel mess halls at a university to use as feedstock for a 20L laboratory-scale biogas reactor to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion.
This document describes a study investigating the use of Parthenium stem powder for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for lead biosorption based on variables like pH, initial lead concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Experiments were conducted using a Box-Behnken design. The results showed that Parthenium stem powder can reduce lead concentration by up to 72.74% at pH 5, 20 mg/L initial concentration, and 30 g/L adsorbent dosage. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm studies provided insights into the adsorption process.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA1100 aluminum alloy joints. Different welding parameters were tested, including tool rotation speed (800-1400 rpm) and material positioning (advancing vs. retreating side). Microhardness, tensile, and fracture surface tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. Optical and SEM microscopy were used to analyze the microstructural evolution. The goal was to understand how processing parameters affect properties and defect development in similar AA1100 alloy joints.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini biogas plant using kitchen waste. The researchers in India created a small-scale biogas reactor using kitchen waste collected from their university's hostel mess halls. The reactor operated via anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, which is a renewable energy source. The biogas produced was found to contain 55-65% methane and could effectively be used as fuel after processing. Additionally, the leftover slurry provided valuable organic fertilizer for farming. The researchers concluded that kitchen waste is well-suited for small-scale biogas production and that such mini biogas plants can help reduce waste and emissions while generating renewable fuel at the community level.
This document discusses a study on enhancing heat transfer rates in a heat exchanger using nanofluids. The authors constructed an experimental setup with two flow loops - one for heating and one for cooling with a nanofluid. They prepared different concentrations of copper nanoparticle nanofluids in deionized water. Initial experiments measured the baseline heat transfer rate using just water in the system. Subsequent experiments then analyzed heat transfer between the water and low concentration nanofluids and found an enhancement in heat transfer compared to the baseline water experiment. The nanofluids showed potential for improving heat transfer performance of heat exchangers.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(4): October- December, 2015
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2. CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL:
Biodiesel is a new kind of clean, safe, renewable, and
biodegradable engine fuel. It can serve as a potential
replacement for petroleum diesel fuel [4, 5]. The high
molecular organic acids containing 16 and 18 carbon
atoms (oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids) can be present
in biodiesel. The higher saturated fatty acid content
would cause higher oxidative and thermal stability.
Biodiesel is similar in properties to conventional diesel
fuel producing by distillation of crude oil. The boiling
point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 to 357 °C
and of conventional diesel fuel from 180 to 370 °C at 1
atm. In contrast to diesel fuel, biodiesel contains no
sulphur. Emissions of CO, CO2, non-burned
hydrocarbons and particulates are reduced after
combustion of biodiesel comparing with conventional
diesel fuel. Emission of NOx is increased but can be
reduced by use of a catalytic converter. Rudolph Diesel
was the first who used peanut oil as fuel for his engine in
1900 year.
3. ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL:
Mello et al., [6] suggested that vegetable oils represent a
ready, renewable, and clean energy source that has
shown promise as a substitute to petroleum diesel for
diesel engines. Edible oils like soybean, rapeseed,
sunflower, and palm oil are being used for the
production of biodiesel. Kegl, et al., [7] reported that
mostly the advantages of biodiesel such as higher
lubricity than conventional fuels, biodiesel is 100%
renewable when the alcohol used in the synthesis process
is also renewable, it is biodegradable, non-toxic, has
higher flash point, and has superior potential to reduce
emissions, especially the particulate, CO, aromatic and
polyaromatic compounds, from the exhaust pipes of the
cars.
The advantages of biofuel are
(i) It is quite analogous to fossil based diesel fuel and
possesses characteristics similar to that of diesel.
(ii) It offers high cetane number and is almost free from
sulphur
(iii) Studies have revealed lower level of emission of
pollutants which are potentially harmful to human being,
with bio diesel.
4. OXIDATIVE NATURE OF BIODIESEL:
Besides being an eco-friendly fuel, biodiesel has some
unfavourable characteristics such as oxidative instability,
can provide slightly lower engine performances such as
engine power and torque and higher fuel consumption
[8-10].
Even though the main concerns associated with the
biofuel are
(i) Poor oxidation stability in storage,
(ii) Acid attack on fuel system components and
(iii) During the combustion of biofuel at the dynamic
conditions of temperature, load and pressure, it causes
corrosion of the fuel system components.
(iv) Biodiesel also ought to be of high purity for its
compatibility in CI engines. Therefore, incomplete
conversion or inadequate purification (by water washing
or other means) may result in impurities such as
glycerol, free fatty acids, alcohol, and catalyst, causing
deposits in the engine, corrosion, and ultimately failure
of the fuel [11].
Janun and Ellis have reported that water can also cause
hydrolysis of biodiesel that is composed of esters to fatty
acids, furthering corrosive. The water content in
biodiesel can convert the fatty acid alkyl esters
(biodiesel) to fatty acids through a reversible reaction.
The oxidative behaviour of biodiesel enhances corrosion
and wear of engine parts in contact with biodiesel [12].
Sarin et al., have described that during oxidation process,
the fatty acid methyl ester usually forms a radical next to
double bond and then quickly bonds with the oxygen
from air. This process may change the fuel properties
including viscosity, total acid number, density, iodine
value, pour point, cloud point etc. Increased acidity and
peroxide value as a result of oxidation reactions can also
cause the corrosion of fuel system components,
hardening of rubber components and fusion of moving
components [13]. Scendo has explained that in the
presence of oxygen, metal could easily be oxidized to
different oxides and later it forms different metal
compounds by further oxidation [14]. This is why in
most cases, biodiesel exposed metal surface shows
higher oxygenated species. In addition, the ester
molecules of biodiesel are more hygroscopic and polar in
nature [15, 16] as compared to diesel.
The oxidation stability of biodiesel is low, and it is
necessary to measure because it describes the
degradation tendency. The degradation is accelerated by
the air, humidity and UV radiation. The oxidation
products of biodiesel are peroxides, hydroperoxides,
mono-carboxylic acids (e.g. formic acid, acetic acid,
propionic acid and caproic acid), aldehydes, ketones and
alcohols. The presence of acids increases the total acid
number and potential issues of corrosion [17,18].
Torsner has explained the features that make biodiesel
more corrosive and a higher degradation potential than
diesel are the following [19]:
1. Biodiesel aging plays an important role, as well as
vegetable oils, it becomes rancid in a matter of weeks.
2. It has higher electrical conductivity.
3. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(4): October- December, 2015
457
3. Dissolved water up to 10 times. This makes it more
prone to corrosion influenced by micro organisms,
besides causing the hydrolysis of esters.
4. As a solvent may accelerate the degradation of
polymers and elastomers, causing its swelling and loss of
mechanical properties.
However, biofuels have some disadvantages, mainly
their compatibility with materials which are widely used
in contact with conventional fuels. Based on the biofuel
handling and guidelines report, corrosive characteristics
of biofuel are important for long term durability of
storage tanks and pipelines.
5. CORROSIVE NATURE OF VARIOUS
METALS BY BIODIESEL:
A large variety of metals and non-metals are used as the
material of construction for the various components of
the fuel system. The main components of the diesel fuel
system that comes in contact with biodiesel are the diesel
fuel tank, fuel filter, lift pump, plunger pump, priming
pump, injection pump and the injection nozzles. In a
basic diesel fuel system, the fuel tank stores the diesel
fuel and lines deliver the pressurised fuel around the
system. The fuel filter removes abrasive and water
particles from fuel. Then it is sent to the lift pump and
then to the injection pump, by creating a pressure
difference. The injection pump delivers an accurate
amount of fuel under very high pressure. And then
through the injector nozzle, it sprayed to the combustion
chamber [20].
Cole and Sherman have described that the most of the
components of biofuel system are made up of ferrous
metals are steel and cast iron, non ferrous metals are
aluminium and copper alloy. While the non-metallic
substances basically include elastomers. And they have
reported that corrosion becomes an important aspect in
usage of biodiesel fuel because many of the engine parts
are composed of metals such as aluminium, copper and
its alloys, and stainless steel [21] that may be prone to
corrosion. Fazal et. al., [22] have explained that the
percent of aluminium in engine components includes
piston (100%), cylinder heads (70%), and engine blocks
(19%). Pumps and injectors are often composed of
copper and its alloys. Parts composed of stainless steel
include fuel filter, valve bodies, nozzle, and pump ring.
Fuel degradation varies with the specific metal used.
Based on the observation that biodiesel degrades through
moisture absorption, auto-oxidation, and microbial
attack during storage, Fazal et al. [22] tested corrosion of
aluminium, copper, and stainless steel in petro diesel and
palm biodiesel. The static immersion test conducted on
B100 and diesel was done at 80 ◦C for 600 and 1200 h
and an agitation rate of 250 rpm. The corrosion rate in
copper, aluminium, and carbon steel has been found to
be 0.586, 0.202, and 0.015 mils per year (mpy),
respectively in palm biodiesel. In diesel, the rate of
corrosion was less and found to be less than 0.3 mpy for
copper, less than 0.15 mpy for aluminium, and was
almost the same for carbon steel (0.015 mpy). Haseeb et
al. [23] dealt with compatibility issues of automotive
materials with biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel has been reported
to cause corrosive as well as tribological wear on the
metallic parts and elastomers in the engine. The
tribological contact leads to removal of metal from the
surface through abrasion, adhesion, corrosion, scuffing,
and additive depletion. This causes mechanical damage
to the surface of the metallic parts of the engine.
Automobile engines have three major types of materials:
ferrous alloys, non-ferrous alloys, and elastomers. The
ferrous and non-ferrous metallic parts undergo corrosion
through chemical/ electrochemical attack and wear after
coming into contact with biodiesel. A synergetic effect
of corrosion and wear is thus caused in the metallic
materials in contact with biodiesel. Ferrous alloys have
better compatibility with biodiesel than non-ferrous
ones. Copper alloys are more prone to corrosion than
ferrous alloys. Fluorocarbons, a new group of
compounds, have high resistance to corrosion. The
enhanced rate of corrosion has been attributed to higher
temperature and to the agitation of metal specimen in the
fluid provided during the test [22, 24]. The extent of
corrosion in biodiesel increases with the blend ratio and
oxidation due to its contact with atmospheric oxygen.
Biodiesel also has a strong tendency to absorb moisture
from the atmosphere and undergo hydrolysis or
hydrolytic oxidation. Oxidation of biodiesel or
hydrolysis of the fuel causes degradation of biodiesel
and corrosion of the steel-based container. Thus, the
vicious circle begins, with corrosion further resulting in
formation of sediments that get deposited on various
engine parts such as injectors and pumps. The flow of
the fuel to the engine is reduced, which results in a
pressure drop across filters [25]. Haseeb et al.[26],
explained that diesel engine components are made from
a variety of metals, non-metals, and elastomers. The
main parts of the engine/vehicle that come in contact
with fuel are fuel tank, fuel feed pump, fuel lines, fuel
filter, fuel pump, fuel injector cylinder, piston assembly,
and exhaust system. These engine/vehicle parts are made
of metallic (i.e., steel, stainless steel, copper, aluminium,
copper-based alloy, aluminium-based alloy, iron-based
alloy, gray-cast iron, specialcast iron, cast aluminium,
forged aluminium, sand-cast aluminium, die-cast
aluminium, and aluminium fiber) and non-metallic
materials (i.e., elastomer, plastics, paint, coating, cork,
rubber, ceramic fiber, and even paper). The fuel comes
in contact with the various engine parts and its
accessories at varying temperature, velocity, load,
sliding, and physical state. It has been found that either
4. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(4): October- December, 2015
458
the impurities in biodiesel or the deterioration of
biodiesel through oxidation enhances the corrosiveness
of the fuel. Hence, in this section it is presented as a
review of the literature where it has been assessed the
compatibility of biofuel with different materials.
5.1. Aluminium:
Diaz et al. appraise the consequence of canola biodiesel,
containing assorted levels of contaminants (residual
catalyst, methanol, glycerol and water) on pure
aluminium using electrochemical techniques. This study
showed that aluminium corrosion in biodiesel is
intimately correlated to the degree of purity of the
biofuel. Therefore, the quality is crucial to prevent
damage to the metal [27]. An assessment of aluminium
(99% commercially pure) corrosion in diesel and palm
biodiesel by static immersion was performed.
Aluminium experienced higher pitting corrosion in
biodiesel than that in diesel. The surface morphology of
aluminium strips showed a higher pitting corrosion value
for biodiesel (80% and 18%, respectfully) compared to
diesel (54% and 10%, respectfully) [22]. Ballote et al.
[28] used electrochemical techniques to determine the
effect of corrosion in biodiesel samples exposed to
aluminium during different stages of washing. The
corrosion process occurred in the same manner as if
aluminium was exposed to aqueous or ethanol alkaline
solution. The electrochemical measurements were done
by Potentiostat / Galvanostat in a three electrode cell.
During the initial wash, the open circuit potential (Eocp)
showed a high negative value (−600 mV), which might
have occurred due to reaction of aluminium with
biodiesel. Repeated washing of biodiesel by water
resulted in a positive of Eocp value, which was attributed
to the use of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide
as homogeneous catalyst which forms Al(OH)3 as a
passive layer. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) was
negative (below −500 mV) through six washing cycles,
but increased to −50 mV after the seventh wash cycle.
The corrosion current density also decreased with the
number of wash cycles (from 10 nA/cm2
to 0.10
nA/cm2
). Kaul et al. [29] demonstrated that the
corrosion rates for aluminium exposed to biodiesel
produced from Jatropha curcas (Jatropha), Pongamia
pinnata (Karanja), Madhuca indica (Mahua), and
Salvadora oleoides (Salvadora) were 0.0784, 0.0065,
0.1329, and 0.1988 mpy, respectively. Chen et al. [30]
investigated the corrosion effect of the biodiesel and
bioethanol on seven kinds of common metallic materials
at room temperature through metal immersion tests.
Aluminium alloy surface turned into the corrosion spots
after being immersed in the bioethanol, whereas the
pitting corrosion showed on the surfaces of carbon steel
and cast iron with the biodiesel.
5.2. Steel:
Boonyongmaneerat et al. [31] studied that the bare steel
was highly prone to corrosion owing to degradation of
the fuel through oxidation and hydrolysis. Grainawi and
Jakab [32] was evaluated the corrosion rate of steel in
biodiesel and diesel-biodiesel blends using gravimetric
techniques, optical examination of pitting and
electrochemical characterization. Some of the samples
contained water to simulate the worst conditions. The
specimens were exposed to biodiesel and blends for a
period of 12 weeks at slightly elevated temperatures, to
simulate the conditions of a typical fuel tank for a period
of 12 months. The average corrosion rates calculated
from the gravimetric tests were below 0.04 mm/year,
indicating excellent corrosion resistance. Maru et al.
[33], analyzed the interaction between three fuels
(petroleum diesel and two types of biodiesel — soybean
and sunflower) and structural carbon steel ASTM A36.
Results highlighted weight loss of carbon steel exposed
to biodiesel was slightly higher than diesel. Moreover,
the soybean biodiesel proved to be less reactive to the
metal than the sunflower biofuel. These findings were
contrary with the general statement that biodiesel is inert
to carbon steel.
Kaminski and Kurzydlowski was performed an
investigation of the corrosion resistance of carbon steel
in a diesel oil solution containing different amounts of
fatty acid methyl ester (as the bio component) and micro
organisms. It was concluded that the corrosion rate of
steel A 765(IV) in the interface water-fuel is dependent
on the concentration of bacteria degrading fuel and on
forming of three-component system biofuel-esters-water
in environments with a high content of FAME. In the
presence of sulphate reduction bacteria (SRB), an
increase of the corrosion rate is observed [34]. Tsuchiya
et al. [35], tested a terne sheet of steel by immersion in
diesel and at a maximum of B5 at 80 °C. Terne sheet is a
Pb–8% Sn coated rolled steel sheet which is commonly
used to fabricate fuel tanks. After 500 h, it was observed
pitting corrosion on the material surface of the sample in
B2 and B5 blends. Steel is an alloy comprised mostly of
iron and has a carbon content ranging from 0.2 to 2.1%
by weight. The carbon content in the steel could be a
reason for its high resistance to corrosion due to the fact
that carbon has a high corrosion resistance. Steel has
been found to show high resistance to corrosion in
biodiesel blends as evidenced from electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [36]. However, Prieto et
al. [37] reported that biodiesel is more conductive
electrically compared to gasoline and diesel and may
cause galvanic metal corrosion in steel. Maru et al. [33]
tested strips of structural carbon steel (CS) and high
density polyethylene (HDPE) exposed to soyabean
biodiesel, sunflower biodiesel, and diesel using static
emersion tests (SET), observing weight loss, and
5. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(4): October- December, 2015
459
observing the surface by optical, scanning electron, and
atomic force microscopy. The time span of the test was
between 60 and 115 days. Although the weight of the CS
strips did not change with exposure to biodiesel for 60
days, the soybean biodiesel was found to be more
compatible with carbon steel than sunflower biodiesel
and even diesel. The weight loss that occurred in carbon
steel after 115 days was quite low (around 10−5 g) and
only slightly higher in biodiesel. In a recent study, Fazal
et al. [38] tested the effect of corrosion on mild steel
dipped in biodiesel and diesel at temperatures of 27, 50,
and 80 ◦C. Corrosion rate increased with increasing
temperature in the diesel (B0) and biodiesel, especially
B50 and B100. The study of surface morphology of the
test coupons suggested that the depth attack was more
prominent with metal surfaces exposed to biodiesel than
those exposed to diesel. Elemental analysis of the metal
samples also revealed presence of oxygen on their
surfaces, which increased at higher temperature,
indicating oxidation of the metal surface. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed two phases in diesel
exposed metal: Fe(OH)3 and Fe2O3. In the biodiesel-
exposed metal, a new, third, Fe2O2CO3 phase was
observed in addition to Fe(OH)3 and Fe2O3. The
formation of the Fe2O2CO3 phase has been attributed to
absorption of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere.
Cast iron forms a small concentration of Fe2O3 and Fe
(OH)2 in diesel while relatively higher amount of FeCO3,
Fe2O3, Fe(OH)2, Fe2(OH)2CO3 is formed in biodiesel.
The colour of biodiesel exposed cast iron was changed to
black-reddish rust from its original grey colour. It is
believed that the formation of FeCO3, Fe2O3, Fe(OH)2,
Fe2(OH)2CO3 causes black-reddish colour of cast iron
surface.[39]
5.3. Copper:
Corrosion characteristics of copper in palm biodiesel
have been assessed. Pitting corrosion and coloration
changes were observed in the surface of copper. The
colour is associated with the type of oxide species
formed. It was found a correlation between the biodiesel
concentration and corrosion rate [23]. Fazal et al. [22],
have studied and compared the corrosive characteristics
of petroleum diesel and palm biodiesel for automotive
materials. One of them was copper. It was found that
copper is very susceptible to attack by biodiesel (B100),
reflected by weight loss and corrosion rate measurement,
density of pits, and results from inductively coupled
plasma test. Also, it was determined that copper acts as a
strong catalyst oxidizing palm biodiesel. Currently, the
level of corrosion in biodiesel fuel is specified by the
‘copper strip corrosion test’ and determined by ASTM D
93 specifications [40]. A polished copper strip is
immersed in a specified volume of biodiesel for a
specific time and temperature. The copper strip is then
removed and washed. The color of the strip is then
assessed as per the ASTM standard [41]. However, the
‘copper strip corrosion test’ provides limited information
with respect to corrosiveness as it measures the level of
corrosion that will occur when copper is present as
metal. The level of corrosion also depends on the type of
alloy in contact with biodiesel fuel. In general, copper
alloys have been found to be more corrosive than the
ferrous alloys [42]. Sgroi et. al., was explained that the
oil burner filter components made of copper and copper
alloys were found to corrode in biodiesel, resulting in the
fuel being contaminated with copper ions. The copper
content increased from 0.1 to 21 ppm after 2 h contact
with the fuel when analyzed on Inductively Coupled
Plasma (ICP) [43]. The surface morphology of copper
strips showed a higher pitting corrosion value for
biodiesel (80% and 18%, respectfully) compared to
diesel (54% and 10%, respectfully).[23] The mechanism
of pitting corrosion has been proposed by Mankowski et
al. [44] stated that copper interacts with atmospheric
oxygen to form CuO/CuCO3 in the outer layer, followed
by Cu2O in the inner layer. The same mechanism occurs
in biodiesel that is rich in oxygen (approximately 11%
elemental oxygen). Fazal et al. [22] found that biodiesel
exposed to the various metal strips for 1200 h at 80 ◦C
changed color due to formation of metal oxide. While
copper carbonate yielded a pale green color in biodiesel,
red colored cuprite oxide was dominant in diesel.
Biodiesel was exposed to metal and heated with and
without copper. Several new products (i.e., acids, short
chain esters, and ketones) were formed with and without
copper. The biodiesel exposed to copper resulted in
formation of some new products such as 9-octadecenoic
acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid,
and 9-octadecanoic acid. The drawbacks of corrosion are
dual in nature as the change in fuel composition due to
corrosion results in degradation of fuel properties of the
biodiesel. Meenakshi et. al. [45] concluded that
corrosion rates of copper in Pongamia pinnata oil are
found to be higher than brass. Hu et. al., [46] concluded
that the corrosion effects of biodiesel on copper and
carbon steel are more severe than those on aluminium
and stainless steel. The corrosion rates of copper, carbon
steel, aluminium, and stainless steel in biodiesel are
0.02334, 0.01819, 0.00324, and 0.00087 mm/year,
respectively. The corrosion mechanism of biodiesel on
metals should mostly be attributed to the chemical
corrosion. The corrosion products were primarily fatty
acid salts or metal oxides.
XRD pattern obtained by Fazal et al., [39] on diesel
exposed copper surface indicates the presence of CuO,
Cu2O, Cu(OH)2 along with base metal. Biodiesel
exposed copper surface shows comparatively higher
concentration of CuCO3 along with other copper
6. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(4): October- December, 2015
460
compounds such as CuO, Cu2O, Cu(OH)2,
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 etc.
5.4. Stainless steel:
Tang et al., was determined the microbial corrosion
resistance of stainless steel 304 in diesel, biodiesel and
blends (B5, B20, B35, B50) with the presence of bacteria
was determined. The results showed that stainless steel
304 in the biofuel environment is characterized with a
high corrosion resistance [18]. Fazal et al. [22], studied
the corrosion behaviour of stainless steel 316 in diesel
and palm biodiesel through immersion tests at 80°C. It
was concluded that stainless steel it is compatible with
biodiesel. In biodiesel-run engines, a high chrome
stainless steel has been used to make oil nozzles and was
found to be resistant to corrosion when exposed to
biodiesel [43]. Diana and Sonia [47] have concluded
that the corrosion effects on mild carbon steel are more
severe than those on stainless steel and Monel steel,
probably because of the chemical corrosion that is acting
more easily on the mild carbon steel surface because of
the reaction of the mild ferrous material with the species
from biodiesel. The corrosion rates of mild carbon steel,
stainless steel and Monel steel in biodiesel are 0.000514
mm/year, 0.000421 mm/year and 0.000045 mm/year.
5.5. Bronze:
Sgroi et al., [43] observed pitting corrosion on sintered
bronze filters in oil nozzle after 10 h of operation with
biodiesel at 70 °C. Haseeb et al. [23] evaluated the
corrosive effects of palm biodiesel to leaded bronze at
different blends with diesel, B0, B50 and B100. The
metallic material experienced higher corrosion rate with
the increasing of biodiesel concentration. Also, it was
suggested that the degree of corrosivity of biodiesel is
associated with an important parameter known as total
acid number, which reflects the amount of free fatty
acids present in the biofuel. Moreover, chemical
composition and the presence of unsaturated fatty acids
determine if it is more prone to oxidation. Corrosion
was observed on the bronze filter incorporated in the oil
nozzle after 10 h operation using biodiesel at 70◦
C.
Pitting corrosion was also observed after several hours of
operation with biodiesel fuel [43]. Geller et al. [48]
reported that copper and brass are prone to corrosion as
observed by weight loss through pitting and deposits
covering the surface. As these materials are slowly
corroded by the biodiesel, they leach tiny amounts of
copper and zinc atoms into the fuel itself. As a result,
they serve to catalyze the degradation of the biodiesel.
Biodiesel that has been contaminated in such a way, will
experience a dramatic reduction in shelf life, and will
often develop sludge or sediments in the fuel system of a
vehicle
5.6. Miscellaneous:
Torsner had mentioned that only metallic materials
compatible and recommended being used with biodiesel
are stainless steel and aluminium [19]. Materials like
brass, copper, zinc, bronze, lead and tin are incompatible
with biodiesel and can accelerate the biofuel
degradation, leading to the formation of insoluble
(sediments) and salts or gels when reacted with one of
the fuel components [49]. The effect of biodiesel fuel
made from rapeseed oil on the corrosion properties of
copper, mild carbon steel, aluminium and stainless steel
was studied and compared with those of diesel fuel. The
metals were immersed in the fuels at 60°C for 60 days. It
was observed that corrosive effects of biodiesel on
copper and carbon steel are more severe than those on
aluminium and stainless steel [50]. Lee et al., [51]
conducted an investigation on characterizing
microbiologically influenced corrosion in biodiesel (B5,
B20, B80, B100) and diesel with water content. They
found biodiesel had the highest propensity for
biofouling. Carbon steel (C1020), stainless steel
(SS304L) and aluminium (A5052) were the alloys tested.
Carbon steel showed passive behavior in B100 and
biodiesel-diesel blends, but active uniform corrosion in
diesel. Stainless steel remained passive in all exposures
while A5052 was susceptible to pitting corrosion. The
degradation of different automotive materials, copper,
brass, aluminium and cast iron in palm biodiesel was
investigated by static immersion test. Upon exposure to
palm biodiesel, the degradation order for the different
metals was: copper > brass > aluminium > cast iron.
Each metal presented higher degradation in biodiesel
than that in diesel [39].
Aquino et. al., [52] was conducted an evaluation of the
influence of natural light incidence and temperature in
the corrosion rate of brass and copper immersed in
commercial biodiesel. The tests were performed at room
temperature and 55°C in light presence and absence. The
results showed that both materials corroded with a higher
rate in the presence of light at higher temperature and
influenced by dissolved oxygen in the biodiesel.
Boonyongmaneerat et al. [31] studied that pure nickel
metal was found to offer a high corrosion resistance to
biodiesel and its vapours during the SIT. The nickel–
tungsten alloy showed high occurrence of corrosion in
just 1–2 months. After 3 months, water content of
biodiesel increased from 700 to 1800 ppm, which was
indicative of the water absorption capacity of biodiesel.
However, the acid value increased from just 0.8 to 1.1
mg KOH/g in the 2-month period. The absorption
solvent and the relaxation of polymer chains increased
mass and swelling of the nitrile rubber and
polychloroprene. Increased cross linking agent results in
more swelling. In polychloroprene, glycol
dimethacrylates present as cross-linking agent resulted in
7. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(4): October- December, 2015
461
lower swelling in fuels compared to nitrile rubber.
Swelling increased with increase in biodiesel content in
the fuel. Elastomers include polar as well as non-polar
substances. Thus, the polar end of the biodiesel (present
in esters) interacts with the elastomers through dipole–
dipole interaction, causing them to swell. This has been
attributed to higher liquid absorption as compared to the
extraction of soluble components from the elastomer.
Increasing temperature had varying effect on elastomers.
While increased swelling was observed in nitrile rubber,
decreased swelling was observed in polychloroprene and
almost no change was observed in fluoroviton A at 50◦
C.
The reason attributed for loss in mass and volume in
polychloroprene is its containing polychloroprene, which
is stable at low temperature and thus its polar group gets
dissolved in biodiesel, causing reduced weight and
volume. A decrease in tensile strength was observed in
nitrile rubber and polychloroprene. However, no change
in tensile strength was observed in fluoro-viton. Analysis
by FTIR spectrometry showed presence of carbon–
carbon double bonds that may have resulted from
reaction between the methylene or vinyl groups of nitrile
rubber. The degradation of nitrile rubber and
polychloroprene in biodiesel has been attributed to the
carboxylic polar groups present in biodiesel. Haseeb et
al. [53] tested the physical properties of various
elastomers on their exposure to diesel and biodiesel
(prepared from palm oil). When exposed to biodiesel,
elastomers are affected in two ways: first by absorption
of liquid by elastomers and second, by dissolution of
soluble components from the elastomers in the liquid
medium. Swelling was the result of high absorption
amount by elastomers in comparison to their dissolution
in the fuel.
6. CONCLUSION:
Based on the investigations carried out by the several
researchers, the following conclusions have been
summarized:
This review demonstrates that corrosion is higher with
biodiesel than fossil fuel. It is vital to ensure the
optimum performance of the equipment, machinery and
transport system involved along the biofuel supply chain.
Also, it is important to the development of official
regulations, which specify with precision the biofuel
compatible materials to be used. The metallic material
experienced higher corrosion rate with the increasing of
biodiesel concentration. The ferrous and non-ferrous
metallic parts undergo corrosion through chemical/
electrochemical attack and wear after coming into
contact with biodiesel. A synergetic effect of corrosion
and wear is thus caused in the metallic materials in
contact with biodiesel. Ferrous alloys have better
compatibility with biodiesel than non-ferrous ones.
Copper alloys are more prone to corrosion than ferrous
alloys. Upon exposure to biodiesel, the degradation
order for the different metals was: copper > bronze >
aluminium > cast iron. The corrosive effects of biodiesel
on copper and carbon steel are more severe than those on
aluminium and stainless steel.
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