Overview of Performance Evaluation
Intro & Objective
The Art of Performance Evaluation
Professional Organizations, Journals, and conferences.
Performance Projects
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Selection of Techniques and Metrics
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This chapter introduces discrete-event simulation and outlines the key steps in a simulation study. It defines simulation as imitating the operation of a real-world process over time through a conceptual model. Simulation allows experimenting with "what if" scenarios to analyze the potential effects of changes. The chapter describes when simulation is an appropriate tool, its advantages and disadvantages, common application areas, and components of systems and models. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous systems and events, and outlines the development process for discrete-event simulation models.
Practical DoDAF Presentation to International Council on Systems Engineering Washington Metro Area by Steven H. Dam Ph.D., ESEP, founder of SPEC Innovations
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) collect, store, and modify data from daily business transactions. TPS have features like rapid response, reliability, and inflexibility as they treat all transactions equally. There are two main types of TPS - batch processing, where data is collected and processed later, and real-time processing, where data is processed immediately. Data warehouses are large databases used to support management decision making through analysis of historical data from various sources.
This document discusses management information systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. MIS are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities. The key components of information systems are discussed including software, hardware, telecommunications, people, procedures, and data. The four stages of processing data into information are also outlined. Some ethical and societal issues with information systems are raised. The types and uses of MIS in customer relationship management are briefly described. An overview of the history and evolution of business information systems from the 1970s to present is provided. The future of artificial intelligence in executive information systems is mentioned. Finally, the roles of information systems in different business functions like accounting, finance,
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data about business transactions. TPS are designed to efficiently process large volumes of routine transactions through automation. The objectives of a TPS are to accurately process transaction data, maintain data integrity, produce timely reports, and increase efficiency. A TPS has users within the owning organization and participants who conduct transactions. It uses either batch processing, where transactions are collected and processed in batches, or online transaction processing, where each transaction is immediately processed. The transaction processing cycle includes data collection, editing, correction, manipulation, storage, and document production.
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This chapter introduces discrete-event simulation and outlines the key steps in a simulation study. It defines simulation as imitating the operation of a real-world process over time through a conceptual model. Simulation allows experimenting with "what if" scenarios to analyze the potential effects of changes. The chapter describes when simulation is an appropriate tool, its advantages and disadvantages, common application areas, and components of systems and models. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous systems and events, and outlines the development process for discrete-event simulation models.
This chapter introduces discrete-event simulation and outlines the key steps in a simulation study. It defines simulation as imitating the operation of a real-world process over time through a conceptual model. Simulation allows experimenting with "what if" scenarios to analyze the potential effects of changes. The chapter describes when simulation is an appropriate tool, its advantages and disadvantages, common application areas, and components of systems and models. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous systems and events. The final sections outline the development of a discrete-event simulation model and the steps of verifying and validating the model.
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Introduction to simulation and modeling will describe what is simulation, what is system and what is model. It will give a brief overview of simulation and modeling in computer science.
System modeling and simulation involves creating simplified representations of real-world systems to understand and evaluate their behavior over time. A system is composed of interconnected parts designed to achieve specific objectives. A model abstracts and simplifies a system for analysis. Simulation executes a model over time to observe how a system operates. It allows experimenting with systems that may be too expensive, dangerous or complex to study directly. Simulation has many uses including analyzing systems before implementation, optimizing designs, training, and evaluating "what-if" scenarios. Key areas where simulation is applied include manufacturing, business, healthcare, transportation and the military.
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This document discusses modeling and simulation. It defines a model as a representation of an object, system, or idea that is different from the actual entity. Models are used to test systems without creating real versions, predict future behavior, train users safely, and investigate systems in detail. The document outlines different types of modeling including physics-based, finite element, data-based, multi-scale, mathematical, and hybrid modeling. It also discusses conceptual modeling and creating block diagrams to represent systems as subsystems and connections. Criteria for separating systems into subsystems include anatomy, function, and measurability of inputs and outputs.
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This document provides an introduction to discrete-event system simulation. It discusses key concepts such as the difference between discrete-event and discrete-time simulation, examples of when simulation is appropriate to use and not use, components of a simulation model including entities, attributes, events and state, and the typical steps involved in a simulation study including problem formulation, model building, running the model, and implementation. The document also provides examples of areas where simulation is commonly applied such as manufacturing, logistics, healthcare and more.
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This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation. It defines modeling as representing a system to enable predicting the effects of changes. Simulation involves running experiments on a model. The key steps in modeling and simulation projects are: 1) identifying the problem, 2) formulating and developing the model, 3) validating the model, 4) designing simulation experiments, 5) performing simulations, and 6) analyzing and presenting results. Modeling and simulation can be used for a variety of purposes including education, design evaluation, forecasting, and risk assessment.
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1. This document provides an introduction to modeling and simulation. It discusses what modeling and simulation are, and the types of problems they can address.
2. Simulation involves operating a model of a system to study the system's properties without actually changing the real system. It allows experimenting with different configurations to evaluate and optimize system performance.
3. Developing a simulation model involves identifying the system components and relationships between them. Validating the model and performing simulation experiments then allows making recommendations to improve the real system.
This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation. It discusses what modeling and simulation are, the steps in developing a simulation model, designing a simulation experiment, and analyzing simulation output. It also provides an example of simulating a machine shop with multiple work stations to determine resource utilization under different arrival patterns. The key steps in a simulation study are problem formulation, model development, experiment design, output analysis and recommendations.
1 MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION Module out.docxjeremylockett77
1
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION
Module outline:
• What is Simulation?
• Simulation Terminology
• Components of a System
• Models in Simulation
• Typical applications
• References
WHAT IS SIMULATION?
simulation may be defined as a technique that imitates the operation of a real world
system or processes as it evolves over time. It involves the generation of an artificial
history of the system and observation of that artificial history to obtain information and
draw inferences about the operating characteristics of the real system. Simulation
educates us on how a system operates and how the system might respond to changes. It
enables us to test alternative courses of action to determine their impact on system
performance. Before an alternative is implemented, it must be tested. Although
performing tests with the “real thing” would be ideal. This is seldom practically feasible.
The cost associated with changing/improving a system may be very high both in the
term of capital required to implement the change and losses due to interruption in
production operations and other losses. In most cases experimentation with the
proposed alternative is practically impossible. In addition, as the cost of proposed
changes (alternative solutions) increase, so does the cost of physically experimenting.
As an example, suppose a heavy-duty conveyor is being considered as an alternative to
the existing material handling method (by trucks) for improving productivity and
speeding up the production operations in a factory (seeFigre3). It is obvious that
installing the proposed conveyor on a test basis would probably not be cost effective.
Therefore, experimentation with alternative configurations would be practically
impossible. In stead, experimentation with a representative model of the system would
probably make more sense.
Simulation is a means of experimenting with a detailed model of a real system to
Determine how the system will respond to changes in its environment, structure, and its
underlying assumption [Harrel (1996)]. Management Scientist uses a wide variety of
analytical tools to model, analyze, and solve complex decision problems. These tool
include linear programming, decision analysis, forecasting, Queuing theory and
Alternative 1: Use lift-truck
2
Point A Point B
(Warehouse) (Factory)
Alternative 2: use a conveyor
Point A
(warehouse ) . . . . . . . . Point B
...
A brief introduction to network simulation and the difference between simulator and emulator along with the most important types of simulations techniques.
Simulation involves imitating the operation of a real-world process over time, usually on a computer. It is widely used for decision making and analyzing complex systems that cannot be solved mathematically. A simulation study involves problem formulation, model conceptualization, validation, experimentation, and implementation. Key aspects of a model include entities, attributes, resources, variables, events, and activities.
The document discusses formal specification techniques for software development. It covers formal specification as part of formal methods, which use mathematical representation and analysis. It also discusses different formal specification techniques like algebraic approaches, model-based approaches, and interface specification. While formal methods have limitations and challenges, they can be useful for safety-critical applications by reducing errors and rework.
The document discusses securing query processing in cloud computing environments. It identifies three key requirements for secure query processing: 1) authenticating users and machines, 2) securing data transfer across machines, and 3) ensuring integrity of query results. The document also analyzes existing and proposed systems for wireless multi-hop networks, including analyzing performance under different conditions.
The document discusses dependability analysis and enhancement of real-time embedded systems. It presents the thesis that integrated structural and functional modeling enables more accurate dependability analysis and enhancement by considering factors like control algorithms, system environment. The objective is to develop fault models, an integrated simulation environment, and methods to improve a system's resistance to faults. A case study on an anti-lock braking system is used to test transient and abstract fault injection and handling.
This document defines simulation and discusses its uses and limitations. Simulation involves developing a model of a system and running experiments on that model to understand the system's behavior and evaluate changes. It is best used when testing potential changes is too complex, costly or disruptive for the real system. The key advantages are exploring "what if" scenarios without impacting operations and compressing or expanding time. Potential challenges include the expertise required and interpreting results. Simulation has wide applications in manufacturing, military, transportation and other domains.
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This chapter introduces discrete-event simulation and outlines the key steps in a simulation study. It defines simulation as imitating the operation of a real-world process over time through a conceptual model. Simulation allows experimenting with "what if" scenarios to analyze the potential effects of changes. The chapter describes when simulation is an appropriate tool, its advantages and disadvantages, common application areas, and components of systems and models. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous systems and events. The final sections outline the development of a discrete-event simulation model and the steps of verifying and validating the model.
This document provides an overview of discrete-event system simulation. It discusses what simulation is, when it is appropriate to use, its advantages and disadvantages. It also covers components of a system like entities, attributes, events. Different types of models are described - static vs dynamic and deterministic vs stochastic. Various application areas of simulation are listed like manufacturing, logistics, military etc.
Introduction to simulation and modeling will describe what is simulation, what is system and what is model. It will give a brief overview of simulation and modeling in computer science.
System modeling and simulation involves creating simplified representations of real-world systems to understand and evaluate their behavior over time. A system is composed of interconnected parts designed to achieve specific objectives. A model abstracts and simplifies a system for analysis. Simulation executes a model over time to observe how a system operates. It allows experimenting with systems that may be too expensive, dangerous or complex to study directly. Simulation has many uses including analyzing systems before implementation, optimizing designs, training, and evaluating "what-if" scenarios. Key areas where simulation is applied include manufacturing, business, healthcare, transportation and the military.
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This document discusses the role of operations research and simulation modeling in developing a cybernetic dynamic simulation model of a manufacturing supply chain system. It notes that production planning is a key but complex component that benefits from mathematical algorithms and computer modeling. Simulation allows analyzing complex systems with many variables and obtaining solutions that aren't possible with closed-form equations. The document provides examples of why simulation is useful and discusses representing real-world processes and testing different configurations and policies.
This document discusses modeling and simulation. It defines a model as a representation of an object, system, or idea that is different from the actual entity. Models are used to test systems without creating real versions, predict future behavior, train users safely, and investigate systems in detail. The document outlines different types of modeling including physics-based, finite element, data-based, multi-scale, mathematical, and hybrid modeling. It also discusses conceptual modeling and creating block diagrams to represent systems as subsystems and connections. Criteria for separating systems into subsystems include anatomy, function, and measurability of inputs and outputs.
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This document provides an introduction to discrete-event system simulation. It discusses key concepts such as the difference between discrete-event and discrete-time simulation, examples of when simulation is appropriate to use and not use, components of a simulation model including entities, attributes, events and state, and the typical steps involved in a simulation study including problem formulation, model building, running the model, and implementation. The document also provides examples of areas where simulation is commonly applied such as manufacturing, logistics, healthcare and more.
This document provides an introduction to computer simulation. It discusses how simulation can be used to model real systems on a computer in order to understand system behavior and evaluate alternatives. It describes different types of models including iconic, symbolic, deterministic, stochastic, static, dynamic, continuous and discrete models. Monte Carlo simulation is introduced as a technique that uses random numbers. The document outlines the steps in a simulation study and provides examples of systems and their components that can be modeled using simulation.
This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation. It defines modeling as representing a system to enable predicting the effects of changes. Simulation involves running experiments on a model. The key steps in modeling and simulation projects are: 1) identifying the problem, 2) formulating and developing the model, 3) validating the model, 4) designing simulation experiments, 5) performing simulations, and 6) analyzing and presenting results. Modeling and simulation can be used for a variety of purposes including education, design evaluation, forecasting, and risk assessment.
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1. This document provides an introduction to modeling and simulation. It discusses what modeling and simulation are, and the types of problems they can address.
2. Simulation involves operating a model of a system to study the system's properties without actually changing the real system. It allows experimenting with different configurations to evaluate and optimize system performance.
3. Developing a simulation model involves identifying the system components and relationships between them. Validating the model and performing simulation experiments then allows making recommendations to improve the real system.
This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation. It discusses what modeling and simulation are, the steps in developing a simulation model, designing a simulation experiment, and analyzing simulation output. It also provides an example of simulating a machine shop with multiple work stations to determine resource utilization under different arrival patterns. The key steps in a simulation study are problem formulation, model development, experiment design, output analysis and recommendations.
1 MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION Module out.docxjeremylockett77
1
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION
Module outline:
• What is Simulation?
• Simulation Terminology
• Components of a System
• Models in Simulation
• Typical applications
• References
WHAT IS SIMULATION?
simulation may be defined as a technique that imitates the operation of a real world
system or processes as it evolves over time. It involves the generation of an artificial
history of the system and observation of that artificial history to obtain information and
draw inferences about the operating characteristics of the real system. Simulation
educates us on how a system operates and how the system might respond to changes. It
enables us to test alternative courses of action to determine their impact on system
performance. Before an alternative is implemented, it must be tested. Although
performing tests with the “real thing” would be ideal. This is seldom practically feasible.
The cost associated with changing/improving a system may be very high both in the
term of capital required to implement the change and losses due to interruption in
production operations and other losses. In most cases experimentation with the
proposed alternative is practically impossible. In addition, as the cost of proposed
changes (alternative solutions) increase, so does the cost of physically experimenting.
As an example, suppose a heavy-duty conveyor is being considered as an alternative to
the existing material handling method (by trucks) for improving productivity and
speeding up the production operations in a factory (seeFigre3). It is obvious that
installing the proposed conveyor on a test basis would probably not be cost effective.
Therefore, experimentation with alternative configurations would be practically
impossible. In stead, experimentation with a representative model of the system would
probably make more sense.
Simulation is a means of experimenting with a detailed model of a real system to
Determine how the system will respond to changes in its environment, structure, and its
underlying assumption [Harrel (1996)]. Management Scientist uses a wide variety of
analytical tools to model, analyze, and solve complex decision problems. These tool
include linear programming, decision analysis, forecasting, Queuing theory and
Alternative 1: Use lift-truck
2
Point A Point B
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Point A
(warehouse ) . . . . . . . . Point B
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The document discusses formal specification techniques for software development. It covers formal specification as part of formal methods, which use mathematical representation and analysis. It also discusses different formal specification techniques like algebraic approaches, model-based approaches, and interface specification. While formal methods have limitations and challenges, they can be useful for safety-critical applications by reducing errors and rework.
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The document discusses dependability analysis and enhancement of real-time embedded systems. It presents the thesis that integrated structural and functional modeling enables more accurate dependability analysis and enhancement by considering factors like control algorithms, system environment. The objective is to develop fault models, an integrated simulation environment, and methods to improve a system's resistance to faults. A case study on an anti-lock braking system is used to test transient and abstract fault injection and handling.
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- Jianjian Xie (Staff Software Engineer, Alluxio)
As Trino users increasingly rely on cloud object storage for retrieving data, speed and cloud cost have become major challenges. The separation of compute and storage creates latency challenges when querying datasets; scanning data between storage and compute tiers becomes I/O bound. On the other hand, cloud API costs related to GET/LIST operations and cross-region data transfer add up quickly.
The newly introduced Trino file system cache by Alluxio aims to overcome the above challenges. In this session, Jianjian will dive into Trino data caching strategies, the latest test results, and discuss the multi-level caching architecture. This architecture makes Trino 10x faster for data lakes of any scale, from GB to EB.
What you will learn:
- Challenges relating to the speed and costs of running Trino in the cloud
- The new Trino file system cache feature overview, including the latest development status and test results
- A multi-level cache framework for maximized speed, including Trino file system cache and Alluxio distributed cache
- Real-world cases, including a large online payment firm and a top ridesharing company
- The future roadmap of Trino file system cache and Trino-Alluxio integration
The Comprehensive Guide to Validating Audio-Visual Performances.pdfkalichargn70th171
Ensuring the optimal performance of your audio-visual (AV) equipment is crucial for delivering exceptional experiences. AV performance validation is a critical process that verifies the quality and functionality of your AV setup. Whether you're a content creator, a business conducting webinars, or a homeowner creating a home theater, validating your AV performance is essential.
A neural network is a machine learning program, or model, that makes decisions in a manner similar to the human brain, by using processes that mimic the way biological neurons work together to identify phenomena, weigh options and arrive at conclusions.
2. OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
Intro & Objective
The Art of Performance Evaluation
Professional Organizations, Journals,
and conferences.
Performance Projects
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid
Them
Selection of Techniques and Metrics
3. WHY WE NEED TO SIMULATE?
3
It may be too difficult, risky, or expensive
to observe a real, operational system
Parts of the system may not be
observable (e.g., internals of a silicon
chip or biological system)
4. USES OF SIMULATIONS
Analyze systems (performance, behavior)
before they are built
Reduce the number of design errors
Optimize design to improve the behavior
Analyze operational systems
Create virtual environments for training,
entertainment
5. APPLICATIONS OF SIMULATION
5
System Analysis
Telecommunication Networks (ATM, IP, TCP, UDP, WiFi …)
Transportation systems (Traffic, Urban planning, Metro Planning, …)
Electronic systems (e.g., microelectronics, computer systems)
Battlefield simulations (blue army vs. red army)
Ecological systems, Manufacturing systems, Logistics …
Virtual Environments
Physical phenomena (e.g. Trajectory of projectiles)
training and entertainment (e.g., military, medicine, emergency
planning, flight simulation)
6. A FEW EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
War gaming: test
strategies; training
Flight Simulator Transportation systems:
improved operations; urban
planning
Computer communication
network: protocol design
Parallel computer systems:
developing scalable software
Games
7.
8. INTRO & OBJECTIVE
Performance is a key criterion in the
design, procurement, and use of
computer systems.
Performance Cost
Thus, computer systems professionals
need the basic knowledge of
performance evaluation techniques.
9. KEYWORDS
System
It is a collection of entities that act and interact together
toward the accomplishment of some logical end
(computer, network, communication systems, etc.)
Simulation
It is an experiment in a computer where the real system is
replaced by the execution of the program
It is a program that mimics (imitate) the behaviour of the
real system
10. Model
It is a simplification of the reality
A (usually miniature) representation of something; an
example for imitation or emulation
A model can be Analytical (Queuing Theory) or by
Simulation.
Performance Evaluation of a System means quantifying the
service delivered by the System
Experimental, Analytical, or by simulation
Keywords
15. Why to use models?
Implementation on real systems is very complex and costly,
Experimentation on real systems may be dangerous (e.g.
chemical systems)
If models adequately describes the reality, experimenting with
them can save money and time, and reduce the development
complexity
When to use simulations?
Analytic models may be very complex to evaluate, and may lead
to over implication of the real system
Simulation can be a good alternative to evaluate the system
behavior very close to reality
Why using Models and Simulations?
16. INTRO & OBJECTIVE
Objective:
1. Select appropriate evaluation
techniques, performance metrics and
workloads for a system.
2. Conduct performance measurements
correctly.
3. Use proper statistical techniques to
compare several alternatives.
4. Design measurement and simulation
experiments to provide the most
information with least effort.
5. Perform simulations correctly.
17. MODELING
Model – used to describe almost any
attempt to specify a system under study.
Everyday connotation
– physical replica of a system.
Scientific – a model is a name given to a
portrayal of interrelationships of parts of
a system in precise terms. The
portrayal can be interpreted in terms of
some system attributes and is
sufficiently detailed to permit study
under a variety of circumstances and to
enable the system’ s future behavior to
be predicted.
18. A TAXONOMY OF MODELS
Predictability
Deterministic – all data and relationships
are given in certainty. Efficiency of an
engine based on temperature, load and
fuel consumption.
Stochastic - at least some of the
variables involved have a value which is
made to vary in an unpredictable or
random fashion. Example – financial
planning.
Solvability
Analytical – simple
Simulation – complicated or an
appropriate equation cannot be found.
19. A TAXONOMY OF MODELS
Variability
Whether time is incorporated into the
model
Static – specific time (financial)
Dynamic – any time value (food cycle)
Granularity
Granularity of their treatment in time.
Discrete events – clearly some events
(packet arrival)
Continuous models – impossible to
distinguish between specific events taking
place (trajectory of a missile).
20. COMPUTER SIMULATION
20
A Computer Simulation is a computer program that:
attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular
system.
describes the behavior of a real (physical) system and its
evolution in time
How it works?
The behavior of the system is described by state variables
The simulation program modifies the states variables to
emulate the evolution
22. PERFORMANCE METRICS
22
The Performance Metric is a measurable quantity that
precisely captures what we want to measure (response time,
throughput, delay, etc.).
For example, In computer systems, we might evaluate
The response time of a processor to execute a given
task.
The execution time of two programs in a multi-processor
machine.
In Network systems, we might evaluate
The (maximum/average) delay experienced by a voice
packet to reach the destination
The throughput of the network
The required bandwidth to avoid congestion
23. WHAT DOES AFFECT THE
PERFORMANCE?
23
The performance of a system is dramatically affected by the Workload
The Workload: it characterises the quantity and the nature of the system
inputs
In the context of Web Servers, system inputs are http requests (GET
or POST requests). The workload characterises
the intensity of the requests: how many requests are received by
the web server. High intensities deteriorate the performance.
The nature of the requests: the request can be simple GET
request or a request that require the access of a remote
database. The performance will be different for different request
types.
Benchmarks: used to generate loads that is intended to mimic a
typical user behaviour.
24. HOW TO PROCEED?
I hear and forget. I see and I remember. I do and I
understand – Chinese Proverb
25. PERFORMANCE PROJECTS
The best way to learn simulation is to apply the
concepts to a real-system
The project should encompass:
Select a computer sub-system : a network
congestion control, security, database, operating
systems.
Perform some measurements.
Analyze the collected data.
Simulate AND Analytically model the subsystem
Predict its performance
Validate the Model.
26. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, JOURNALS
AND CONFERENCES
ACM Sigmetrics : Association of Computing
Machinery’s.
IEEE Computer Society – The Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society.
IASTED – The International Association of Science and
Technology for Development
27. COMMON MISTAKES AND HOW TO AVOID THEM
1. No Goals
2. Biased Goals
3. Unsystematic Approach
4. Analysis without understanding The Problem
5. Incorrect Performance Metrics
6. Unrepresentative Workloads
7. Wrong Evaluation Techniques
8. Overlooking Important Parameters
9. Ignoring Significant Factors
28. COMMON MISTAKES AND HOW TO AVOID THEM
10. Inappropriate Experimental Design
11. Inappropriate Level of Detail
12. No Analysis
13. Erroneous Analysis
14. No Sensitivity Analysis
15. Ignoring Errors in Input
16. Improper Treatment of Outliers
17. Assuming No Change in the Future
18. Ignoring Variability
29. COMMON MISTAKES AND HOW TO AVOID THEM
19. Too Complex Analysis
20. Improper Presentation of Results
21. Ignoring Social Aspects
22. Omitting Assumptions and Limitations.
30. A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
State Goals and Define the System
List Services and Outcomes
Select Metrics
List Parameters
Select Factors to Study
Select Evaluation Technique
Select Workload
Design Experiments
Analyze and Interpret Data
Present Results