The philosophy of build-in reliability (BIR) or design for reliability (DFR) emphasizes the value of reliability prediction at a product’s very early design stage. Due to the lack of reliability data, the reliability prediction in this phase often utilizes auxiliary information such as the reliability information of similar products or components. In this talk, we discuss an enhanced parenting process, which consists of rigorous mathematical formulations and provides statistical inference on the failure rate of the new product. The talk is based on our paper entitled “An enhanced parenting process: predicting reliability in product’s design phase”, published on Quality Engineering in 2011.
Engineered Maintenance by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Maintenance Engineering, in my 8th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch on 3rd Nov, 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
MDU Spec is dedicated to providing the premier services in commissioning, inspections and technical training and to developing innovative solutions to solve our clients' most complex issues within this realm of expertise. We deliver these services with an unwavering commitment to the highest safety and quality standards, with subject Matter Experts and practical field bred inspectors covering Upstream (drilling and process/production),midstream and downstream asset solution based expertise.
MDU Spec is poised to provide a range of services to the international oil and gas industry as well as other industrial engineering markets. Distinguished by innovative technology and premier quality. Our services include:
-Commissioning and Project Management.
-Critical Inspections and Audits.
-Maintenance.
-Rot cause Analysis
-Technical Training.
The philosophy of build-in reliability (BIR) or design for reliability (DFR) emphasizes the value of reliability prediction at a product’s very early design stage. Due to the lack of reliability data, the reliability prediction in this phase often utilizes auxiliary information such as the reliability information of similar products or components. In this talk, we discuss an enhanced parenting process, which consists of rigorous mathematical formulations and provides statistical inference on the failure rate of the new product. The talk is based on our paper entitled “An enhanced parenting process: predicting reliability in product’s design phase”, published on Quality Engineering in 2011.
Engineered Maintenance by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Maintenance Engineering, in my 8th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch on 3rd Nov, 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
MDU Spec is dedicated to providing the premier services in commissioning, inspections and technical training and to developing innovative solutions to solve our clients' most complex issues within this realm of expertise. We deliver these services with an unwavering commitment to the highest safety and quality standards, with subject Matter Experts and practical field bred inspectors covering Upstream (drilling and process/production),midstream and downstream asset solution based expertise.
MDU Spec is poised to provide a range of services to the international oil and gas industry as well as other industrial engineering markets. Distinguished by innovative technology and premier quality. Our services include:
-Commissioning and Project Management.
-Critical Inspections and Audits.
-Maintenance.
-Rot cause Analysis
-Technical Training.
Introduction to Reliability and Maintenance Management - PaperAccendo Reliability
Paper for the tutorial presented at the 2014 RAMS conference.
A basic introduction to reliability and maintenance management with a focus on basic tools, approaches and creating value.
We outline a basic structure to move your organization to a proactive program.
Advance maintenance & corrosion engineeringMarcep Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF THE GLOBAL COST OF CORROSION
The global cost of corrosion is estimated to be US$2.5 trillion, which is equivalent to 3.4% of the global GDP (2013). By using
available corrosion control practices, it is estimated that savings of between 15 and 35% of the cost of corrosion could be
realized; i.e., between US$375 and $875 billion annually on a global basis. These costs typically do not include individual safety
or environmental consequences. Through near misses, incidents, forced shutdowns (outages), accidents, etc., several
industries have come to realize that lack of corrosion management can be very costly and that, through proper corrosion
management, significant cost savings can be achieved over the lifetime of an asset.
Accelerated life testing (ALT) is widely used to expedite failures of a product in a short time period for predicting the product’s reliability under normal operating conditions. The resulting ALT data are often characterized by a probability distribution, such as Weibull, Lognormal, Gamma distribution, along with a life-stress relationship. However, if the selected failure time distribution is not adequate in describing the ALT data, the resulting reliability prediction would be misleading. In this talk, we provide a generic method for modeling ALT data which will assist engineers in dealing with a variety of failure time distributions. The method uses Erlang-Coxian (EC) distributions, which belong to a particular subset of phase-type (PH) distributions, to approximate the underlying failure time distributions arbitrarily closely. To estimate the parameters of such an EC-based ALT model, two statistical inference approaches are proposed. First, a mathematical programming approach is formulated to simultaneously match the moments of the EC-based ALT model to the ALT data collected at all test stress levels. This approach resolves the feasibility issue of the method of moments. In addition, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach is proposed to handle ALT data with type-I censoring. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the capability of the generic method in modeling ALT data.
Reliability and Maintenance Conference - 7-9 April 2014, Al Khobar, Kingdom o...Ricky Smith CMRP, CMRT
Despite the best efforts and precautions, equipment
failures do occur hampering the equipment performance
and adversly impacting the profitibility of the business.
Rotating Equipment Reliability and Maintenance
Conference aims to create a learning platform for all the
maintenance and reliability professionals to share the
best maintenance practices and discuss the strategies to
improve reliability.
This three day conference will cover all aspects of
reliability and maintenance including reliability centered
maintenance, availability, machinery failures, risk
assessment, spare parts optimization, techniques to
facilitate equipment maintenance, root cause analysis,
condition monitoring, maintenance planning and
scheduling.
Introduction to Reliability and Maintenance Management - PaperAccendo Reliability
Paper for the tutorial presented at the 2014 RAMS conference.
A basic introduction to reliability and maintenance management with a focus on basic tools, approaches and creating value.
We outline a basic structure to move your organization to a proactive program.
Advance maintenance & corrosion engineeringMarcep Inc.
ASSESSMENT OF THE GLOBAL COST OF CORROSION
The global cost of corrosion is estimated to be US$2.5 trillion, which is equivalent to 3.4% of the global GDP (2013). By using
available corrosion control practices, it is estimated that savings of between 15 and 35% of the cost of corrosion could be
realized; i.e., between US$375 and $875 billion annually on a global basis. These costs typically do not include individual safety
or environmental consequences. Through near misses, incidents, forced shutdowns (outages), accidents, etc., several
industries have come to realize that lack of corrosion management can be very costly and that, through proper corrosion
management, significant cost savings can be achieved over the lifetime of an asset.
Accelerated life testing (ALT) is widely used to expedite failures of a product in a short time period for predicting the product’s reliability under normal operating conditions. The resulting ALT data are often characterized by a probability distribution, such as Weibull, Lognormal, Gamma distribution, along with a life-stress relationship. However, if the selected failure time distribution is not adequate in describing the ALT data, the resulting reliability prediction would be misleading. In this talk, we provide a generic method for modeling ALT data which will assist engineers in dealing with a variety of failure time distributions. The method uses Erlang-Coxian (EC) distributions, which belong to a particular subset of phase-type (PH) distributions, to approximate the underlying failure time distributions arbitrarily closely. To estimate the parameters of such an EC-based ALT model, two statistical inference approaches are proposed. First, a mathematical programming approach is formulated to simultaneously match the moments of the EC-based ALT model to the ALT data collected at all test stress levels. This approach resolves the feasibility issue of the method of moments. In addition, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach is proposed to handle ALT data with type-I censoring. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the capability of the generic method in modeling ALT data.
Reliability and Maintenance Conference - 7-9 April 2014, Al Khobar, Kingdom o...Ricky Smith CMRP, CMRT
Despite the best efforts and precautions, equipment
failures do occur hampering the equipment performance
and adversly impacting the profitibility of the business.
Rotating Equipment Reliability and Maintenance
Conference aims to create a learning platform for all the
maintenance and reliability professionals to share the
best maintenance practices and discuss the strategies to
improve reliability.
This three day conference will cover all aspects of
reliability and maintenance including reliability centered
maintenance, availability, machinery failures, risk
assessment, spare parts optimization, techniques to
facilitate equipment maintenance, root cause analysis,
condition monitoring, maintenance planning and
scheduling.
Probability that a product, piece of equipment, or system will perform its intended function for a stated period of time under specified operating conditions.
Oil Industry Safety Directorate TrainingPharma Garage
Course Benefits:
This two days course has been designed for imparting awareness on Safety in Design, Operation &
Maintenance practices to be adopted by industries, Statutory provisions (PESO)/ OISD) requirements
as per latest standards, and best industry practices in hydrocarbon (mid stream & down stream) sector
For technical services and project people, the course gives an in site into the right selection of a machine, How to draft a
procurement specification of a compressor. They are exposed to the method of performance evaluation, understanding
performance curves operational issues like parallel operation and evaluate the machine performance from site operating data.
For Operational people, this course gives an exposure to understand surging, choking and off design operation of the
machine. Operational care required for the typical services will help them to understand the more reliable operation and help
them to take immediate corrective actions.
For maintenance people. they will get an exposure to the constructional aspects and help them to ensure proper assembly and diagnose the mechanical problems and those of the operational problems caused by mechanical malfunctioning.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. QUALITY & RELIABILITY
QUALITY
•Conformance to specifications
•Fitness for intended use
(Juran)
•Meeting or exceeding
customer expectations
(Deming)
•Conformity to standards set by
industry or organisation that
must align with customer needs
2
RELIABILITY
7. What is Reliability? (Simplest
defn)
It is the guarantee that the product will
work over its designed life
8. What do you understand by
reliability?
For my mobile phone
I want a reliability of x%
95%
For a period of y (hrs/ days/ cycles)
2 yrs
9. CASE HISTORIES OF COST
REDUCTION THROUGH RELIABILITY
HP reduced service costs by about
70% while increasing the sales by
25% for a measuring instrument
T-38 Airplane: 1960-1962
◦ Cost of reliability effort: $ 15,00,000
◦ Savings over 3 years: $ 3,20,00,000
Minuteman I Missile System
◦ 30% reduction in failure rate
◦ $ 16,00,00,000 savings over 10 years
10. CASE HISTORIES OF COST
REDUCTION THROUGH RELIABILITY
Texas Instruments
◦ $ 8 million spent
Reliability of 800 types of semiconductors
improved from one failure in 2,500 hrs to > one
failure in 25,000 hrs
11. Significance of Reliability
No. of
components
in series
100
250
500
1,000
10,000
100,000
Individual Component reliability
99.999%
Equipment Reliability
99.90%
99.75%
99.50%
99.01%
90.48%
36.79%
99.99%
99.01%
97.53%
95.12%
90.48%
36.79%
0.01%
12. Significance of Reliability
Farm Tractor
Model Year
1935
1960
1970
1980
1990
No. of Critical
Components
1200
2250
2400
2600
2900
Tractor
Reliability Per
Year (av.
component
reliability is
99.99%)
88.70%
79.90%
78.70%
77.10%
74.80%
No. of tractors
failing per year
per 1,000
tractors
113
201
213
229
252
13. Cost Escalation of Products
Re 1 Concept Phase
Rs 10 Design Phase
Rs 100 Development Phase
Rs 1,000 Manufacturing Phase
Rs 10,000 Support Phase
15. Reliability answers questions
like
What is the probability of my radar
encountering a failure during my
exercise sortie of 50 days?
Which are the most critical spares I
need to stock as OBS/ B&D for my
sonar?
What is the expected life of my FCS?
16. Reliability answers questions
like
How much will the average life time
increase, if I add redundancy to my
SDN server?
How many missiles should I have to
ensure destruction of the target?
What is the probability of my car not
breaking down during the first
10,000kms or 3 years which ever is
lowest
17. How is Reliability beneficial? (for
engineers)
Predict PRODUCT/ PROCESS failures
Understand why failures occur
Improves the product/ process in an
objective way
Creates optimised Test Plans
Predicts spare parts requirement
Plan maintenance activities and
schedules
Risk based decision making with spare
consumption data
Good engineering practice
18. How is Reliability beneficial? (for
managers)
Lowers manufacturing costs
◦ Less overtime, rework, downtime, audits &
inspection
Lowers life cycle costs
◦ Warranty costs, product recalls, customer
dissatisfaction
Ensures product/ process capability
Produces evidence for dependability
claims
Insight into contractual compliance
Risk based decision making
19. DEFINITION OF RELIABILITY
◦ (1) conditional probability at a given
◦ (2) confidence level that the equipment will
◦ (3) perform its intended function satisfactorily or
without failure i.e. within specified performance
limits
◦ (4) at a given age
◦ (5) for a specified length of time, function period
or mission time when used in a manner and for
the purpose intended
◦ (6) while operating under the specified
application and operation environments with their
associated stress levels
(Reference: Reliability Engg Handbook by Dimitri Kececioglu) 19
21. RELIABILITY ENGG
DEFINITION
Provides the theoretical and practical tools
whereby the probability and capability of parts,
components, equipment, products, subsystems,
and systems to perform their required functions
without failure for desired periods in specified
environments, i.e. their desired optimised reliability,
can be specified, predicted, designed in, tested,
demonstrated, packaged, transported, stored,
installed and started up, and their performance
monitored and fed back to all concerned
organisations, and any needed corrective actions
taken, the results of these actions being followed
through to see if the units reliability has improved,
and similarly for their desired and optimised
maintainability, availability and safety and quality
levels at desired confidence levels and at
competitive prices
22. The Concept of System
Effectiveness
System Effectiveness is the product of
◦ Operational Readiness
◦Mission Reliability
◦ Design Adequacy
SE = OR*RM*DA = Nac
Nt
Nac – No. of systems that accomplish all designed for mission
objectives when called upon to do so at a point in time
Nt – Total no. of systems in hand
23. System Effectiveness
What should be the total no. of missiles
on hand when Nac = 100 such missiles
are required to destroy a target given
that
◦ OR = 0.98
◦ RM = 0.95
◦ DA = 0.90 Nt = ?
SE = Nac/ Nt = OR*RM*DA=0.98*0.95*0.90=0.8379
0.8379= Nac/ Nt = 100/ Nt
Therefore Nt = 100/0.8379
i.e. 119 missiles