This document provides an overview of amine gas treating systems and some common operating difficulties. It describes the typical equipment in an amine gas treating system, including an inlet gas knockout, absorber, three phase flash tank, lean/rich heat exchanger, regenerator, filtration, and amine reclaimer. It then discusses some operating difficulties like foaming, failure to meet gas specifications, solvent losses, and corrosion. For foaming specifically, it outlines potential causes and solutions, including the use of antifoam agents and preventing contaminants from entering the amine system.
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
The document describes the amine filtration process for removing acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas and hydrocarbon streams. Sour gas passes through an absorber tower where it contacts descending amine solution, which absorbs the acid gases to become rich amine. The rich amine is regenerated by heating to release the acid gases. The filtration system includes gas inlet filters, mechanical pre-coat filters, and activated carbon filters to clean the amine and remove contaminants, improving the process and extending equipment life.
This is a full course about how the Amine Sweetening Unit works, and all the factors, operations, and problems related to this unit. This course was taken from the IHRDC institute.
The document discusses applications of the FUNDABAC® filter system in the oil and gas industry. It is used for amine filtration in acid gas removal plants, removal of salts in MEG regeneration processes, mercury removal from crude oil, produced water filtration, and other processes. The filter system provides advantages of dry discharge of filter cakes, flexibility to changing filtration needs, high filtration efficiency down to 1 micron, and low operating and maintenance costs.
Triple R is a complete oil filtration system which removes moisture and contamination from the lube oil. excellence in oil filtration.
HYdraulic and Gear oil filtration systems for cement and plastic component manufacturers, Turbine oil filtration for power plants,mining hydraulics, Wind mills and all oil lubricated rotating equipments.
Keeping the oil clean will enable the equipment run without oil related breakdowns and help reduce oil consumption over a period of time.
1) CHEMTRON provides compressor cleaning agents, systems, and services to reduce power loss in gas turbines caused by fouling.
2) Fouling from airborne particles can accumulate on turbine blades and surfaces, reducing efficiency and output by up to 3%.
3) CHEMTRON's products and cleaning systems help customers recoup this lost power output and extend maintenance cycles to save on fuel and other costs.
Filter media selection in amine gas sweetening systemsmanvir guriyan
This document discusses filter media selection for amine gas sweetening systems. Polypropylene filters are better than cellulose filters as polypropylene resists degradation in amine solutions and plugging, extending filter life. Cellulose filters can degrade, generating heat stable salts that reduce amine absorption capacity and cause corrosion. Open-grade polypropylene microfiber media can reduce total suspended solids in amine by over an order of magnitude compared to cellulose filters. Proper filter selection is important for optimizing amine system performance and costs.
The document discusses how dirty diesel fuel is silently destroying modern high-pressure diesel fuel systems. Modern fuel systems operate at much higher pressures than in the past, up to 30,000 psi. This has exposed a problem with ultra-fine particle contamination in fuel that is abrasive and causing components like pumps and injectors to fail prematurely. While fuel filters and engine filters only catch particles larger than 30 and 15 microns respectively, the problem is particles as small as 2-10 microns that are reducing component life. Fleet operators need to test fuel quality and implement filtration to remove harmful ultra-fine contaminants to protect their fuel systems and avoid costly repairs.
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
The document describes the amine filtration process for removing acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas and hydrocarbon streams. Sour gas passes through an absorber tower where it contacts descending amine solution, which absorbs the acid gases to become rich amine. The rich amine is regenerated by heating to release the acid gases. The filtration system includes gas inlet filters, mechanical pre-coat filters, and activated carbon filters to clean the amine and remove contaminants, improving the process and extending equipment life.
This is a full course about how the Amine Sweetening Unit works, and all the factors, operations, and problems related to this unit. This course was taken from the IHRDC institute.
The document discusses applications of the FUNDABAC® filter system in the oil and gas industry. It is used for amine filtration in acid gas removal plants, removal of salts in MEG regeneration processes, mercury removal from crude oil, produced water filtration, and other processes. The filter system provides advantages of dry discharge of filter cakes, flexibility to changing filtration needs, high filtration efficiency down to 1 micron, and low operating and maintenance costs.
Triple R is a complete oil filtration system which removes moisture and contamination from the lube oil. excellence in oil filtration.
HYdraulic and Gear oil filtration systems for cement and plastic component manufacturers, Turbine oil filtration for power plants,mining hydraulics, Wind mills and all oil lubricated rotating equipments.
Keeping the oil clean will enable the equipment run without oil related breakdowns and help reduce oil consumption over a period of time.
1) CHEMTRON provides compressor cleaning agents, systems, and services to reduce power loss in gas turbines caused by fouling.
2) Fouling from airborne particles can accumulate on turbine blades and surfaces, reducing efficiency and output by up to 3%.
3) CHEMTRON's products and cleaning systems help customers recoup this lost power output and extend maintenance cycles to save on fuel and other costs.
Filter media selection in amine gas sweetening systemsmanvir guriyan
This document discusses filter media selection for amine gas sweetening systems. Polypropylene filters are better than cellulose filters as polypropylene resists degradation in amine solutions and plugging, extending filter life. Cellulose filters can degrade, generating heat stable salts that reduce amine absorption capacity and cause corrosion. Open-grade polypropylene microfiber media can reduce total suspended solids in amine by over an order of magnitude compared to cellulose filters. Proper filter selection is important for optimizing amine system performance and costs.
The document discusses how dirty diesel fuel is silently destroying modern high-pressure diesel fuel systems. Modern fuel systems operate at much higher pressures than in the past, up to 30,000 psi. This has exposed a problem with ultra-fine particle contamination in fuel that is abrasive and causing components like pumps and injectors to fail prematurely. While fuel filters and engine filters only catch particles larger than 30 and 15 microns respectively, the problem is particles as small as 2-10 microns that are reducing component life. Fleet operators need to test fuel quality and implement filtration to remove harmful ultra-fine contaminants to protect their fuel systems and avoid costly repairs.
Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)Prem Baboo
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
This document discusses turbine lubrication and monitoring turbine oil condition. It describes how turbine oils degrade through oxidation and thermal degradation. One result is the creation of insoluble contaminants that can form varnish. The document introduces Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis (QSASM) as a way to measure a turbine oil's varnish potential before failures occur. It also outlines common turbine oil tests, analytical packages for condition monitoring, and how to maximize the life of turbine oils through various best practices.
The document discusses froth and foam formation in amine treating processes. Froth is produced when gas is bubbled violently through an amine solution, creating mass transfer area. Froth turns to foam when the gas/liquid disengagement time increases, such as when surfactants are present which stabilize the bubble interface. Surfactants can enter from amine degradation or in feed/makeup streams. Higher surfactant concentrations, solution properties like viscosity and strength, and solids content all favor foam formation over froth. Antifoams are used to combat foaming but their effectiveness depends on factors like concentration and environmental conditions.
This document discusses zero emission compressor systems that use water injection instead of oil lubrication. It provides information on:
- The main companies developing water injected screw compressor technology, including Atlas Copco, GrassAir, and Aerzener Maschinenfabrik.
- The four main types of water injected screw elements, including the pure water injected Kirsten and Atlas Copco models, as well as hybrid models.
- How water injection cools, seals, and lubricates the compression element, improving energy efficiency through near isothermal compression.
- The benefits of water injected compressor systems compared to oil lubricated systems, such as eliminating oil contamination, reducing maintenance needs, and providing higher pressures and
This document discusses zero emission compressor systems that use water injection instead of oil lubrication. It provides information on:
- The main companies that develop and manufacture water injected rotary screw compressors.
- The four main types of water injected screw elements, including those that use no oil/grease lubrication and those that are hybrid systems.
- How water injection cools, seals, and lubricates the compression element, improving energy efficiency through near-isothermal compression.
- Key differences in system configuration and water treatment requirements compared to conventional compressors.
EnviroTabs is a new fuel additive that cleans carbon deposits from combustion engines to reduce emissions, improve fuel efficiency and engine performance. As a catalyst, EnviroTabs allows carbon deposits to burn off at lower temperatures, preventing new deposits. By removing deposits, EnviroTabs eliminates up to 90% of smoke and 35-50% of sulfur oxides from vehicle exhaust. Field tests also found fuel cost savings of up to 20% with EnviroTabs' consistent use.
In the process of absorbing acid gas
constituents, amine streams become contaminated with thermal and chemical degradation products, organics and/or iron sulfides.
This document discusses the maintenance of hydraulic oils, focusing on phosphate ester-based fluids. It describes the types of hydraulic fluids, including petroleum-based, synthetic fire-resistant, and water-based. Contamination sources like solids, liquids, and air are outlined. The document advocates for using best available technology and continuous purification to control fluid quality and extend fluid life to over 10 years while minimizing waste and costs. Vacuum distillation is presented as a best available technology for purification. Frequent sampling, analysis of key parameters, and filtration are recommended for maintenance.
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
This document discusses contamination control in the refuse industry. It notes that 90% of hydraulic system failures can be traced to contamination. It defines contamination as any foreign matter introduced into a hydraulic system. Contamination may be particles visible to the eye or invisible particles less than 40 microns. Contamination can cause premature wear, leaks, reduced performance, and system failure. The document outlines best practices for controlling contamination, including proper filtration, clean fluid storage and handling, protected parts storage, thorough flushing of systems, and clean working conditions during maintenance and repairs.
Lubristation - lubrication storage, conditioning and distribution solutionsEnluse B.V.
The Lubristation® family is a range of lubrication storage, conditioning and distribution solutions.
All systems are custom to suit our clients needs and cover all possibilities from the very basic requirements to specifically made units providing the best in cleanliness control.
https://www.enluse.com/lubristation-lube-rooms/
The document discusses key parameters to consider when selecting a vacuum oil purifier:
1) Types of contaminants in the oil such as moisture, gases, solids, and acidity determine the purifier's design.
2) Flow rate depends on contamination entry rate and budget. Higher flow requires more efficient purification.
3) Efficiency is influenced by temperature, vacuum depth, and residence time - deeper vacuum and higher heat improve efficiency.
4) Cost depends on required flow rate, efficiency, vacuum pump type, and controls - higher performance means higher cost.
Activated Alumina is counted in the list of effective adsorbent and desiccant which is used in number of applications for removing the moisture and purifying the products
also check our latest blog articles here:-
1.http://activatedaluminaballs.com/
2.http://activatedaluminaballs.com/air-drying-desiccants/
3.http://activatedaluminaballs.com/activated-alumina-balls/
4.http://activatedaluminaballs.com/air-drying-desiccants/
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Firepower is an Australian company that manufactures fuel and oil conditioners to enhance engine performance, reduce emissions, and lower maintenance costs. Their products are tested by independent institutes and major companies. Firepower aims to bridge the gap between complex engines and declining fuel quality with additives that improve combustion and clean fuel systems. Testing shows their conditioners increase fuel economy, reduce emissions and engine wear, and extend equipment life.
This document provides information about Liku-Tech Environmental Solutions (India) Pvt. Ltd., an Indian company that is part of a German group of companies with over 50 years of experience in water, wastewater, and air treatment facilities and equipment. Liku-Tech India was established 3 years ago to provide environmental solutions in India and Asia Pacific. The company aims to be a leading provider of water, wastewater, and process industry solutions with a high level of quality and integrity. It provides odor control systems, gas scrubbers, biotrickling filters, activated carbon filters, and other waste gas and water treatment equipment.
The document describes Fabhind, an Indian company that establishes turnkey construction projects and manufactures machinery for waste recycling and construction. Its mission is to become a leading manufacturer through advancement and client development. It has established various plants across India since 1991 and exported products to several countries. The company's pyrolysis plants convert waste tires and plastics into fuel oil, carbon black, and steel wire through an environmentally friendly process.
Coolants: What You Don't Know Can Hurt Your Engine dieselpub
Cummins Filtration offers a choice of coolant (antifreeze) products in North America to meet every need for many types of engines, from diesel to natural gas to gasoline. Join us for a free webinar on October 28th at 10am CST and find out how Fleetguard coolant can protect your engine!
a special 3 angstrom molecular sieves dehydration process needs to be carried out using latest technology to manufacture the absolute alcohol.
In the case of ethanol, water is extracted by making it dehydrated with the help of adsorbent structure of molecular sieve 3A. The potassium-based molecular sieve pore size of 3a is 3A0 or 3 Angstrom, it cannot adsorb all molecules which having the pore size is large then 3A.
3A molecular sieve can be available in beads, pellets and powder form.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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Hydrogen recovery from purge gas(energy saving)Prem Baboo
Ammonia is continuously condensed out of the loop and fresh synthesis gas is added. Because the synthesis gas contains small quantities of methane and argon, these impurities build up in the loop and must be continuously purged to prevent them from exceeding a certain concentration. Although this purge stream can be used to supplement reformer fuel gas, it contains valuable hydrogen which is lost from the ammonia synthesis loop In order to achieve optimum conversion in synthesis convertor, it is necessary to purge a certain quantity of gas from synthesis loop so as to as to reduce inerts concentration in the loop. Purge gas stream from ammonia process contains ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen and other inert gases. Among them, ammonia itself is the valuable product lost with the purge stream. Moreover it has a serious adverse effect on the environment.This purge gas containing about 60% Hydrogen was fully utilised as primary reformer fuel.
This document discusses turbine lubrication and monitoring turbine oil condition. It describes how turbine oils degrade through oxidation and thermal degradation. One result is the creation of insoluble contaminants that can form varnish. The document introduces Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis (QSASM) as a way to measure a turbine oil's varnish potential before failures occur. It also outlines common turbine oil tests, analytical packages for condition monitoring, and how to maximize the life of turbine oils through various best practices.
The document discusses froth and foam formation in amine treating processes. Froth is produced when gas is bubbled violently through an amine solution, creating mass transfer area. Froth turns to foam when the gas/liquid disengagement time increases, such as when surfactants are present which stabilize the bubble interface. Surfactants can enter from amine degradation or in feed/makeup streams. Higher surfactant concentrations, solution properties like viscosity and strength, and solids content all favor foam formation over froth. Antifoams are used to combat foaming but their effectiveness depends on factors like concentration and environmental conditions.
This document discusses zero emission compressor systems that use water injection instead of oil lubrication. It provides information on:
- The main companies developing water injected screw compressor technology, including Atlas Copco, GrassAir, and Aerzener Maschinenfabrik.
- The four main types of water injected screw elements, including the pure water injected Kirsten and Atlas Copco models, as well as hybrid models.
- How water injection cools, seals, and lubricates the compression element, improving energy efficiency through near isothermal compression.
- The benefits of water injected compressor systems compared to oil lubricated systems, such as eliminating oil contamination, reducing maintenance needs, and providing higher pressures and
This document discusses zero emission compressor systems that use water injection instead of oil lubrication. It provides information on:
- The main companies that develop and manufacture water injected rotary screw compressors.
- The four main types of water injected screw elements, including those that use no oil/grease lubrication and those that are hybrid systems.
- How water injection cools, seals, and lubricates the compression element, improving energy efficiency through near-isothermal compression.
- Key differences in system configuration and water treatment requirements compared to conventional compressors.
EnviroTabs is a new fuel additive that cleans carbon deposits from combustion engines to reduce emissions, improve fuel efficiency and engine performance. As a catalyst, EnviroTabs allows carbon deposits to burn off at lower temperatures, preventing new deposits. By removing deposits, EnviroTabs eliminates up to 90% of smoke and 35-50% of sulfur oxides from vehicle exhaust. Field tests also found fuel cost savings of up to 20% with EnviroTabs' consistent use.
In the process of absorbing acid gas
constituents, amine streams become contaminated with thermal and chemical degradation products, organics and/or iron sulfides.
This document discusses the maintenance of hydraulic oils, focusing on phosphate ester-based fluids. It describes the types of hydraulic fluids, including petroleum-based, synthetic fire-resistant, and water-based. Contamination sources like solids, liquids, and air are outlined. The document advocates for using best available technology and continuous purification to control fluid quality and extend fluid life to over 10 years while minimizing waste and costs. Vacuum distillation is presented as a best available technology for purification. Frequent sampling, analysis of key parameters, and filtration are recommended for maintenance.
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
This document discusses contamination control in the refuse industry. It notes that 90% of hydraulic system failures can be traced to contamination. It defines contamination as any foreign matter introduced into a hydraulic system. Contamination may be particles visible to the eye or invisible particles less than 40 microns. Contamination can cause premature wear, leaks, reduced performance, and system failure. The document outlines best practices for controlling contamination, including proper filtration, clean fluid storage and handling, protected parts storage, thorough flushing of systems, and clean working conditions during maintenance and repairs.
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The document discusses key parameters to consider when selecting a vacuum oil purifier:
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3.http://activatedaluminaballs.com/activated-alumina-balls/
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. AMINES GAS TREATING
Best Practices Guide
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
3. AMINES GAS TREATING
Best Practices Guide
Contents
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during
Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
17. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
Before entering the absorber, the gas is
passed through an inlet separator where
entrained droplets or slugs of liquid are
removed from the gas stream by
impaction devices (to the right >>>>>)
Inlet Gas Knockout
Baffles remove a portion of the liquids. Mist eliminator pads, located
near the gas outlet of the tank, trap the rest. Typical contaminants in
natural gas streams may be liquid hydrocarbons, salt water, sands, well
treating compounds, pipeline treating chemicals, and compressor oils.
18. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
The sour gas, freed of entrained
liquids by the inlet separator, enters
the bottom of the absorber. Usually
the absorber is a tray column;
although packed columns are also
used. In either case, the objective is
to provide intimate contact between
the gas and the amine solvent so that
the H2S and C02 molecules can
transfer from the gas phase to the
solvent liquid phase. In tray columns,
a liquid level is maintained on each
tray by a weir usually 2 or 3 inches
high (Figure >>>>>).
Tray Tow er Absorber
19. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
Three Phase Flash Tank
In many units the rich amine solution is
sent from the absorber to a flash
skimmer tank to recover hydrocarbons
that may have dissolved or condensed
in the amine solution in the absorber.
The pressure of the solution is dropped
as it enters the tank, allowing the
lightest of the hydrocarbons to flash.
The heavier hydrocarbons remain as a
liquid, but separate from the aqueous
amine, forming a separate liquid layer.
20. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
The rich solvent is preheated before entering
the stripper. Because the lean amine exiting the
reboiler must be cooled before entering the
absorber, there is an opportunity to exchange
heat from the lean to the rich stream, thereby
reducing the heat load on the reboiler.
This is usually done in a shell and tube
lean/rich heat exchanger with the rich solvent
passed through the tubes, which are usually
made of stainless steel.
Note: Recommended maximum velocity to minimize corrosion
in the tubes is 3 or 3.5 feet/sec.
21. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
Regenerator
Like the absorber, the stripper is either
a tray or packed column with
approximately 20 trays or the equivalent
height in packing. To minimize amine
vaporization loss, there may be a water
wash section at the top of the column
with an additional four to six trays.
The preheated rich amine enters near
the top of the column and flows down
countercurrent to a gas stream of
steam, H2S, and C02. The steam is
generated in the reboiler, lowering the
partial pressure of H2S and C02 in the
gas stream, enhancing driving force of
the acid gases from the amine solution.
22. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
Filtration
A filtration scheme of mechanical and
activated carbon filters is important in
maintaining good solution control.
Mechanical filters such as, cartridge
filters or precoat filters remove
particulate material while call filters
remove chemical contaminants such
as entrained hydrocarbons and
surface-active compounds.
Filters are located in the rich line in some plants, and in the line in
others. One manufacturer recommends filters in both rich and lean
lines. Locating the filters in the rich line upstream of the lean rich
heat exchanger will protect both the heat exchanger and the
stripper from plugging, and reduce the erosion/corrosion rate in
the heat exchanger.
23. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Typical Amine System
Filtration
A 10 to 20 micron mechanical filter
should be adequate for particulate
removal. If cotton filters are used, the
cotton should be virgin cot ton rather
than recycled. Recycled cottons
may contain fibers with coatings which
may be the source of amine solution
foaming problems.
Circulation rates through mechanical filters range from 5% of the
circulating system to full fl depending on the degree of contamination.
Recommendations for flow to carbon filters range from less than I
percent to 5 to 10 percent and some units have been built with full flow.
24. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Criteria In determining w hen a carbon bed should be changed
The follow ing can be used as a guide:
1) a high pressure drop across the bed, caused by solids plugging
the voids;
2) a color comparison betw een a sample taken from the outlet
of the filter and a plant sample run through fresh carbon in the lab.
Active carbon w ill remove color;
3) an increase in foaming tendency in the plant, or the start of
a foaming problem.
Typical Amine System
Filtration
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Operating Difficulties
Amine gas sw eetening plants can experience operating
difficulties including foaming, failure to meet sw eet gas
specification, high solvent losses, corrosion, fouling of
equipment, and contamination of the amine solution.
Often one operating difficulty is the cause of another.
Not all plants experience the same problems to the same degree,
and w hat may be a continual problem in one plant may occur
only rarely in another.
Typical Amine System
31. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties: Foaming I
Typical Amine System
Pure aqueous amine solutions do not foam. It is only in the presence of
contaminants such as condensed hydrocarbons, small suspended
particulate matter, or other surface active agents such as some pipeline
corrosion inhibitors or compressor oils, that a foaming problem may
develop.
Foaming usually occurs in the absorber or the stripping tower, and is
accompanied by a sudden noticeable increase in the differential
pressure across the column.
Other indications of a foaming condition may be a high solvent
carryover, a drop in liquid levels, and the detection of off-specification
gas.
32. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties: Foaming II
Typical Amine System
An immediate method to control a foaming problem is the addition of
an antifoam at a location just upstream of the foam.
Effective foam inhibitors for amine sweetening systems are silicone
antifoams and polyalkylene glycols. Also widely used are high-boiling
alcohols such as oleyl aIcohol and octylphenoxyethanol.
It is advisable to test the antifoam on a plant sample in the laboratory
before applying it in the field to verify that it will break the foam.
In the event that one antifoam is ineffective, switching to another
antifoam may solve the problem.
33. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties: Foaming III
Typical Amine System
The silicone antifoams have proven to be quick and effective in
controlling foaming problems in the gas treating industry. When using
a silicone antifoam, the antifoam should be added downstream of the
carbon filters because carbon filters will adsorb the silicone.
Care should be exercised with respect to the amount of silicone
antifoam added to a system.
The silicone antifoams should be used only in small quantities, as
recommended by the manufacturer.
It is important to be aware that silicone antifoams used in excessive
quantities have the potential to promote the formation of foam.
34. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties: Foaming IV
Typical Amine System
The use of an antifoam may only be a temporary solution to a
continuing problem. The objective in controlling foaming should be to
minimize the level of contaminants in the amine solution.
Of critical importance is the prevention of entrained contaminants in
the feed gas from entering the amine system.
The inlet separator, equipped with a demister pad and possibly filters,
is instrumental in trapping most contaminants, and should be
monitored to insure that it is operating efficiently and not being
overloaded.
Mechanical and carbon filters are necessary in maintaining a clean
solution. In order to prevent hydrocarbons from condensing in the
absorber, the lean amine feed temperature should be held between 10'F
and 20'F above the temperature of the feed gas.
37. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Failure to Meet Gas Specification I
Difficulty in meeting the sweet gas specification may be the result of
poor contact between the gas and the amine solvent, which may in turn
be caused by foaming or mechanical problems in the contacting
equipment.
In the case of foaming, the gas remains trapped in bubbles, unable to
contact the rest of the solvent, resulting in poor mass transfer of acid
gas from the gas to the amine solution.
In terms of mechanical damage, if trays are broken or have fallen, there
may not be enough contact zones (trays) for adequate sweetening. If the
trays are plugged, there is less contact between the gas and liquid on
each tray, resulting in poorer sweetening.
38. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Failure to Meet Gas Specification II
Other explanations for off-specification gas may be related to the amine
solution:
The circulation rate may be too low,
The amine concentration too low,
The lean solution temperature may be too high,
The acid gas loading in the lean solution may be too high.
Monoethanolamine systems usually run with solution concentrations
between 10 and 20 weight percent MEA, and a lean loading of 0.1 moles
acid gas/mole of MEA.
39. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Failure to Meet Gas Specification III
Diethanolamine systems are between 20 and 30 weight percent DEA,
with lean loadings of 0.02 to 0.05 moles acid gas/mole DEA.
In order to reach these lean loadings, regeneration resulting in a steam-
to-acid gas ratio ranging from 1:1 to 3:1 (moles steam: moles acid gas)
in the stripper overhead gas is usually required (1). In some cases, even
higher ratios may be necessary to bring the loading down, as in low-
pressure treating applications.
40. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Failure to Meet Gas Specification IV
One way to estimate the overhead steam-to-acid gas ratio, knowing the
stripper overhead temperature and pressure, is to use steam table data
and Raoult's law:
PP H2O = x H2O psat
where: PP H2O = partial pressure of water in the overhead gas;
X H2O = mole fraction of water in the amine solvent;
psat = vapor pressure of pure water at the temperature
of the overhead gas.
41. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Failure to Meet Gas Specification V
Approximating the overhead gas as an ideal gas containing water, H2S
and C02, the partial pressure of the acid gases can be obtained by
subtracting the partial pressure of water, calculated from Raoult's law,
from the stripper overhead pressure:
PPacid gas = Poverhead – PP H2O
The ratio of water partial pressure to acid gas partial pressure is equal to
the mole ratio of steam to acid gas.
42. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Failure to Meet Gas Specification VI
As an example calculation of the steam-to-acid gas ratio, a stripper with
an overhead temperature and pressure of 200'F and 20 psia, carrying a
27 weight percent (6 mole percent) DEA solvent, has a corresponding
water vapor pressure of 11.5 psia as obtained from the steam tables.
From Raoult's law, the partial pressure of water is 10.8 psia:
PPH2 0 = (0.94) (11.5) = 10.8 psia
The partial pressure of acid gas would be 20 psia less 10.3 psia or 9.19
psia, and the overhead steam-to-acid gas ratio would be 1.2 moles
steam/mole acid gas (10.8 -t 9.19).
44. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Solvent Losses
Amine losses are largely through entrainment, caused by
foaming or excessive gas velocities, and by leakage due to
spills or corrosion. In MEA units the reclaimer bottoms
disposal significantly adds to the makeup requirement.
On a much smaller scale are vaporization losses from the
absorber, the overhead condenser, and the flash tank, and
degradation losses by chemical and thermal degradation
47. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Corrosion I
Corrosion is a problem experienced by many alkanolamine gas
sweetening plants.
When loaded with C02 and H2S, aqueous amine solutions can
become corrosive to carbon steel.
Corrosion rates are increased by high amine concentration, high
acid gas loading, high temperatures, degradation products, and
foaming.
Also corrosive are acid gases flashed from solution.
48. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Corrosion II
Monoethanolamine is more reactive than diethanolamine and similarly more
corrosive. As a result, the concentration of MEA is restricted to 10 to 20
weight percent, while DEA strengths range from 20 to 30 weight percent.
Rich solution loadings are normally limited to the range of 0.25 to 0.45
moles acid gas/mole MEA, while in DEA systems loadings may range from
0.5 to 0.6 moles acid gas/mole DEA.
The corrosiveness of a loaded amine solution is strongly influenced by the
relative proportion Of C02 to H2S in the feed gas. C02 is more corrosive to
carbon steel than is H2S in aqueous systems.
49. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Corrosion III
Thus, for gases containing a higher ratio Of C02 to H2S, the rich
acid gas loading should be maintained at the lower end of the
recommended loading range.
In cases where the feed gas is predominantly H2S, loadings at
the higher end of the loading range may be acceptable.
In terms of design, a number of measures can be taken to
minimize corrosion. Solution velocities should not exceed 3 or
3.5 ft/sec.
50. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Corrosion IV
The rich solution should be on the tube side of the lean/rich heat
exchanger, and pressure should be maintained on the exchanger to
prevent acid gases from flashing, creating an erosion/corrosion cycle.
A low temperature heating medium should be used in the reboiler,
thereby preventing accelerated corrosion rates and thermal degradation
of the amine.
All equipment should be stress relieved.
51. WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Operating Difficulties
Typical Amine System
Corrosion V
There are certain areas of amine sweetening plants which are more
susceptible to corrosion than others, and, as a result, are often
constructed of corrosion-resistant materials such as Type 304 stainless
steel.
These areas include:
1) the lean/rich heat exchanger tube bundle,
2) the reboiler tube bundle,
3) the stripping column, particularly the upper section and
overhead gas line,
4) the reflux condenser, and
5) the rich solvent let-down valve and subsequent piping to the
stripper.
54. AMINES GAS TREATING
Best Practices Guide
Contents
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines
during Sour Gas Treating
Figure 1. Sour gas sweetening process
Figure 2. Causes of amine degradation
Figure 3. Problems irreversible degradation reaction
Figure 4. Foam formations in the interior of the stripper by degradation
products
Figure 5. Foam formations by degradation products
Figure 6. Crevice corrosion in the junction of pipelines
Figure 7. Pitting corrosion occurring at the end of the pipe junction
Figure 8. Fouling effect in the pipe line of gas sweetening plant
Figure 9. CO2 induced degradation of MEA
Figure 10. Reaction responsible for the degradation of DEA by C02
Figure 11. CO2 induced degradation of PZ and MDEA
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
55. AMINES GAS TREATING
Best Practices Guide
Contents
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines
during Sour Gas Treating
Table 1. Degradation products of MEA induced by CO2
Table 2. Degradation products of MEA induced by CO2 and O2
Table 3. Degradation products of DEA induced by CS2
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
65. Amines: Gas Treating
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Degradation through irreversible side reactions
With CO2, H2S and O2 leads to numerous problems
with the process:
solvent loss
foaming
fouling
increased viscosity
corrosion
Major problems associated with chemical absorption using alkanolamines
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Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
104. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
105. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
106. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
107. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
108. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
109. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
110. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
111. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
112. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
113. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
114. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
115. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
116. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
117. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
118. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
119. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
120. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
121. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
122. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
123. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
124. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
125. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
126. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
127. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
128. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
129. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
130. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
131. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
132. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
133. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
134. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
135. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
136. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
137. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
138. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
139. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation
Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst
Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing &
Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology - Ammonia Catalyst / Process Technology -
Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining
& Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
147. Amines: Gas Treating
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
Reference List
1. Nexant Inc. Task 1: Acid Gas Removal Technology Survey and
Screening for Thermochemical Ethanol Synthesis. Subcontract
Report NREL/KAFT-8-882786-01. March 2009.
2. Phillips, S., Aden, A., Jechura, J., Dayton, D., and Eggeman, T.,
“Thermochemical Ethanol via Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol
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April 2007.
3. Kohl, A. L., and Nielsen, R. B., Gas Purification, 5th ed., Gulf
Publishing, Houston, TX, 1997.
4. Bishnoi, S. and G. T. Rochelle, "Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in
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5. Phillips, S., Aden, A., Jechura, J., Dayton, D., and Eggeman, T.,
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41168, April 2007.
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8. Kidnay, A. J., and Parrish, W. R., Fundamentals of Natural Gas
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WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
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10. Kubek, D. J., Polla, E., and Wilcher, F. P., “Purification and Recovery
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12. UOP Gas Treating information, available at
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13. Catalyst information from Johnson Matthey Group, “Absorbent for
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WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
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14. Watson, J., Jones, K., “Removing H2S from Syngas Using Proven
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15. Douglas L. Heguy, Gary J. Nagl, “The State of Iron Redox Sulfur Plant
Technology New Developments to an Established Technology,” available at
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16. Dortmundt, D., Doshi, K., “Recent Developments in CO2 Removal
Membrane Technology,” 1999.
17. Edwards, M.S., “H2S Removal Processes for Low-Btu Coal Gas,”
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18. Tennyson & Schaaf, “Guidelines Can Help Choose Proper Process for
Gas Treating Plants,” Oil and Gas Journal, January 1977.
19. W. Breckenridge, A. Holiday, J. Ong and C. Sharp “Use of SELEXOL
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20. Degradation studies of amines and alkanolamines during
sour gas treatment process
M. S. Islam, R. Yusoff, B. S. Ali1*, M. N. Islam and M. H.
Chakrabarti Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
21. DOW Technical Article : Gas Sweetening Reprint: Printed 1998
Gas Sweetening
22. Amine Best Practices Group