This document discusses America's global strategic vision and policies toward the Middle East and Central Asia following major geopolitical events like the Yom Kippur War, Iranian Revolution, and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It analyzes Carter's three strategic options in the region, the proliferation of media groups, and questions America's missed opportunities to cement its global leadership. The document argues America's policies widened divisions within states and societies in the Muslim world and failed to address issues of identity, religion and governance, undermining US strategic goals.
This document discusses the repoliticization of Islam in Southeast Asia after a series of events pitted the West against the Muslim world at the turn of the millennium. It argues that while transnational connections contributed to the rise of radical Islam in Southeast Asia, local factors were also important drivers. Specifically, it cites social and economic changes at the grassroots level interacting with evolving government policies towards Islam as influential in reigniting political Islam in the region. The document uses examples from Malaysia and Indonesia to analyze this phenomenon in a way that recognizes both global and domestic influences.
Jackson & howe the graying of the great powers. demography and geopolitics ...Luis Landaeta
The developed world is facing an unprecedented demographic transformation driven by falling fertility rates and rising longevity. By 2050, over a quarter of populations in developed countries will be elderly, compared to just 3-4% throughout most of history. Working age populations will stagnate or decline, shrinking economies. Japan and some European countries could lose nearly half their total populations by 2100. This aging transformation will have significant strategic, economic, and social consequences for developed nations' ability to maintain security.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
The following interview offers a wealth of knowledge about security and counterterrorism through comments on diverse topics such as al-Qaeda’s metastasized activities, to how the U.S. needs to articulate a strategic view to counter terrorism of the future and offer leadership.
Three curable symptoms of an ailing global economy and their treatmentSUN&FZ Associates
It goes without saying that poverty and inequality beyond rationally acceptable limit are caused by wrong economic, monetary and fiscal policies; legislative, legal and regulatory flaws; and imbalance between pro-business and pro-people and pro-employer and pro-employee policies.
The transfer of money through channels other than strictly regulated and monitored companies cannot be ruled out but that money’s unchecked investment in bonds, shares, properties and business companies clearly and convincingly points out that the countries and their governments at both ends are intentional accomplices of white collar crimes for a number of understandable but inexcusable reasons.
Is it possible that those who are responsible to monitor the inter-state flow of money don’t know from which countries money is transferred to their countries? Who in regulatory, banking and financial circles doesn’t know whose money is parked in which tax haven for how long? Who doesn’t know who manages the illegally transferred funds on whose behalf? Why do the tax havens hide the information?
Why these questions have not been answered so far?
Who is responsible?
What can be done about it?
The Answers follow…
This document provides an overview of future challenges for special operations, particularly in urban environments. It discusses the increasing likelihood of future warfare occurring in cities due to population growth and urbanization. Special operations forces are well-suited for urban warfare due to their flattened command structure and ability to operate independently. Effective communication is also key. The strategy for urban special operations should be part of a modern counterinsurgency approach that leverages interagency cooperation while overcoming bureaucratic barriers. Technological innovation can help integrate new urban tactics and minimize civilian casualties. Overall, an integrated "smart approach" utilizing all elements of national power is needed to effectively address hybrid threats in urban areas.
a statistical software package
that helps address this flaw in strategy analysis.
The software analyzes what events may happen
in the future, gives their probability of occurrence, and provides the chance you will be surprised or blindsided by an unforeseen event.
This document discusses the repoliticization of Islam in Southeast Asia after a series of events pitted the West against the Muslim world at the turn of the millennium. It argues that while transnational connections contributed to the rise of radical Islam in Southeast Asia, local factors were also important drivers. Specifically, it cites social and economic changes at the grassroots level interacting with evolving government policies towards Islam as influential in reigniting political Islam in the region. The document uses examples from Malaysia and Indonesia to analyze this phenomenon in a way that recognizes both global and domestic influences.
Jackson & howe the graying of the great powers. demography and geopolitics ...Luis Landaeta
The developed world is facing an unprecedented demographic transformation driven by falling fertility rates and rising longevity. By 2050, over a quarter of populations in developed countries will be elderly, compared to just 3-4% throughout most of history. Working age populations will stagnate or decline, shrinking economies. Japan and some European countries could lose nearly half their total populations by 2100. This aging transformation will have significant strategic, economic, and social consequences for developed nations' ability to maintain security.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
The following interview offers a wealth of knowledge about security and counterterrorism through comments on diverse topics such as al-Qaeda’s metastasized activities, to how the U.S. needs to articulate a strategic view to counter terrorism of the future and offer leadership.
Three curable symptoms of an ailing global economy and their treatmentSUN&FZ Associates
It goes without saying that poverty and inequality beyond rationally acceptable limit are caused by wrong economic, monetary and fiscal policies; legislative, legal and regulatory flaws; and imbalance between pro-business and pro-people and pro-employer and pro-employee policies.
The transfer of money through channels other than strictly regulated and monitored companies cannot be ruled out but that money’s unchecked investment in bonds, shares, properties and business companies clearly and convincingly points out that the countries and their governments at both ends are intentional accomplices of white collar crimes for a number of understandable but inexcusable reasons.
Is it possible that those who are responsible to monitor the inter-state flow of money don’t know from which countries money is transferred to their countries? Who in regulatory, banking and financial circles doesn’t know whose money is parked in which tax haven for how long? Who doesn’t know who manages the illegally transferred funds on whose behalf? Why do the tax havens hide the information?
Why these questions have not been answered so far?
Who is responsible?
What can be done about it?
The Answers follow…
This document provides an overview of future challenges for special operations, particularly in urban environments. It discusses the increasing likelihood of future warfare occurring in cities due to population growth and urbanization. Special operations forces are well-suited for urban warfare due to their flattened command structure and ability to operate independently. Effective communication is also key. The strategy for urban special operations should be part of a modern counterinsurgency approach that leverages interagency cooperation while overcoming bureaucratic barriers. Technological innovation can help integrate new urban tactics and minimize civilian casualties. Overall, an integrated "smart approach" utilizing all elements of national power is needed to effectively address hybrid threats in urban areas.
a statistical software package
that helps address this flaw in strategy analysis.
The software analyzes what events may happen
in the future, gives their probability of occurrence, and provides the chance you will be surprised or blindsided by an unforeseen event.
The document discusses the rise of the United States as a global superpower and how it gained influence over international affairs. It mentions that:
- The US became powerful after World War 1 and 2 when international organizations like the UN were formed to maintain balance of power in favor of the US.
- After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the US faced no major threats and has since influenced decisions in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan through military interventions.
- While the US aims to fight terrorism and bring nations together, their unilateral actions like the killing of Osama Bin Laden without Pakistan's consent are questionable.
- Overall the current world order is influenced by US political propaganda but international cooperation is important
The document summarizes key trends and uncertainties in global affairs expected between now and 2020, including:
- The rise of China and India as major global economic powers, with their GDPs projected to surpass many Western countries. How their growing influence is exercised internationally is uncertain.
- Other developing countries like Brazil and Indonesia may also become important economic players.
- Europe will remain influential if it addresses issues like aging populations and immigration, but its role is uncertain.
- Russia has potential due to energy exports but faces demographic and instability challenges limiting its global role.
- Traditional geopolitical categories may become obsolete as new global actors emerge and the world becomes less state-bound.
NIC voorspelde gewijzigde machtsverhoudingen na pandemieThierry Debels
Het rapport 'Mapping the Global Future' van het NIC voorspelde in 2004 gewijzigde machtsverhoudingen na een pandemie. Dat scenario speelt zich vandaag af.
The document summarizes a book that examines the relationship between the US and Israel and debunks myths about their alliance. It argues that US support for Israel is based on shared values and interests between the societies, not on the influence of Jewish lobbies. While governments act based on national interests, broader public and congressional support in the US is guided by beliefs that Israel's existence fulfills biblical prophecy. The book is presented as providing useful context for policymakers in the US, Israel, and other nations like India on developing cooperative relationships.
The document discusses global extremism and terrorism from the perspective of the Muslim world. It provides definitions of extremism and terrorism, examines their root causes such as misinterpretation of religious texts and oppression. It analyzes the portrayal of terrorism in Western media and the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The document argues that extremism cannot be eliminated through force alone and that the underlying social and political factors fueling extremism must be addressed.
This document is a summary of the 1974 Kissinger Report, which analyzed the implications of worldwide population growth for US security and overseas interests. It finds that rapid global population growth is unprecedented and exacerbating issues like food scarcity. Developing countries face particularly serious challenges sustaining food production and access to resources with high fertility rates. The report projects continued high population increases that could lead to instability and conflict if not addressed through expanded family planning and development assistance. It calls for the US to develop a strategy to promote lower birth rates and create conditions supporting fertility decline globally.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Afghanistan since the 1970s. It describes the rise of the Marxist PDPA party and their takeover in 1978. Religious rebels (Mujahedeen) formed to resist PDPA attempts to establish state atheism. This led to a proxy war with the Soviet Union intervening to support PDPA from 1979-1989. After the Soviets withdrew, a civil war broke out which the Mujahedeen eventually won in 1992, though fighting between factions continued. The Taliban took control in 1996. Al-Qaeda also operated in Afghanistan prior to 9/11. The US invaded in 2001 seeking to capture Osama Bin Laden and topple the Taliban regime. However, underlying
This document discusses U.S. support for development and family planning programs in Egypt from 1954 to 1988. It provides context on how U.S. development aid aims to promote stability and spread democratic ideals globally for national security reasons. While rhetoric focuses on general development goals, Egypt is used as an example where the U.S. also sought political influence through aid. However, a special relationship did not emerge as Egypt wanted autonomy while accepting funds, and the U.S. faced difficulties using aid for leverage over Egypt's behavior.
The document discusses lessons learned from counterinsurgency campaigns over the past decade, particularly in Iraq and Afghanistan. It summarizes that in Iraq, the US initially lacked understanding of the country and had inadequate plans for stabilization, which contributed to the rise of insurgency. The surge of 2007 involved increasing troops as well as implementing a new strategy focused on securing the population, supporting reconciliation, and coordinated civil-military efforts. This strategy successfully reduced violence by 90%. In Afghanistan, challenges included safe havens in Pakistan, lack of infrastructure and governance, and corruption. Progress has been made but continued support will be needed. Insurgency will remain prevalent and countering it abroad in a way that avoids large military commitments will still be important
This document provides a summary of the National Intelligence Council's projections for the year 2020 based on consultations with experts. It finds that the rise of new global powers like China and India will transform geopolitics in the coming years. While globalization and economic growth are likely to continue, gaps between rich and poor may persist and managing social and political challenges will be difficult for many states. New issues like terrorism, conflicts, and demands for resources will create widespread insecurity. The role of the US and how other nations respond to shifts in power will be important in shaping the global order.
This document provides background and instructions for a lesson on selecting George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. The lesson asks students to identify the key characteristics and skills needed for an army commander, evaluate potential candidates, and decide if Washington was the right choice. It includes readings on generalship qualities and a profile of Washington to help students with their assessment. The overall goal is for students to understand Washington's qualifications and the rationale for his selection during the Revolutionary War period.
This document summarizes the key aspects of asymmetric warfare in the 21st century based on a chapter from the book "Intercultural Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Asia". It defines asymmetric warfare as conflict between opponents with varying resources, where the weaker side exploits the strengths of the stronger side. It discusses how the rise of the US as a dominant military power led to more asymmetric tactics by opponents. The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war is used as an example, where Hezbollah was able to effectively compete against Israel's conventional forces. It argues that in asymmetric conflicts, victory is determined more by perceptions and popular support than conventional military measures. Controlling the narrative is important for success in modern asymmetric warfare.
The document presents a critique of the United Nations, arguing that it has become irrelevant due to hypocrisy, appeasement, and double standards. It focuses on four main areas: the UN's failure to uphold human rights globally and protect civilians from atrocities and disasters; its bias towards protecting dictators like Saddam Hussein and terrorists like Yasser Arafat; its disproportionate focus on criticizing Israel compared to other conflicts; and issues with how it addresses anti-Semitism and terrorism. Various political commentators and cartoons are quoted to support these critiques of the UN.
Why does the world need gladiator like general maximusSUN&FZ Associates
The document discusses several interconnected topics:
1. Pakistan is the first and last frontier in the war on terror in Muslim countries and has an important but unfulfilled role.
2. The global system of governance has failed to keep up with rapid globalization, fueling unrest between the rich and poor as well as terrorism.
3. The media plays a role in misrepresenting these issues and focusing on symptoms rather than addressing failures of governance.
This document discusses the concept of dualism in the modern age. While warfare and human suffering have decreased in some ways, such as a decline in interstate wars, other problems have increased, such as civil conflicts occurring mainly in unstable peripheral states. Progress has been made in reducing famine and disease in many areas, but these issues still plague some regions. The mobility of people has also increased both within and between societies. Overall, the document argues that the current era is one of both positive and negative trends occurring simultaneously, reflecting a dualistic nature of human development.
Q- War is often said to be rooted in multiple sources located at various levels of analysis. For each level of analysis, discuss specific factors and theories that have contributed to the understanding of causes of war.
India, pakistan and the secret jihad the covert war in kashmir, 1947 2004 (as...Home base
India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad explores the history of jihadist violence in Kashmir, and argues that the violent conflict which exploded after 1990 was not a historical discontinuity, but, rather, an escalation of what was by then a five-decade old secret war. Praveen Swami addresses three key issues: the history of jihadist violence in Jammu and Kashmir, which is examined as it evolved from 1947-48 onwards the impact of the secret jihad on Indian policy-making on Jammu and Kashmir, and its influence on political life within the state why the jihad in Jammu and Kashmir acquired such intensity in 1990. This new work will be of much interest to students of the India-Pakistan conflict, South Asian politics and security studies in general.
This review summarizes and critiques three books about Cold War history and American foreign policy:
1) Richard Saull's "The Cold War and after: capitalism, revolution and superpower politics" which takes a Marxist view of the Cold War but is difficult to follow due to lengthy sentences and parentheses.
2) Don Munton and David Welch's "The Cuban Missile Crisis: a concise history" which provides a clear overview of the crisis and its causes/aftermath but could be strengthened by discussing additional context points.
3) Christopher Layne's "The peace of illusions: American grand strategy from 1940 to the present" which argues US foreign policy has long been driven by economic
Muslim World in Encountering the Challenges of Global Extremism and TerrorismMohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Extremism and terrorism are not new phenomena that humanity has to deal with. They have been there in the history of mankind ever since the human population started to increase on this planet. In the past, there have been despotic leaders, individuals, and groups of people who used extremism and terrorism as a means to exterminate others in order to hold onto power and exert their dominance. The researchers of this small-scale qualitative study critically analyzed what is happening to the Muslims and what needs to be done in encountering the challenges of global extremism and terrorism. The researchers took a non-partisan stand in analyzing terrorism in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack that shocked the US and the world at large. The crux of the discussion in this research was centered around on the issues as to why western media take a double standard in reporting terror attacks around the globe, why the oppressed and displaced people of the world resort to terrorism, are terrorists born or made, what lessons can be learned by countries that are faced with terror attacks and racial tensions from role-model countries that are successful in maintaining peace and harmony within their diverse population. Besides discussing the main issues, the researchers have put forward their idealism for world peace and on how the world should stand united in combatting the alarming rate of extremism and terror attacks that happen all over the world today.
War of WAGES
Despite the apex court declaring that minimum pay is a fundamental right, the centre has made no effort to ensure basic remuneration for agricultural labourers in states
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
This document discusses the deterioration of relations between Israel and Turkey over the past decade. It was once a strategic partnership central to US policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, but Turkey has increasingly embraced Islamism under Erdogan. Relations cracked following a 2010 incident where Israeli commandos boarded a Turkish ship attempting to break Israel's blockade of Gaza, killing nine Turkish activists. Erdogan demanded apologies and changes to Israeli policy that have not occurred. Turkey has since aligned more with Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood while criticizing Israel. Regional dynamics are shifting as energy discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean could lessen European reliance on Russia if developed stably.
The document discusses the rise of the United States as a global superpower and how it gained influence over international affairs. It mentions that:
- The US became powerful after World War 1 and 2 when international organizations like the UN were formed to maintain balance of power in favor of the US.
- After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the US faced no major threats and has since influenced decisions in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan through military interventions.
- While the US aims to fight terrorism and bring nations together, their unilateral actions like the killing of Osama Bin Laden without Pakistan's consent are questionable.
- Overall the current world order is influenced by US political propaganda but international cooperation is important
The document summarizes key trends and uncertainties in global affairs expected between now and 2020, including:
- The rise of China and India as major global economic powers, with their GDPs projected to surpass many Western countries. How their growing influence is exercised internationally is uncertain.
- Other developing countries like Brazil and Indonesia may also become important economic players.
- Europe will remain influential if it addresses issues like aging populations and immigration, but its role is uncertain.
- Russia has potential due to energy exports but faces demographic and instability challenges limiting its global role.
- Traditional geopolitical categories may become obsolete as new global actors emerge and the world becomes less state-bound.
NIC voorspelde gewijzigde machtsverhoudingen na pandemieThierry Debels
Het rapport 'Mapping the Global Future' van het NIC voorspelde in 2004 gewijzigde machtsverhoudingen na een pandemie. Dat scenario speelt zich vandaag af.
The document summarizes a book that examines the relationship between the US and Israel and debunks myths about their alliance. It argues that US support for Israel is based on shared values and interests between the societies, not on the influence of Jewish lobbies. While governments act based on national interests, broader public and congressional support in the US is guided by beliefs that Israel's existence fulfills biblical prophecy. The book is presented as providing useful context for policymakers in the US, Israel, and other nations like India on developing cooperative relationships.
The document discusses global extremism and terrorism from the perspective of the Muslim world. It provides definitions of extremism and terrorism, examines their root causes such as misinterpretation of religious texts and oppression. It analyzes the portrayal of terrorism in Western media and the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The document argues that extremism cannot be eliminated through force alone and that the underlying social and political factors fueling extremism must be addressed.
This document is a summary of the 1974 Kissinger Report, which analyzed the implications of worldwide population growth for US security and overseas interests. It finds that rapid global population growth is unprecedented and exacerbating issues like food scarcity. Developing countries face particularly serious challenges sustaining food production and access to resources with high fertility rates. The report projects continued high population increases that could lead to instability and conflict if not addressed through expanded family planning and development assistance. It calls for the US to develop a strategy to promote lower birth rates and create conditions supporting fertility decline globally.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Afghanistan since the 1970s. It describes the rise of the Marxist PDPA party and their takeover in 1978. Religious rebels (Mujahedeen) formed to resist PDPA attempts to establish state atheism. This led to a proxy war with the Soviet Union intervening to support PDPA from 1979-1989. After the Soviets withdrew, a civil war broke out which the Mujahedeen eventually won in 1992, though fighting between factions continued. The Taliban took control in 1996. Al-Qaeda also operated in Afghanistan prior to 9/11. The US invaded in 2001 seeking to capture Osama Bin Laden and topple the Taliban regime. However, underlying
This document discusses U.S. support for development and family planning programs in Egypt from 1954 to 1988. It provides context on how U.S. development aid aims to promote stability and spread democratic ideals globally for national security reasons. While rhetoric focuses on general development goals, Egypt is used as an example where the U.S. also sought political influence through aid. However, a special relationship did not emerge as Egypt wanted autonomy while accepting funds, and the U.S. faced difficulties using aid for leverage over Egypt's behavior.
The document discusses lessons learned from counterinsurgency campaigns over the past decade, particularly in Iraq and Afghanistan. It summarizes that in Iraq, the US initially lacked understanding of the country and had inadequate plans for stabilization, which contributed to the rise of insurgency. The surge of 2007 involved increasing troops as well as implementing a new strategy focused on securing the population, supporting reconciliation, and coordinated civil-military efforts. This strategy successfully reduced violence by 90%. In Afghanistan, challenges included safe havens in Pakistan, lack of infrastructure and governance, and corruption. Progress has been made but continued support will be needed. Insurgency will remain prevalent and countering it abroad in a way that avoids large military commitments will still be important
This document provides a summary of the National Intelligence Council's projections for the year 2020 based on consultations with experts. It finds that the rise of new global powers like China and India will transform geopolitics in the coming years. While globalization and economic growth are likely to continue, gaps between rich and poor may persist and managing social and political challenges will be difficult for many states. New issues like terrorism, conflicts, and demands for resources will create widespread insecurity. The role of the US and how other nations respond to shifts in power will be important in shaping the global order.
This document provides background and instructions for a lesson on selecting George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. The lesson asks students to identify the key characteristics and skills needed for an army commander, evaluate potential candidates, and decide if Washington was the right choice. It includes readings on generalship qualities and a profile of Washington to help students with their assessment. The overall goal is for students to understand Washington's qualifications and the rationale for his selection during the Revolutionary War period.
This document summarizes the key aspects of asymmetric warfare in the 21st century based on a chapter from the book "Intercultural Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Asia". It defines asymmetric warfare as conflict between opponents with varying resources, where the weaker side exploits the strengths of the stronger side. It discusses how the rise of the US as a dominant military power led to more asymmetric tactics by opponents. The 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war is used as an example, where Hezbollah was able to effectively compete against Israel's conventional forces. It argues that in asymmetric conflicts, victory is determined more by perceptions and popular support than conventional military measures. Controlling the narrative is important for success in modern asymmetric warfare.
The document presents a critique of the United Nations, arguing that it has become irrelevant due to hypocrisy, appeasement, and double standards. It focuses on four main areas: the UN's failure to uphold human rights globally and protect civilians from atrocities and disasters; its bias towards protecting dictators like Saddam Hussein and terrorists like Yasser Arafat; its disproportionate focus on criticizing Israel compared to other conflicts; and issues with how it addresses anti-Semitism and terrorism. Various political commentators and cartoons are quoted to support these critiques of the UN.
Why does the world need gladiator like general maximusSUN&FZ Associates
The document discusses several interconnected topics:
1. Pakistan is the first and last frontier in the war on terror in Muslim countries and has an important but unfulfilled role.
2. The global system of governance has failed to keep up with rapid globalization, fueling unrest between the rich and poor as well as terrorism.
3. The media plays a role in misrepresenting these issues and focusing on symptoms rather than addressing failures of governance.
This document discusses the concept of dualism in the modern age. While warfare and human suffering have decreased in some ways, such as a decline in interstate wars, other problems have increased, such as civil conflicts occurring mainly in unstable peripheral states. Progress has been made in reducing famine and disease in many areas, but these issues still plague some regions. The mobility of people has also increased both within and between societies. Overall, the document argues that the current era is one of both positive and negative trends occurring simultaneously, reflecting a dualistic nature of human development.
Q- War is often said to be rooted in multiple sources located at various levels of analysis. For each level of analysis, discuss specific factors and theories that have contributed to the understanding of causes of war.
India, pakistan and the secret jihad the covert war in kashmir, 1947 2004 (as...Home base
India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad explores the history of jihadist violence in Kashmir, and argues that the violent conflict which exploded after 1990 was not a historical discontinuity, but, rather, an escalation of what was by then a five-decade old secret war. Praveen Swami addresses three key issues: the history of jihadist violence in Jammu and Kashmir, which is examined as it evolved from 1947-48 onwards the impact of the secret jihad on Indian policy-making on Jammu and Kashmir, and its influence on political life within the state why the jihad in Jammu and Kashmir acquired such intensity in 1990. This new work will be of much interest to students of the India-Pakistan conflict, South Asian politics and security studies in general.
This review summarizes and critiques three books about Cold War history and American foreign policy:
1) Richard Saull's "The Cold War and after: capitalism, revolution and superpower politics" which takes a Marxist view of the Cold War but is difficult to follow due to lengthy sentences and parentheses.
2) Don Munton and David Welch's "The Cuban Missile Crisis: a concise history" which provides a clear overview of the crisis and its causes/aftermath but could be strengthened by discussing additional context points.
3) Christopher Layne's "The peace of illusions: American grand strategy from 1940 to the present" which argues US foreign policy has long been driven by economic
Muslim World in Encountering the Challenges of Global Extremism and TerrorismMohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Extremism and terrorism are not new phenomena that humanity has to deal with. They have been there in the history of mankind ever since the human population started to increase on this planet. In the past, there have been despotic leaders, individuals, and groups of people who used extremism and terrorism as a means to exterminate others in order to hold onto power and exert their dominance. The researchers of this small-scale qualitative study critically analyzed what is happening to the Muslims and what needs to be done in encountering the challenges of global extremism and terrorism. The researchers took a non-partisan stand in analyzing terrorism in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack that shocked the US and the world at large. The crux of the discussion in this research was centered around on the issues as to why western media take a double standard in reporting terror attacks around the globe, why the oppressed and displaced people of the world resort to terrorism, are terrorists born or made, what lessons can be learned by countries that are faced with terror attacks and racial tensions from role-model countries that are successful in maintaining peace and harmony within their diverse population. Besides discussing the main issues, the researchers have put forward their idealism for world peace and on how the world should stand united in combatting the alarming rate of extremism and terror attacks that happen all over the world today.
War of WAGES
Despite the apex court declaring that minimum pay is a fundamental right, the centre has made no effort to ensure basic remuneration for agricultural labourers in states
This document discusses the crisis in Ukraine and Crimea's annexation by Russia, as well as broader issues related to the expansion of NATO and use of democracy and freedom as strategic tools. It argues that expanding NATO and using democratic ideals to advance strategic interests has undermined stability in Eastern Europe and democracy globally. The document advocates for an approach grounded in equilibrium and restraint between major powers.
This document discusses the deterioration of relations between Israel and Turkey over the past decade. It was once a strategic partnership central to US policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, but Turkey has increasingly embraced Islamism under Erdogan. Relations cracked following a 2010 incident where Israeli commandos boarded a Turkish ship attempting to break Israel's blockade of Gaza, killing nine Turkish activists. Erdogan demanded apologies and changes to Israeli policy that have not occurred. Turkey has since aligned more with Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood while criticizing Israel. Regional dynamics are shifting as energy discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean could lessen European reliance on Russia if developed stably.
US Foreign Policy in Middle East Problems and Perspectivesijtsrd
In this article, the author examines what role the Middle East region plays in the foreign strategy of the United States of America and the main approaches of the US administrations to the region. It also provides recommendations on the future behavioral role of the United States in the Middle East. Fuzail Makhmudov "US Foreign Policy in Middle East: Problems and Perspectives" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/47943/us-foreign-policy-in-middle-east-problems-and-perspectives/fuzail-makhmudov
In the contemporary era, the international geopolitical chess indicates the existence of three major players: the United States, China and Russia. From confrontation between these three major military powers may result alternative scenarios to the current that is characterized at the time by the US hegemony on the world stage since the end of the bipolar world that confronted the United States and the Soviet Union.
This document discusses the transition from a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR to a multi-polar world with multiple power centers emerging. It notes China and Russia's increasing economic and military power and their efforts to assert influence globally. The US is taking steps like its Asia-Pacific policy to maintain primacy but power is shifting. The future could see more stability or conflict between states as they adjust to the new dynamic, complex multi-polar system. Pakistan is also adjusting its foreign policy to address security and economic concerns in the changing world order.
This document discusses challenges facing continued American global leadership in the 21st century. It outlines geopolitical tensions between countries like China, Japan, and South Korea over disputed islands that could undermine American alliances. Ongoing financial crises in Western Europe and the Middle East also threaten American strategic interests. While America has contributed greatly to human progress, its image has been damaged by issues like the Iraq war and treatment of veterans. The upcoming 2012 presidential election will be important for addressing these challenges and improving America's global standing through strengthened alliances, balanced policies, and moral leadership.
The return of Mackinder’s Heartland Theory with new strategic development in Eurasia, Defense Partnership and Alliances in the Heartland, Major Asian Power- Groping their way Amid Extremism including Test Case for India and China in Strategic Asia .
Determinants for International Relation
Instruments for foreign policy making
National interest
Non-Alignment Movement
Dimensions in International relations
This document is a dissertation analyzing Russia's new foreign policy under President Vladimir Putin and the reasons behind it. It provides theoretical frameworks of realism, geopolitics, and Eurasianism to analyze Putin's doctrine. The document gives a brief historical background of Russia from the Soviet Union to today. It then applies the theoretical lenses to understand Putin's justification for Russia reasserting itself on the global stage and restoring its sphere of influence in places like Ukraine and Crimea.
Reshetnikov M.M. The modern world - psycho-political analysis: what attracts young people to terrorist
organizations and groups? // Oxford University Press: J. Social Problems, Issue 4(2), Vol. 64 - 2017. - P. 1132 - 1153
The document summarizes U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf region since World War II. It argues that U.S. policy has consistently aimed to preserve Western access to Gulf oil, prevent the spread of alternative ideologies, and support regimes serving U.S. interests. This has led the U.S. to increasingly intervene in the region to protect its "national interests" of ensuring oil flows and corporate profits. Over time, the U.S. replaced Britain as the dominant imperial power in the region in order to secure Gulf oil that is vital for the U.S. economy and global dollar hegemony.
This document summarizes U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf region since World War II. It argues that U.S. policy has consistently aimed to preserve Western access to oil, prevent the spread of alternative ideologies, and support pro-U.S. regimes. This has led to contradictions with democratic goals and increasing American involvement in the region over time. The document traces how U.S. policy evolved from limited influence pre-WWII to gradually replacing Britain as the dominant imperial power by pursuing control of oil reserves and supporting regimes serving American interests.
Ideology, Interest, U.S. Foreign Policy HistoriographyTravis Beecroft
This document discusses the historiography on how ideology and interest shaped US foreign policy during the Progressive Era. It examines how historians have analyzed the role of ideology related to slavery, treatment of Native Americans, and expansionism. The document argues that a racial hierarchy established through slavery provided ideological justification for later foreign policy. It also discusses how ideologies of emancipation, guidance, assimilation, and progress were used to influence policy toward Native Americans and expand US territory. The summary examines both ideology and interest in shaping imperialism in Latin America and Asia during this period.
Brzezinski The Geostrategic Triad Living With China, Europe And Russia (2...guestaab442
This document provides an introduction and overview of a monograph on the United States' strategic priorities and engagement with major powers in Eurasia. It discusses how the success of US international engagement in the 21st century will depend on its relationships with China, Japan, Russia, and Europe. Specifically, it outlines two "Eurasian power triangles" that are important for the US - one between the US, EU, and Russia, and another between the US, Japan, and China. The document introduces Zbigniew Brzezinski's analysis of these relationships and the strategic considerations that should guide the US approach in each case.
Economic History AssociationNational Policy and Western De.docxjack60216
Economic History Association
National Policy and Western Development in North America
Author(s): Vernon C. Fowke
Source: The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Dec., 1956), pp. 461-479
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114691 .
Accessed: 25/03/2014 11:29
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Cambridge University Press and Economic History Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,
preserve and extend access to The Journal of Economic History.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 198.161.51.4 on Tue, 25 Mar 2014 11:29:33 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=eha
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114691?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
National Policy and Western Development
in North America
I
THE general theme of these discussions calls for a reinterpretation of
the West as an underdeveloped region. This lends credence to a
hypothesis occasionally encountered that history is comprised of the
examination of a succession of conceptual anachronisms devised in
each case by the historian's generation for the solution of contemporary
problems and applied as an afterthought to the reconstruction of the
past. The adoption of the concept of underdevelopment in the present
circumstance is in line with this hypothesis and is, in this regard, in
good company with well-worn frames of reference utilized by earlier
generations of North American economic historians. Turner advanced
the frontier thesis as a tool of analysis of the past at a time when major
concern was arising over the frontier's disappearance. Innis fashioned
the staple-trade approach to Canadian economic development in the
interwar years when for a time it appeared that Canadian prosperity
and material advance had vanished coincidentally with the mortal ill-
ness of the last great Canadian staple, wheat.
The question of economic development took shape in the I930's
and has been particularly prominent in the postwar decade. It emerged
naturally from contemporary paradox and has maintained a striking
vitality because of the persistence of the original paradox in modified
form but in a vastly magnified geographical context. The economic
circumstance of poverty ...
This document discusses how geopolitical reasoning was used in American foreign policy during the Cold War. It analyzes three key aspects of American geopolitical thought: 1) The USSR was portrayed as the "Oriental" other, drawing on colonial discourses, 2) The USSR leaders were seen as having "instinctive desires" like potential rapists, threatening female vulnerability, 3) The spread of communism was depicted as a "Red Flood" that needed to be contained along firm boundaries. This document argues these perspectives helped constitute the global geography of containment against the perceived Soviet threat.
The instability of the Caspian region, matters profoundly to the west and to the U.S. for several reasons. First,
its instability permits the operation and growth of terrorist movements that often have a global and specifically
anti-American scope. Second, the Caspian is a emerging oil producing region vital to unimpeded energy access.
Finally, regional conflicts in this volatile area have the potential of developing into major power confrontations
that cannot but affect the security of the U.S. and its allies. US since 1992 have claimed that engaging the
Caspian states is a strategic priority for the United States foreign policy. The region is home to vast unexploited
oil and gas reserves and is an important staging area for the US.
Discussion Resources· The World Factbook (httpswww.cia.govLyndonPelletier761
Discussion Resources
· The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/)
· US Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet (https://www.state.gov/u-s-bilateral-relations-fact-sheets/)
· Congressional Research Service Reports on the Middle East and the Arab World (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/)
·
Geopolitics and the Cold War
THE TOTAL VANQUISHING OF THE THIRD REICH AND IMPERIAL
Japan set the stage for the next phase of geopolitical thought and discourse—this time to account for, and to game-plan, the new US role internationally. This phase was grafted onto the older challenge of the “heartland” power, in the shape of a Soviet Union of unprecedented power and geographical range, the situation predicted by Mackinder in 1943. There were also the practical and theoretical questions of how far newer technology, in the form of long-range bombers, missiles and nuclear weapons vitiated the older heartland and oceanic geopolitical theses. Indeed, during the Cold War, newer types of core-periphery geopolitical formulations surfaced in the form of containment, the “Domino Theory,” and multipolarity. George Kennan and Henry Kissinger were the most prominent examples of geopoliticians in action. However, aside from the significance of traditional mental maps, US geopolitical propositions were not left unchallenged, most conspicuously by Soviet commentators, and by Western radicals, such as the French thinker Yves Lacoste, who claimed that post-1945 geopolitical theory was in practice a justification for military aggression. A different challenge to geopolitical accounts came from the rise of environmentalism and an appreciation of the constraints that human interaction with the physical environment could place upon geopolitical theorizing and action. Less conspicuously, official and popular views within the West frequently did not match those of the United States.1
COLD WAR RIVALRY
The Cold War was presented in geopolitical terms, both for analysis and for rhetoric. As during World War II, a sense of geopolitical challenge was used to encourage support for a posture of readiness, indeed of immediate readiness. The sense of threat was expressed in map form, with both the United States and the Soviet Union depicting themselves as surrounded and threatened by the alliance systems, military plans and subversive activities of their opponents. These themes could be seen clearly not only in government publications, but also in those of other organizations. The dominant role of the state helps to explain this close alignment in the case of the Soviet Union and its Communist allies. In the United States, there was also a close correspondence between governmental views and those propagated in the private sector, not least in the print media.
News magazines offered an important illustration of the situation and, in the United States, served actively to propagate such governmental themes as the need for the containment of Communism. Thus, in the April 1, 1946, ...
This document discusses different theories of current geopolitics:
1) Hegemonic Stability Theory argues the US remains the sole superpower and global stabilizer, challenged by rising China and Russia.
2) Hegemonic Competition Theory sees confrontation between rising China and incumbent US, analogous to Athens vs Sparta.
3) Hegemonic Decline Theory views the current period as one of instability like the decline of British power after WWI.
4) Realist Theory focuses on great power politics among major countries like the US, China, EU, Russia, and India.
5) Multilateralist Theory, which the author favors, argues only global cooperation through institutions like the UN can solve global issues.
Putin and the Russian Imapct on 21st defense.ICSA, LLC
Putin and Russia are challenging the existing global order in the 21st century in different ways than the Soviet Union did during the Cold War. Russian actions, like their intervention in Ukraine, are being closely watched by other authoritarian leaders. Crafting an effective response is challenging for Western democracies due to limited resources and the difficulty of having defense strategies that are agile enough. Russia rejects the post-Cold War order and believes military means are legitimate for reshaping geopolitics, while exploiting issues like nationalism, cyber intrusions, and nuclear weapons. The context around issues like the Middle East, new areas of strategic importance like the Arctic, and financial crises influence and magnify Russia's actions on the global stage.
Similar to America, the great game and the greater middle east an undiscussed perspective unveiling the birth of conspiracy theories (20)
Why Islamic Common Market if not an Islamic Union is necessarySUN&FZ Associates
It is challenging but not impossible!
Economic Power of any country is its real power in today’s world. Every other tangible and intangible element of national power without substantive economic power is worthless in international relations and global power politics.
Expertise in commercial diplomacy is an essential pre-requisite to configure a country’s tangible and intangible elements of national power. This is exactly what the rulers of the emerging economies have done to break the barriers of demographic constraints and to get out of the debt trap.
The world’s richest natural resource and human talent market with close to more than two billion potential consumers is a reasonably promising consumer community to start thinking of and working on!
This document summarizes several social and economic problems facing Pakistan, their causes, and why they persist. The key problems discussed are: unimpressive growth rate due to lack of vision and reliable data; non-productive expenses like large bureaucracies and military spending; trade and budget deficits due to unchecked imports and luxurious government spending; inflation fueled by loan defaults and black market money; power shortages partially due to organized corruption; depleting gas reserves and increasing oil costs despite potential reserves; underinvestment due to issues like corruption and security concerns; and widespread tax evasion. The overarching point made is that the groups responsible for creating these problems through corruption and mismanagement are also the ones with the power to solve
Abc of life.. five laws of nature and seven divine rules! ss vSUN&FZ Associates
Nothing in human history has so far happened without a known and unknown reason, human reaction and beneficial or harmful and constructive or destructive consequences on the path of evolution. The process of evolution, triggered by observation, leads to experimentation and results in either invention or innovation for progress and prosperity or death and destruction
Interestingly, nothing in human lives like in day-to-day performance of nature is happening out of a well-defined and fixed time-frame. Like nature, human life is also divided into a daily 24-hour cycle of temporary life and death leading to its ultimate unpredictable end called permanent death which is so far uncontrollable.
The consequences of the wrong actions in the right directionSUN&FZ Associates
It is not that those who mattered in corridors of political power were not timely advised to put Pakistan’s derailed political process back on track. It is also not that the so-called establishment did not acknowledge and consider the set of suggestions which were submitted for its consideration and appropriate action. Then what went wrong?
An exclusive political review of excerpts from an article published in the daily Jang Lahore on 18th and 19th April, 1990 and an analysis of what is happening in Pakistan now and how that can be corrected!
The most frightening and totally ignored political reality is that a group of provincial leaders is independently running the federal government and the provinces without any sign of an Integrated Provincial and National Vision and Plan of Action.
A provincially, administratively and politically weak and handicapped central government and on-their-own provincial governments do not seem to have the much needed will and the resources to forcefully eliminate the political and corporate crime mafias now evidently hiding behind unquestionably fake war against terror which is the biggest global political, diplomatic and military fraud of the past and present century. Pakistan’s problem is not war against terrorism. Pakistan’s problem is now identified criminal political and alleged corporate mafias who are plundering and hollowing Pakistan by hiding and acting from behind the mask of war against terror, the failure of law enforcement agencies to unmask them and recruitment of armed gangs of criminals by a number of, not all, politicians and corporate tycoons as security guards.
THE BOTTOM LINE IS: Stop using the term TERRORISTS and start chasing the CRIMINALS!
Where did geo, media, pemra and the government go wrongSUN&FZ Associates
The matter has become more serious to not single out only channels of GTN but make it compulsory for all television networks and their channels to make sure that no producer, host, anchor, actor, actress or participant in any program intentionally or unintentionally ridicules the constitution of the country and violates the PEMRA’s Code of Conduct in any way.
For that to happen it is proposed to convene a conference of media owners and PEMRA officials to resolve the disputes, settle the issues and make a pledge not to air contempt for religion and religious groups and show disrespect for Islam, country’s armed forces and sensitive institutions.
Electronic media's performance in pakistan and geo network as stand alone rol...SUN&FZ Associates
What we see missing in Pakistan’s electronic media is the visibility of credible owners, professional department heads and their bosses with the exception of less than the fingers of two hands. They may decide on their own to which group they belong: less than the fingers of the two hands or rest of the unworthy crowd.
Pakistan, a leaderless leader in economic growth potential among emerging mar...SUN&FZ Associates
When those who are given the mandate to govern, make the country ungovernable then the only way out for the civil society is to lead the way to show the leaders that those who are mislead can lead too when the time comes. It is far more important to self-govern than handing over the right to govern to those who cannot see beyond their nose.
Pakistan, a leaderless leader in economic growth potential among emerging mar...SUN&FZ Associates
When those who are given the mandate to govern, make the country ungovernable then the only way out for the civil society is to lead the way to show the leaders that those who are mislead can lead too when the time comes. It is far more important to self-govern than handing over the right to govern to those who cannot see beyond their nose.
The greatest media and advertising challenge of the most powerful human and r...SUN&FZ Associates
It is reminder of a reality that is very well known but, unfortunately, Pakistan and the Pakistanis do not seem to benefit from this reality…Why? Ask the political leaders, the media owners and the voters.
This document discusses four articles published between 1974-2013 analyzing geopolitical events in the Muslim world. The key events discussed include the Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan in the 1970s-80s and the political instability seen in Iran and Pakistan at that time. The overall conclusion of the articles is that without an "unthinkable miracle", the independent Muslim world will end due to ongoing unrest and uncertainty in the region. The document aims to share these analyses with connections and friends.
The future of entertainment & media in a hyperconnected world, india and paki...SUN&FZ Associates
Contents for interconnected platforms in a hyper-connected world need to be carefully tailored to create synergy between delivery and receiving ends.
Focus on contents instead of the carriers is need of the time.
What Do The Television Network Owners Look At?
They look at three things:
Fixed Point Chart Focusing on Commercial Breaks
Programme Ratings
and
Balance Sheet
They don't think beyond programme ratings and balance sheet.
Re-Inventing Print Media Management: Country Model - PakistanSUN&FZ Associates
The document discusses strategies for developing a national newspaper in Pakistan through unique content, formats, and marketing. It proposes forming research, content, format, and marketing teams to comprehensively study readers, develop tailored content for local and national audiences, and test marketing plans. The goal is to prepare country-wide circulation milestones and financial plans to make the newspaper nationally competitive through a differentiated approach.
Why global good governance has become a labor of sisyphus part 1SUN&FZ Associates
The document discusses challenges facing global governance, including a crisis of political and corporate leadership, rising costs of living outpacing economic growth, and a widening wealth gap. It argues that national priorities are not properly aligned with global priorities due to a lack of a global contextual education system. Such a system is needed to help citizens understand their role in an interconnected world and rise above national, religious, and ethnic divisions. The document also criticizes economic models for failing to consider factors like regulatory failures, uncontrolled profit increases, and unequal wage growth that contribute to rising inequality.
THE PUROPSE
The purpose of this paper presentation is to:
Re-define education
Describe how it applies to system of governance and its four core delivery targets and
What needs to be done for aligning education system with the delivery targets
How to re-invent education system
Malala mishap and global media scenario in retrospect taliban and pakistanSUN&FZ Associates
Pakistani Talibans had tried to impose their Nizam-e-Adl in Swat and were thrown out of there proving and conveying clearly and forcefully that their kind of Islam was not acceptable and workable in our country. So as Muslims what are we afraid of?
We have a more secular than a secular government. We have a dedicated Secular Media of Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s Secular Pakistan. We have an army ready to fight against any attempt to disturb the way we live in this world and the way we believe in the world after. When the Pakistani Talibans have failed in Swat how can they succeed in other parts of the country where we have law enforcing agencies as well as rangers and army cantonment areas? Do we think that a few isolated barbaric incidents can succeed in terrorizing entire population of Pakistan and make them Taliban Branded Shariah Compliant? Can a country that has a brave teen age girl like Malala who has the courage to defy Taliban and carry on her mission be expected to let so-called Pakistani Taliban impose their “Alien to Islam Shariat in a “RELIGIOUS COUNTRY of TRULY MUSLIMS like Pakistan”?
The action of the video producer was wrong, the nature of reaction of on the streets mobs was worse and Obama’s speech on regrettable action and disgustingly inhuman reaction respectively was the worst. Obama tried to establish that American media and the world they live in have the freedom to malign and hurt more than one billion people if the two freedoms are wrapped in constitutionally protected “freedom of speech.” He accepts that the act was wrong but stubbornly insists that the perpetrators will continue doing it because First Amendment allows that. A speech does not only reflect how a person views a particular situation, its causes and consequences, it showcases his personality too. Obama’s full of contradictions speech in United Nations did not disappoint Muslims; it was utterly disgusting for people who, irrespective of their respective faiths, have a sense of justice across the globe.
The world leaders and media owners need to understand that the freedom of expression does not mean the freedom to malign personalities who deserve to be respected irrespective of their religion, nationality, color and creed. We, people of the world, ought to keep in mind that we are members of a single global family. Once, we convince ourselves to admit that we are “Members of a Single Family” created by the Only Creator through Adam and Eve, no matter where on earth we live, no matter what is the color of our skin, no matter which language we speak, no matter which religious faith or the ideology we follow, only then we will realize how difficult it is to hate or hurt a member of our own family. No constitution any where in the world and the statute of the United Nations allow any government, individual and institution including the print and electronic media to hurt the religious sentiments of citizens of any country, minorities and any community.
Why another oil shock wave will lead to economic doomsday?SUN&FZ Associates
The world had survived the first Oil Embargo ShockWave. It has survived the second Oil Price ShockWave. Will it be able to absorb the third? I don’t think so. The first ShockWave was unexpected. The second was engineered. And… the third will be well planned, far more precise, smooth and flawless.
Why another oil shock wave will lead to economic doomsday?
America, the great game and the greater middle east an undiscussed perspective unveiling the birth of conspiracy theories
1. 2013
America, the Great Game and the Greater
Middle East in a Globalized World
An un-discussed perspective unveiling the birth of
Conspiracy Theories
American Global Strategic Game Planners started thinking of defending an economic
fort without planning to construct it first!
The Post WW-ll Containment Strategy
Carter Administration’s Post Yom Kippur War Global Strategic Vision
Iranian Islamic Revolution, Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan and Re-Alignment of
Post WW-ll Containment Strategy
Americanization of Russia’s Plan for the Territorial Re-Organization of Asian States
Possible Division of Iraq, Its Expected Fall Out and Regional Political Re-adjustments
in Middle East and South Asia
Five Important Questions
Jimmy Carter’s Three Strategic Options and Their Ultimate Outcome
Global Re-tailoring of “Identity, Religion and State-Society Relationship” and the
Role of Intellectuals
Proliferation of Media Groups and Two Obstacles in the Way of the Implementation
of the American Global Strategic Vision
The Opportunity that American Leaders Missed to Make America a Global Leader
The Event that Proved to be the Last Nail in the Coffin of Turning the Fading Global
American Influence into Hate America Sentiment
The Real Great Global Game Will Begin After the Withdrawal of American Troops
from Afghanistan When Carefully Planned Regional Political Re-Alignments Will Be
Challenged
The Question is will the “Debt Ceiling” and “Fiscal Cliff” allow the American
establishment to respond to the challenges ahead?
Will a truly “New World Order” emerge consisting of Regional Cooperation Alliances
as equal economic partners?
Zahid Hussain Khalid
Written for my blogs on Wordpress, Slideshare and Facebook
2/17/2013
2. America, the Great Game and the Greater Middle East
in a Globalized World
An un-discussed perspective unveiling the birth of Conspiracy Theories
American Global Strategic Game Planners started thinking of defending
an economic fort without planning to construct it first!
By: Zahid Hussain Khalid
Between post WWll and the end of bi-polar world United States of America was struggling to become a leader in
almost all tangible and intangible elements of, at that time unimaginable, global power. The disintegration of
Soviet Union and the end of the cold war had opened a new chapter in the history of international relations and
USA was seen standing at the cross- road of history to decide which way it had to go.
What was the post WWll scenario?
After World War II, the United States initially built its
“containment strategy” on two zones: Western
Europe at one end of Eurasia and Japan and South
Korea at the other. The containment strategy was
based on reconstruction of Europe, global expansion
of manufacturing base, introduction of innovative
social and economic reforms and aid for human and
natural resource development as an attractive
display of diplomatic good will. The 1973 Yom Kippur
War between Israel and Arab states did not only lead
to a global stagflation, it resulted in militarization
3. and politicization of American Global Strategic Vision too.
Carter administration’s post Yom Kippur War Global Strategic Vision was based on the recommendations of a
working group published in “Reducing Global Iniquities.” In that book, the American foreign policy options in the
oil rich Gulf region were discussed in detail and implemented through covert means until 9/11 and overtly since
then. As Soviet power projection capabilities grew in the late 1970s and as the oil-rich Persian Gulf states fell into
war and political instability, the United States added Persian Gulf as a third strategic zone, interrelated with the
first two because Western Europe and Japan depended critically on its oil production.
The foundation of a network of military bases was laid in geographically suitable countries in the Gulf region for
encountering any potential threat to American interests and to convincingly make the American “military presence
felt.”http://www.history.com/topics/energy-crisis/videos#carter-on-the-persian-gulf-1980. Prior to that the
Iranian Islamic Revolution lead by a religious leader
Khomeini and former Soviet Union’s occupation of
Afghanistan disturbed the post-WWll global
alignments and adjustments threatening the firm
American political, economic and military strategic
hold on majority of the Muslim countries except a
few. The strategic review of the situation, according
to General William E. Odom, unveiled the following
three new realities underlining the need for change
in old strategy for making room to include new
players in the emerging Great Game and the Greater
Middle East.
First, the oil and natural gas reserves in the Caspian Sea basin approach the size of those in the Persian Gulf. Given
the added demands for energy caused by the rapidly growing economies of China, India, and other late developing
states, the importance of these additional reserves is obvious. (This reality is controversial and questioned for
different debatable reasons. It cannot be completely ruled out though).
Second, political and military conditions in the Transcaucasia and Central Asia present obstacles to bringing this
energy to the global market.
Third, both regions are the object of outside states competing for influence there. Not only Russia, but also China,
Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia, are competitively engaged, often in non-constructive ways. Also, some of
the problems in the Persian Gulf region and Afghanistan are refracted into Central Asia and the Transcaucasia.
The serious nature of the unveiled realities can be
understood with the help of two statements. These
realities were summed up by Guy F. Caruso, Director
Strategic Energy Initiatives, ISIS in a testimony before
the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
as “one of the ironies at the turn of the century is
that, in an age when the pace of technological
change is almost overwhelming, the world will
remain dependent, out to the year 2020 at least,
essentially on the same sources of energy-oil,
natural gas, coal – that prevailed in the twentieth
century.”
4. This is how Zbigniew Brzezinski described the stakes, "Seventy-five percent of the world population, most of its
material riches, 60 percent of the world's GNP, 75 percent of sources of energy, and behind the US, the six most
prosperous economies and the six largest military budgets."
The real Great Game has consequently been expanded to include Middle East and South Asia for access to natural
resources for converting developed world’s dependence on resource rich countries into “display of domination.”
This display of domination was not possible to become a reality without properly understanding the linkage
between the Arab World and the Asian subcontinent. When a serious attempt was made to do that it dawned that
“the linkage between the Arab World and the Asian subcontinent” according to a research report, “was under-
examined.” Not only that, “the war over identity, religion and state-society relationships was played out acutely in
five countries of the Middle East and South Asia: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and India. The five states were
interacting in multiple and fundamental ways.”
The discussion on a uniform strategic vision for
Middle East, South and Central Asia was of no use
without addressing the “identity, religion and state-
society relationships.” The only available option to
strategic planners was “the geographical regrouping
on the basis of ethnicity and sectarianism.” The
concept of regrouping was inspired by Russian geo-
strategist Mistilavsky who had propounded, focusing
only on Afghanistan. “Afghanistan,” in view of
Mistilavsky in Strauss Hupe and Stephan T. Passony’s
book, International Politics, “was a conglomerate
of different ethnic groups which could not be governed by a central authority.” The purpose of Soviet attack on
Afghanistan was to contain the possibility of post-Islamic revolution Iranian influence on Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and
Turkmenistan and to redraw the boundaries of Afghanistan by dividing it into Pushto, Afghan and Russian zones.
Former Soviet Union’s Plan of Territorial Re-Organization of Asian States was pre-tested in Afghanistan and it
miserably failed only due to the covert and overt retaliation of United States of America with a firm determination
to put a permanent end to the possibility of a similar adventure in future. But, unfortunately, in Iraq a similar
adventure was staring at America.
“Iraq had presented a buffer within the Middle East
System,” according to a research report,
“counterbalancing Iran and keeping Turkey facing
west; now Iraq is the epicenter of a new set of
tension drawing in Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iran and
Turkey. Iran has become a dominant player in the
heart of the Middle East. Consequently, the
apparent elimination of Iraq is expected to create a
regional vacuum completely altering the power
balances and containment effects of that.”
What we have seen in Tunis, Egypt, Libya, Syria and Mali after Afghanistan and Iraq are merely indication of what
we need to prepare ourselves to see in the future. The ongoing wars, civil unrest and external intervention will not
only escalate they are expected to engulf other countries too including Iran, ultimately Pakistan and possibly China
too.
5. In view of this different perspective of the realities on ground the following questions need to be answered:
Can Saudi Arabia and or any other Asian country play
a leading role in bringing all the regional countries on
a newly formed Arab-Asian platform to find a
peaceful way out on the principle of mutual
diplomatic adjustments in the interest of all
countries in the region?
Can the anticipated fall out of the feared transition
in Iraq be avoided through a series of serious
dialogue between the communities and countries
involved?
Will the South Asian countries be allowed to benefit
from India’s rise and economic expansion?
Will Iran come out of the geo-strategic containment
circle around it or fight its way through the circle to
benefit from the emerging regional geo-economic
realities? Which new bi-lateral and / or multi-lateral
alliances and geo-strategic military formations are
expected in the near future?
Is there a possibility of the neutralization or marginalization of the anticipated tensions through sectarian
understanding, moderation and toleration? Will the outside forces and global geo-strategic players allow this
understanding to develop and mature?
Before answering the above questions, it will be appropriate to see where America went wrong after Yom Kippur
War, disintegration of Soviet Union and 9/11.
Jimmy Carter’s response to challenges posed by the
Oil Embargo of the oil producing countries was very
intelligently designed and implemented covertly
with excellent precision. In “Reducing Global
Iniquities,” three options were presented for the
consideration of Jimmy Carter. The first option was
to occupy the oil producing countries, the second
option was to assassinate the leaders behind the Oil
Embargo and the third option was to replace the
defiant political leaders of the resource rich
countries with compliant political leaders.
Interestingly, American government immediately started working on the last two options as suggested but instead
of occupying the oil producing countries they convinced the compliant rulers to allow the opening of military
bases. The elements of national power and system of governance in the resource rich Muslim countries were very
tactfully dis-configured and pillars of the state were very intelligently made almost dysfunctional in most of the
geo-politically important countries one after the other. The others are not sure of their political future. But still the
threats and challenges are very much there. Pakistan’s nuclear capability and Iran’s insistence to enrich uranium
for making nuclear weapons, no matter what, are on top of the list of the acknowledged and seriously taken
threats and challenges to America. Now let us see what the consequences are.
6. In late 1970s America, Israel and GCC countries, according to The Middle East magazine, agreed not to initiate a
ground to air and air to ground war against each other. This agreement eliminated the possibility of the liberation
of Palestine through military means. Palestinians without the military support of surrounding Muslim countries
cannot even think of an independent homeland. In a situation like this the best available option to Egypt, Jordan
and Syria was to follow the GCC countries and sign a similar agreement.
Egypt did that but Syria due to Russian influence and
Jordan fearing internal unrest decided not to follow
Egypt and GCC countries. It is repeatedly stressed
that Syria and Iran are not only supporting the arms
resistance in Palestine causing instability in Lebanon,
they are threat to the very survival of Israel too. Now
see how this scenario is closely linked with the
scenario of the possible fall out of a division of Iraq
into, , as envisioned and suggested by Joe Biden,
Shia, Sunni and Kurd dominated regions and try to
understand the need for addressing the “identity,
religion and state-society relationships” in Iraq and
the surrounding as well as other Muslim countries.
Interestingly, so far the Americans did not succeed in exploiting the visible “sectarian identity divide and the
differences of religious inter-sect beliefs.” The only fabric they have successfully re-tailored is “state-society
relationship” as suggested in “Reducing Global Iniquities.” Unfortunately, this re-tailoring of state-society
relationship also did not serve the actual purpose of doing so and created new and far more serious problems for
America than helping to solve the old ones.
There are three important pillars of state-society
relationship: State, society and intellectuals as so-
called opinion makers. The intellectuals are
symbolically considered to be the conceptual bridge
between a society and a state due to their
educational background, appearance in print and on
electronic media, access to those who matter at the
highest levels in civil and corporate governance and
right or wrong influence on society through media.
This is where the American strategic planners and
intelligence agencies made a seriously damaging
mistake as pointed out in an important CSIS report
on relations between Pakistan and America.
These intellectuals instead of knowingly or unknowingly widening the gulf only between society and the state
actually widened the gulf between society and the state on the one hand and far more seriously damaging
American interests on the other due to their stupidity, lack of awareness of the sentiments and levels of
comprehension of their audiences as a result of their shameless visible hypocrisy, hatred for everything moral,
ethical, constitutional, lawful and religious. Dozens of examples can be presented here but let us leave it for some
other occasion. The main question is how the deteriorating society-state relationship has a negative impact on the
objectives of the American geo-strategic plans in other countries?
The world is aware of the reasons and the background of the military action in Iraq and Afghanistan but what has
happened in Tunis, Egypt and Libya and what is happening in Syria, Pakistan and Iran is an ongoing invisible
Military Action Other than War through Psychological Military Operations. The intellectuals and NGOs are used as
“intelligence assets” in Military Operation Other Than War dividing and weakening a society and state from within
pretending to be friends instead of appearing as enemies of both society and the state. Globalization of media and
7. proliferation of media groups have created two obstacles in the smooth implementation of this aspect of American
Global Strategic Vision.
The first obstacle is that the hiding of truth has
become extremely difficult. When the truth is
revealed by one media group in or outside a country
others are left with no choice but to follow.
The second obstacle is that the people have become
knowledgeable without proper education and that is
far more dangerous and uncontrollable in leaderless
countries than non-state anti-American terrorists.
In a situation like this the self-pampered, biased and
dishonest intellectuals lacking the knowledge of
ground realities are adding fuel to the fire instead of
calming down the anti-American sentiments.
This is evidently an ignored flaw in Strategic Intelligence Vision and consequent on ground overseas Psy-War
activities of the American administration, State Department, intelligence agencies and Pentagon. This is what
happened and what is happening as a consequence of post-Yom Kippur War Strategic Intelligence Vision clearly
demonstrating partial success in intelligence objectives to the extent that now America at least has a corps of
compliant leaders and visibly damaging media support in Muslim world and more than hundred countries that
have become untrustworthy members of the so-called League of Democracy after color revolutions and seasons of
political upheavals and civil unrest.
A much bigger blunder was made after the disintegration of Soviet Union and end of the cold war. That was a time
when American brains behind Global Strategic Vision had to cool headedly take advantage of the post WWll
reconstruction of Europe and economic leadership of the world by re-visiting their priorities and reconfiguring
them for a “possibly” uni-polar world because they did not have any economic or military threat in their way to get
America acknowledged as a genuinely true global social, economic, political, military and diplomatic leader.
Instead of relying on their good-will they took the
wrong decision and American Global Strategic Game
Planners started thinking of defending an economic
fort without planning to construct it first by
presenting the idea of creating a Rapid Deployment
Force to protect America’s global economic interests
in geo-strategic regions on the world map. Was
there any threat to global economic interests of
America at that time? This wrong strategic
decision sent alarming signals to the countries that had their own peaceful global economic plans for which they
needed the assurance of unhindered flow of natural resources. This is when the conspiracy theories were literally
and understandably born. The American idea was not to occupy the resource rich countries. The idea was to make
sure that the global flow of resources was not blocked for any reason to understandably any country. The two
words that had compelled the leaders of truly independent countries who were working on their own global
economic growth plans to raise eye brows were “American interests.” The question is that, at that time when the
idea of Rapid Deployment of Forces was being considered, was there any real threat to American economic
interests in any way from any country? Did they try to bring the allies on board? Was there any serious discussion
on any platform to have a truly Global Economic Agenda? So far all these questions did not deserve any serious
attention or answer because nothing was happening anywhere in the world in the military realm except the use of
pressure tactics by American administration on weak and fragile leaderless states of no economic or military
8. significance. The majority of oil producing countries was already under American sphere of influence and their
leaders did not have the guts to question the logic of American demands and everything was going smooth.
Then 9/11 happened as a last nail in the coffin of
turning fading global American influence into hate
America sentiment. It did not matter to America
anymore because American establishment, as a
consequence of Post Yom Kippur and Cold War
Global Strategic Vision’s partially successful
implementation, had comfortably set up a global
network of military and drone bases to effectively
address any outside challenge to country’s social,
economic, political, diplomatic and military interests
from any side in any way. The questions are for how
long and at what cost? To have answer to the first
question the world will have to wait till 2014 when
the American troops will leave Afghanistan and to
the second question look into the reasons for the
two challenges endangering the very economic
future of the United States and they are “debt
ceiling” and “fiscal cliff.”
The main causes that have turned these manageable economic challenges are not economic but military short
sightedness of American administration. The invisible and undisclosed out-of-budget borrowed cost of maintaining
global military and drone basis has not only sky rocketed it has made the economic survival of American allies also
in doubt. This is an aspect of American love for domination through military means which has been so far
neglected and is not on any discussion agenda at any platform.
The time of above analysis and serious consideration of its different discussed and un-discussed aspects has
passed. Now America is seen as an insignificant player in global social, economic, political, diplomatic and military
events within a decade or two. The regional economic cooperation alliances will have far greater influence on the
policies of a truly globalized world instead of accepting and following strategically flawed American agenda.
Zahid Hussain Khalid has worked for national and international
media groups not as a journalist but a marketing practitioner,
researcher and analyst. He successfully initiated and completed
the assigned managerial and country tasks for such publications as
Arab News, Financial Times, Jang Group, Euromoney magazine,
Petroleum Economist, South China Morning Post, Asiamoney
magazine, Innovation Management and Hong Kong Standard
except Forbes Inc, Forbes Global, Forbes Europe, Forbes Asia,. He
also worked as Associate Producer, Current Affairs, Pakistan
Television Corp.
His articles have appeared in the Daily Jang, Daily Mashriq, the Nawa-e-Waqt and daily The Muslim on social, economic, political, diplomatic
and military subjects which are available here http://zahidhkhalid.wordpress.com/ and here http://www.slideshare.net/19540201
He had co-produced more than hundred episodes of the most popular weekly program “Hafta-e-Rafta” and was nominated for Best Producer’s
award for documentaries on Afghan Refugees and Year of the Aged.
His work reflects a visible difference because he strongly believes in innovative approach in everything that he does. He was co-owner of
International Media Sales from 1991 to 2012 and is owner of SUN&FZ Associates since 1994.