John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in California and tried unsuccessfully to establish himself as a writer in New York before returning to California. He wrote novels including Tortilla Flat (1935) and the more socially critical Of Mice and Men (1937). In the 1930s, the Great Depression and Dust Bowl caused widespread unemployment and poverty in America, forcing many to become migrant workers like the characters George and Lennie in Of Mice and Men. The novel uses their story to represent the difficulties of the time period and themes of loneliness.