This document provides a critical analysis of select poems and sketches from Imtiaz Dharker's collections 'Purdah' and 'Postcards from God'. The analysis focuses on the ambiguity created by Dharker's use of lines in both her poetry and drawings. In 'Purdah', poems like 'Purdah 1' and 'Purdah 2' depict the complex relationship women have with the concept of purdah. The accompanying sketches enhance the multiple meanings and interpretations of the poems. Similarly, poems in 'Postcards from God' like 'Name of God' and 'Living Space' portray socio-political issues through ambiguous lines that are further enriched by Dharker's drawings. The
Feminist Approach in " To The Lighthouse" and " A Room Of one's own" by Virgi...megha trivedi
I have prepared presentation of sem - 3 M.A. English as a part of my academic activity, paper no 9 on feminist approach in To the Lighthouse and A Room of one's own .
Feminist Approach in " To The Lighthouse" and " A Room Of one's own" by Virgi...megha trivedi
I have prepared presentation of sem - 3 M.A. English as a part of my academic activity, paper no 9 on feminist approach in To the Lighthouse and A Room of one's own .
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his Biographia Literature considered that the mind can be divided into two faculties called as imagination and fancy.
Imagination is further divided into two types namely Primary Imagination and Secondary Imagination.
Analysis and Interpretation of Pakistani Poet and writer Daud Kamal -writing style of poet and selective poems of Daud kamal - REPRODUCTION AND THE STREET OF NIGHTINGALES
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Samuel Taylor Coleridge in his Biographia Literature considered that the mind can be divided into two faculties called as imagination and fancy.
Imagination is further divided into two types namely Primary Imagination and Secondary Imagination.
Analysis and Interpretation of Pakistani Poet and writer Daud Kamal -writing style of poet and selective poems of Daud kamal - REPRODUCTION AND THE STREET OF NIGHTINGALES
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Confessional Manner in the Poetry of Kamala Das and Sylvia Plathijtsrd
Confessional poetry is a part of modern poetry. There is no place either for religion or morals in this poetry. The poet does not expect any redemption or retribution as there is no anguish. It is just, that they bare their soul to get a psychic relief. It is of some therapeutic value. The confessional poems are intensely personal, highly subjective. There is no ‘persona’ in the poems. ‘I’ in the poem is the poet and nobody else. The themes are nudely embarrassing and focus too exclusively upon the pain, anguish and ugliness of life at the cost of its pleasure and beauty. Md Sadruzzama Sadar | Prof. Dr. Vijoy Mishra "Confessional Manner in the Poetry of Kamala Das and Sylvia Plath" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52707.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/52707/confessional-manner-in-the-poetry-of-kamala-das-and-sylvia-plath/md-sadruzzama-sadar
Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”inventionjournals
This paper presents the woman as an individual who fights against suppression and oppression of the patriarchy. The novel Difficult Daughters sensibly shows the position of women and her longing struggle to establish an identity. Manju Kapur has come out as serious social thinker in her novels because there is a purpose behind her writing. All her novels have been written with a definite purpose because the novelist tries to analyze issues related to the middle class or upper middle class women. Manju Kapur is much interested to present the questions and problems related to women in a larger perspective. In her novels, the women’s questions have emerged essentially in the context of the identity of the new educated middle class. Manju Kapur’s female protagonists are mostly educated. They are strong individuals but imprisoned within the boundary of conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and society become intolerable to them, in their individual struggle with family and society through which they plunged into a dedicated effort to search an identity for them as qualified women with faultless background. The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual society of today
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
A Woman’s Voyage to the Inner Psyche in Shashi Deshpande’s Dark Holds No Terrorpaperpublications3
Abstract: Novel is probably an outcome of western culture and custom. Its arrival in India has taken its shape in different forms. Indo-English novels of the early nineteenth century have portrayal of male characters as stereotyped. Perhaps the societal influences made men and women writers to pen the suppression of women in their writings. A handful of women writers’ like Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai, Shobha De, Namitha Gokhlae, and Kamala Markandaya gave voice for women’s inner struggles. These women novelists have incorporated the recurring female experiences in their writings. They tried to create awareness through their writings, which brought reformation, and it echoed over time. Issues on women are still prevailing everywhere. Ostensibly, every writer focuses women on asserting her rights.
The outpouring of human emotions which was hitherto considered objectionable acquired a new dignity in Confessional poetry. Revolting against an early tendency to put up an impressive intellectual smoke screen, the sixties’ poets express their feelings of failure, guilt, disappointment, incestuous desire and experience in mental asylums, denying all taboos. Just as Browning probes into the mind and heart of his characters, so do the poets of the sixties try and fathom the complexity of the psyche. The admission of fear, guilt, neurosis and failure voiced in the poems, pertain to the poet’s own life and hence involves a lot of autobiography. The confessional poets of the 1970’s achieve universality through personalization - the self and family history. It is an ‘extremist art’ that has more in common with psychoanalysis. Confessional movement of poetry means objective, analytical or even clinical observation of incident from one’s own life, whether tingled with comedy or irony, self loathing or compassion. One thing that these writers have in common is the conception of the self as passive. Confessional poetry is a struggle to relate the private experiences with the outer world as it is. Such struggle is evident in the poems of Kamala Das from a very early stage. Her chief contribution to modern poetry is not only stunning frankness she betrays in every line she writes but also in making public a vast fund of agonies and information regarding women’s psychic experiences that have laid hidden for ages, in the private female sector. She throws the unholy sanctum open and etches out all caustic detail in full public view. Kamala Das has faced frustration, disillusionment and drabness that she has expressed through her poetry which is known as the confessional poetry of Kamala Das. Her poetry is unconventionally bold and shockingly autobiographical where the confessional mode is fused with a feministic slant. One can establish a link between the two confessional poetesses Kamala Das and Sylvia Plath with all their problems, psychological traumas, frustration and the resultant quest for identity arising from the revolt against male dominated world and so on. Both indulge in self awareness, self exposure and self introspection in order to define her self poetically. These confessional poets write poems that are candid, honest and down to earth. These poets give expression to their hidden thoughts and feelings that would normally not find expression in the social milieu. Kamala Das also develops the confessional mode of poetry. Her dissatisfaction in marriage and life has sharpened her consciousness, and she possibly decided to air out her grievances through the poetic medium, because many unpalatable things can be said in this medium without incurring the wrath of the powerful person. A desperate obsession with love is one prominent feature of Kamala Das’ poetry. The wounded self, which has to struggle hard to achieve its own identity, is the principal
Literary Acumen of Anita Desai as a Novelistijtsrd
The Padma Bhushan Awardee novelist Anita Desai is known for her sensitive portrayals of female characters and the delineation of the middle class women in India. Though the concept of feminism does not find favour with her, women in her novels are either the central characters themselves or at least of equal importance with the male characters. Her characters are seen to be lonely individuals, refusing to accept the available value system, shrinking themselves to a world of their own illusions, comfortable assumptions and beliefs. By adopting the method of peeping into the inner tensions and turmoil of the psyche of her characters, she tries to explore their difficulties and problems and alienated individual caught in the crisis of a changing society. The present paper is a humble attempt to give general introduction to Anita Desai’s major novels and discusses some of her conspicuous characteristics as a novelist. Dr. Jyoti Sharma "Literary Acumen of Anita Desai as a Novelist" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49777.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/49777/literary-acumen-of-anita-desai-as-a-novelist/dr-jyoti-sharma
Summer in Calcutta A Feministic, Autobiographical and Psychoanaytical discuss...ijtsrd
This paper attempts to analyze the feminist tones in the poetry of Indian English writer and poet, Kamala Das, particularly focusing on the expression and problematization of gender roles in her 1965 poetry collection, Summer in Calcutta. It argues that her gendered identity manifests itself in her poetic style and aesthetic, wherein she questions the patriarchal expectations of gender ”“ of women rooted in immanence and domesticity and of men rooted in transcendence and the public sphere. The custom of arranged marriage, domestic emotional abuse, confinement to the private sphere of domesticity, and daunting standards of feminine beauty, are some of the gendered expectations in the Indian woman’s experience that Das’ poetry interrogates. The various themes that include feminine approach, man woman relationships, Love, lust and different threads of human life which bind two opposite sexes in one relationship. This journey in her works depict all sensory experiences which have a definite bridge between man and woman. Her writing is not only a reflection of the real society but her work gives an insight knowledge of man woman relationships psychology also. Mrigakshi Alok | Dr. Mausumi Chakrobarty "Summer in Calcutta: A Feministic, Autobiographical and Psychoanaytical discussion of Kamala Das" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57398.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/57398/summer-in-calcutta-a-feministic-autobiographical-and-psychoanaytical-discussion-of-kamala-das/mrigakshi-alok
Paper 202- Indian English Literature – Post-Independence Dhruvita1
Ilavenil Meena Kandasamy is an Indian poet, fiction writer, translator and activist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Meena published two collections of poetry, Touch and Ms. Militancy (2010). From 2001-2002, she edited The Dalit, a bi-monthly alternative English magazine of the Dalit Media Network.
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 60 | Page
where society is acting upon her. Though Purdah is a place where body finds a place to hide, at the same time
she compares the touch of Purdah on the girl‟s body to earth falling on a coffin. Purdah ,therefore brings with it
a deathly silence. This death can be of the identity of the individual behind the Purdah, or it can also allude to
the deathly silence with which a girl has to accept the social and traditional norms set for her. When someone is
behind Purdah, people who were known earlier , “make different angles in the light, their eyes aslant”.
Moreover, Purdah makes the women carry “between the thighs , a sense of sin”. This sin, on a primary level, is
the sin of the conditions amid which a young girl grows in society. It can also be interpreted as a kind of burden
that age old futile practices put on an individual or the religious, moral and social taboos, which a spirited young
woman would like to break.
Initially , in the poem, the cloth that fans out against the skin , grows closer to the skin towards middle
of the poem. Here, Dharker shows that how gradually women become accustomed to the veil and start accepting
it as a part of their own being. When Purdah is seen as safety, we may also take it to symbolize a vantage point
for women from where she can observe the world, be a part of it and yet remain hidden. Thus, there is an
ambivalent acceptance of Purdah. This security found in Purdah is echoed in other poem by Dharker i.e. „Going
Home‟, where an adolescent girl asks her mother to put her in Purdah to avoid the gaze of men. She says
“mummy put me in purdah, quick or he‟ll see”.
Moreover, at the end of the poem, „the doors keep opening inward and inward‟ to symbolize the depth
of women. Also, opening of doors may refer to a revelation or perhaps a search for something. These meanings
and readings of poem are enhanced with the sketch that accopmnaies the poem. The first and the most obvious
ambiguity that arises is the fact that the woman here (in the sketch) is not in Purdah. Here, Dharker has shown
what is hidden from the world. The question that comes to our mind is that, is this reality hidden from us? Does
every woman feel the same pain that is shown on the face of the woman in sketch? If it‟s true , then why is
Purdah called a safety? We notice a ghostly image of a woman .which reminds us of the „coffin‟ and „the
deathly silence‟. The eyes of the woman are dark. This is a common feature of almost all of Dharker‟s sketches.
She either doesn‟t draw eyes or covers them to suggest that the vision held is grim and dark. There‟s no light or
hope. This darkness may also symbolize the depth that is present in the individual.
In „Purdah 2‟, Dharker depicts muslim women in an alien social , cultural and political atmosphere.
The poem forcefully expresses the serious humanistic and feministic concerns. The poem is an undaunted
criticism of the way the society works against the freedom, dignity, will and choice of women, even in an alien
land. The sound of „Allah –u-Akbar‟ comes as a reassurance and as a comfort even in a distant land. A group of
twenty women hear „the mechanical recitation from the hustling pages of holy Koran without understanding a
word, its meaning or sense‟. This is the shallowness of the traditional education. „The words are nudged into
head as a pure rhythm on tongue, unsoiled by sense‟. The mood of the speaker is calm and poised throughout
,even though she talks about the degrading and dehumanizing effect of prevalent social, cultural and religious
sanction. The poem further talks about the traditional marriages. All the girls are fated to live and die with no
will or choice of their own. They are “unwilling virgins” who had been taught to bind „their brightness tightly
round, whatever they might wear , in Purdah of mind”. This veil is not only a concealing garment but also a veil
of mind which is much more dangerous and harmful. But, with the acceptance of these norms, there is also a
will to fight back. In the lines ,“they veiled their eyes, with heavy lids ,they hid their breasts, but not the fullness
of their lips”
3. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 61 | Page
Women were living within the lines drawn for them by the society.
This is clearly visible in the sketch accompanying the poem, where the faces are outlined in straight lines. These
faces have darkness all around them to symbolize the darkness that is present in the world for them. Here too,
the faces are not in Purdah.
The second sketch with the poem shows two women who are hiding their faces. They may be the same
women who were shown earlier. As they opened their eyes, stepped out of the lines drawn for them, they
became fallen and defiled. It is therefore perhaps that they are hiding their faces. The sketch also shows
movement in the darkness that is covering the faces of women. It forces us to think if this image is the reality
and thus complete, or is it just a fleeting image in our minds? Moreover, the hands on faces can be read in two
opposite ways. One to hide the face or identity because of shame and other could be an effort to remove the veil
put on her identity to claim her autonomous existence. Here again, the reader is thrown into ambiguity as it can
symbolize an existential crisis or can also be an assertion of existence.
Dharker also draws the mouth of her images as symbolizing volcanoes that are calm from outside but
have fire and anger pent up inside. But at the same it forces us to think that what if these volcanoes burst? Will it
be as destructive as the hot lava of volcanoes or will it be helpful in bringing a change in the world? Dharker
thus leaves her reader wondering.
Where Dharker‟s „Purdah‟ collection is majorly about women, her later collection i.e. „Postcards From
God,, published in 1994, is a more overt social critique. It was in this collection that Dharker‟s poetry negotiated
with issues like fundamentalism , terrorism and violence in ways that are quite unconventional. This collection
focused primarily on the Babri demolition and its aftermath. In a section entitled „Bombay : the Name of God „‟,
4. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 62 | Page
Dharker highlights how people use the name of god or religion to fulfill their own vested interests. In the poem
„Name of God‟, the poet contrasts the common people‟s plea to god with the jargons used by extremists by
comparing „the still flame of an oil lamp‟ to the „fire spread across the floor‟.
Dharker‟s god is no more than a tourist in this world, a mere visitor walking „around battered streets /distinctly
lost /looking for landmarks /from another promised parts.‟ (Postcards from God 1)
The fundamentalists are not true worshippers of the god. They hack out the name of god itself through the
violence that they spread. As can be noticed in lines
“everywhere you scream my words
But you forget my name”
The god asks his devotees “ did I create you In my image, Or did you create me In yours” (Question 2)
Moreover, the sketch helps us to understand the multiple meanings hidden behind the lines.
In the sketch , a disordered place is shown ,perhaps a back lane of a house or a small and private place
for women to bathe, where they have a small bird in cage for their entertainment. The cage in the image is
shown to be empty, with its door open. This can be interpreted in multiple ways. It can be read as a sign of
rebellion by the oppressed. When we trap a bird, its ability to fly freely is curbed. Moreover, the empty cage
with open door may mean that the trap is set for another victim to be lured in. Further, if we concentrate on the
cage, we realize that Dharker has not really drawn out a cage, she has carved it out by leaving the black lines
incomplete. Thus implying that the darkness that prevails in the society, is creating a cage for the innocents. The
wires of the cage are symbolic of the social taboos or other anti social elements which stand in darkness to trap
others.
A bird is put into a cage not only to trap it but also to protect it from other outer harms. Similarly, a
woman‟s confinement in house or Purdah is justified by society as an endeavour to protect her from any harm.
Therefore, all the images of home, cage and Purdah converge into one thought and yet bring out divergent
meanings.
In her poem „Living space’, Dharker again provides the reader and the viewer with the ambiguity that is
a common feature of all her works. In the starting of the poem itself , Dharker says,
“there are just not enough
Straight lines. That
Is the problem
Nothing is flat
Or parallel. Beams
Balanced crookedly on supports
Thrust off the vertical.
Nails clutch at open seams.
5. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 63 | Page
The whole structure leans dangerously
Towards the miraculous.”
The image that etches out of these lines is haphazard. Everything seems to be falling out of place.
There is complete absence of linearity as nothing is flat and beams balance crookedly. Whole structure is
leaning dangerously perhaps towards something miraculous. These lines also hold true for the sketches and
verses of Dharker , though the images drawn in both her art forms are confusing and ambiguous yet when we try
to decipher them , the image that comes out is miraculous. What is worth noticing is that someone has squeezed
a living space in this rough frame and has dared to place eggs amid this chaos. This living space in the chaotic
environment may refer to the lives of people in Dharavi. In that slum, the living conditions of people are very
harsh and problematic. They live amidst dirt and filth. Also these dangerously leaning structures may refer to the
after effects of the communal riots that took place in Mumbai.
This poem accompanies a carefully etched drawing where a wire basket is shown with eggs in it. These
eggs may be symbolic of the importance that the future generation holds. The future is thought of as provider of
a ray of hope in the present chaos. And it is therefore that the poet writes:
“ fragile curves of white
Hung out over the dark edge
Of a slanted universe,
Gathering the light
Into themselves
As if they were
The bright, thin walls of faith.”
Eggs have gathered the light into them. And have become walls of faith. Moreover, this image of eggs
in a wire basket can also be read in a completely different way. These eggs may also tell that in the present
devastation and chaos this is the only thing left. Also the eggs are open to be destroyed by the enemy. So is it
that the last hope left is also about to get lost as the curves are fragile and walls of faith are thin?
Eunice de Souza writes about this poem: “The strongest poem in the book(Postcards from gGod), however, is
„Living Space‟, which catches exactly the ramshackle quality of life in this country, and the spirit of survival
that so often and so mysteriously accompanies it” (1997, 49). Audre Lorde once described mothering as the
“ability to make something out of anything” (1984: 174). This poem has the same message.
The next poem in study is Seats of Power” .The poem starts with the lines ,
“there is great shuffling, in the corridors of power”
6. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 64 | Page
This shuffling may refer to the ever changing and ambivalent thoughts and masks that people put up to
rise to power and gain stature. Shuffling means that there is no stability, no certainty, and no belongingness.
This is highly symbolic of the ambivalence that exists in today‟s society. There is a flurry of whispering. This
shows that people are not talking clearly. They are hiding things and therefore their motives. Faces are prepared
to dupe others and the innocents. The image drawn is typical of the conniving and ruthless politicians who use
their seats of power in inappropriate ways.
The earlier mentioned shuffling suddenly turns to „immobility of an old man‟. This sudden change is
highly ambiguous. The images of „blade finding a flesh‟ and „permission given for carnage to begin‟, clearly
implies the death of innocents that took place in the riots that followed Babri demolition. It does not hint at
those riots particularly but stands valid for all riots or massacres that took place in the past or take place now.
Here, religion, caste or creed does not matter, what is important is that humanity is suffering a great loss.
Moreover, the carnage literally means slaughter of great number of people, here ,it may not literally be the
slaughter of people but a symbolic one, slaughter of feelings, emotions, innocence, dreams and duty to get seats
of power.
In the sketch, we see a number of crows sitting on wires. Though birds are symbolic of mobility and
shuffling , they are shown here as seated, against their normal nature. Moreover, crow is a scavenger, a bird that
feeds on filth and dead remains of others. It destroys the eggs of other birds. It shows that it destroys the future
itself. Also, crows are very particular about their territory. Here, crows may symbolize the people on seats of
power in society.
Also, we can notice that there is a broad black strand right in the middle of the sketch. It implies the
division of the human society or perhaps any other unity. The image in the background is a complete whole. We
can clearly establish the continuity of things behind the black strand. It shows that the human eye visualizes
things as a whole. We try to imbue everything with humanity. We want to see it as a holistic entity. This
division is also the archetypical division at the psychological level. Moreover, this may be a line of division
between secularism and religious fanaticism.
Dharker portrays the aftermath of these anti social activities in her poem “Namesake”. In this poem,
she compares the blessed angel, Adam to his 10 year old namesake in Dharavi. Dharavi is the biggest slum in
Mumbai. Adam‟s namesake has never faced the angels; instead he has survived with the pigs that are an epitome
of filth and dirt. The poem progresses to tell us the condition of that 10 year old boy and thus tell us about the
fate of all the victims and survivors of the riots. Riots lead to utter devastation. It lands people in depths of
poverty which force a child to lose his childhood. Women are left with no option but to sell their bodies. This
darkness is clearly incorporated in the sketch where a boy is shown carrying a burden.
7. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 65 | Page
The rooms and windows which generally are symbolic of hope and light are filled with darkness here.
The boy doesn‟t have a shadow, perhaps to show that there is no light source or hope available. There is nothing
with which the little boy can claim affiliation. There is a total absence of any kind of support. The child is
carrying a burden, may be the result of ruthless activities of others thus, he is lost into darkness. What is
perplexing in the image is that we don‟t know whether the child is getting into darkness or is he stepping out of
it. Is he also a victim of the gruesome activities or is he a rebel, who has decided to raise a voice against the
atrocities.
The last poem in this study is “Minority”. This poem may be read as a plea of those who belong to
minority of any or all kinds. Those people feel like a foreigner everywhere, belonging only to the margins,
yearning to come towards the centre. People who have admirable history, distance themselves from those in
minority. All the images used for the portrayal of minority are chaotic that lead to utter confusion and lack of
meaning throughout. Images used for them are of „clumsily translated poem‟, „food cooked in coconut milk
instead of ghee or cream‟, „unexpected aftertaste of neem‟ . Moreover, the „language also starts to lose its
meaning as it flips into an unfamiliar taste, words tumble‟.
8. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 66 | Page
The sketches with the poem shows 6 faces in the dark. All the faces are very guilt ridden. The cause of
this guilt is unknown and therefore ambiguous. Moreover, here too, the faces are devoid of eyes and perhaps
identity too. As scientifically proven, eyes are the first organ of human body to establish identity. Eyes are a
window to the soul and Dharker highlights the darkness felt by the souls by hiding the eyes. The faces have lines
over them as if they are encaged faces pinned on the wall, castigated and excluded. The lines over the face may
also mean that these faces are on the other side of the window, peeping in to belong to something since they
don‟t possess anything and are bereft of all associations.
II. CONCLUSION
Imtiaz Dharker, in her poems and sketches, celebrates the power of art amid the debris of social and
cultural institutions. Imtiaz Dharker speaks of “the mountain of things unsaid” (A Woman‟s Place). It seems that
Dharker speaks for all women and finds vicarious release within her poetic praxis for the violent feelings
suppressed by women due to the repressive codes imposed upon them :
“I write, because I cannot bite, it is the way, the weak one‟s fight” (I write)
Women poetry has been sidelined as personal, domestic, interiorized, narrowly concerned with women‟s
experiences and hence not serious or universal. But Dharker , through her poetry breaks these bondages and
takes women poetry to a higher level. Dharker‟s poetic vision is crisscrossed not only by her motivations and
commitments, but also by paradoxes and ambivalences it constructs within the aesthetic. In her poetry, she
refuses to name any religion or community as aggressor – aggrieved, thus implicating all and none, only
preferring to stress the common humanity of victims. Human suffering is conveyed at the primal level. She
frames communalism as a metaphor for the human capacity for violence and bestiality rather than clash of
religions. Her use of lines creates ambiguity, but at the same time it thrusts the reader into shifting dynamics of
life. Her use of straight lines, help the readers to establish the curvatures that exist in society and remain veiled.
The readers are shaken out of their complacency by reading the world and people between the lines. Multiple
contextual interpretations are evoked. The traced paths and patterns become ambiguous. It is therefore that
Dharker herself writes
“It‟s hard to decide, this time, Where to stop,
How to draw the line.”
9. Ambiguous Lines: A Critical Reading Of Select Sketches And Verse In Imtiaz….
*Corresponding Author: Radhika 67 | Page
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Source
Dharker, Imtiaz. Postcards from God. Bloodaxe Books Ltd, 1997
Secondary Sources
www.imtiazdharker.com
De Souza ,Eunice, ed. Early Indian poetry in English: an anthology 1829-1947.Delhi: OUP,2005
„Introduction‟ to nine Indian women poets. Delhi: OUP,1997
Hoskote, Ranjit, ed. Vanishing acts: New and selected poems 1985-2005. Delhi: Penguin India,2006.
Freeland, Cynthia. Art theory :A very short introduction. Delhi :OUP, 2001
Danto, Arthur C. After the end of art: contemporary art and the pale of history. Princeton university press, 1997
Excerpts from Suzzane Langer‟s problems of art are quoted from art and interpretation: An anthology of
readings in aesthetics and the philosophy of art, Eric Dayton ( Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview press, 1998)