Alzheimers disease(ad)
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•146 views
A document provides information about an individual named Spurthi B.S who holds a Doctor of pharmacy (Pharm D) degree from Mallige college of pharmacy. The document lists an individual's name, their professional degree which is a Pharm D, and the educational institution from which they obtained their degree, Mallige college of pharmacy.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Major depressive disorder (MDD) ppt
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities for an extended period of time. MDD affects approximately 3% of the global population. Symptoms include low mood, lack of pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death. MDD has several subtypes and is caused by biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force to the head that can lead to temporary or permanent impairment. It is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in young people. A TBI can be closed, without skull fracture, or open, with skull penetration. Initial management involves assessing severity with CT or MRI scans and monitoring for complications like increased intracranial pressure. Rehabilitation therapies like physiotherapy and occupational therapy aim to restore functions and prevent issues like spasticity or contractures. Outcomes depend on the severity of injury but long-term disabilities can impact cognition, movement, speech, and behavior.
Cognitive disorders
The document discusses cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders, outlining their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment approaches. Several types of dementia are described such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Nursing interventions focus on promoting safety, adequate nutrition and hygiene, emotional support, and structured routines.
Dementia
This document discusses dementia, including its presentation, prevalence, diagnosis, causes, and management. Some key points:
- Dementia is a syndrome involving cognitive deficits in multiple domains including memory loss over months or years. Later stages involve agitation, aggression or apathy.
- Prevalence increases significantly with age, affecting 5-10% of those over 65 and up to 70% of those over 100.
- Diagnosis involves assessing cognitive impairment, timeline of progression, effects on daily living, and asking about symptoms like agitation or hallucinations. Cognitive testing with a score of 6 or less suggests delirium or dementia.
- Common causes are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia from small strokes
Vascular Dementia and Mixed Dementia
Presentation delivered by Dr. Carol Manning at the live webinar hosted by AlzPossible at www.alzpossible.org on the 17th of March, 2014.
www.alzpossible.org
Stroke
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Stroke
The document discusses stroke, including its definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Stroke is caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can be due to blockage (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic).
- Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension.
- Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and can include weakness, speech problems, sensory issues and more.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRI to identify lesions and rule out other causes.
- Treatment aims to improve functions like strength, balance and mobility through physical therapy and manage
Alzheimer disease
1) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It is the most common type of dementia.
2) The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include cognitive dysfunction like memory loss as well as non-cognitive symptoms like depression, behavioral changes, and impaired daily living. Memory loss is usually the first symptom.
3) The pathology of Alzheimer's disease involves amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as well as loss of connections between neurons. It progresses from mild to moderate and severe forms with further cognitive and functional impairment.
Recommended
Major depressive disorder (MDD) ppt
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities for an extended period of time. MDD affects approximately 3% of the global population. Symptoms include low mood, lack of pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death. MDD has several subtypes and is caused by biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force to the head that can lead to temporary or permanent impairment. It is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in young people. A TBI can be closed, without skull fracture, or open, with skull penetration. Initial management involves assessing severity with CT or MRI scans and monitoring for complications like increased intracranial pressure. Rehabilitation therapies like physiotherapy and occupational therapy aim to restore functions and prevent issues like spasticity or contractures. Outcomes depend on the severity of injury but long-term disabilities can impact cognition, movement, speech, and behavior.
Cognitive disorders
The document discusses cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders, outlining their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment approaches. Several types of dementia are described such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Nursing interventions focus on promoting safety, adequate nutrition and hygiene, emotional support, and structured routines.
Dementia
This document discusses dementia, including its presentation, prevalence, diagnosis, causes, and management. Some key points:
- Dementia is a syndrome involving cognitive deficits in multiple domains including memory loss over months or years. Later stages involve agitation, aggression or apathy.
- Prevalence increases significantly with age, affecting 5-10% of those over 65 and up to 70% of those over 100.
- Diagnosis involves assessing cognitive impairment, timeline of progression, effects on daily living, and asking about symptoms like agitation or hallucinations. Cognitive testing with a score of 6 or less suggests delirium or dementia.
- Common causes are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia from small strokes
Vascular Dementia and Mixed Dementia
Presentation delivered by Dr. Carol Manning at the live webinar hosted by AlzPossible at www.alzpossible.org on the 17th of March, 2014.
www.alzpossible.org
Stroke
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
Stroke
The document discusses stroke, including its definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Stroke is caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can be due to blockage (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic).
- Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension.
- Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and can include weakness, speech problems, sensory issues and more.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRI to identify lesions and rule out other causes.
- Treatment aims to improve functions like strength, balance and mobility through physical therapy and manage
Alzheimer disease
1) Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline. It is the most common type of dementia.
2) The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include cognitive dysfunction like memory loss as well as non-cognitive symptoms like depression, behavioral changes, and impaired daily living. Memory loss is usually the first symptom.
3) The pathology of Alzheimer's disease involves amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain as well as loss of connections between neurons. It progresses from mild to moderate and severe forms with further cognitive and functional impairment.
Seizures and epilepsy
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy. It defines seizures as abnormal excessive hypersynchronous discharges from the central nervous system. Seizures can be classified as partial or generalized. Partial seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and include simple partial and complex partial seizures. Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and include absence seizures (petit mal), tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures. The document describes the clinical features and EEG patterns associated with different seizure types.
Alzheimer's and Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living. In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear after age 60. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures caused by excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures occur when clusters of neurons fire abnormally, driven primarily by glutamate and its NMDA receptor. Some people have genetic mutations affecting the GABA receptor, reducing inhibition of neuronal signals. Seizures can be focal, originating in one brain region, or generalized across both hemispheres. Focal seizures may or may not impair consciousness. Generalized seizures include tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence and tonic-clonic types. Diagnosis involves tests like MRI, CT and EEG to identify potential causes. Treatment options include anticonvulsant drugs, epilepsy surgery, nerve stimulation, and
Alzheimer’s disease: Management
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain that initially involves memory loss and cognitive decline, and ultimately results in severe impairment in all areas of functioning. While medications can temporarily improve symptoms, there is no cure. The disease progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages characterized by worsening memory loss, impaired communication and ability to care for oneself, and may eventually involve inability to walk or speak intelligibly. Patients and families require education and support to understand and cope with the progression of the disease.
Gullian barre syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute polyneuropathic disorder that causes muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and numbness in the limbs and face. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system. The symptoms can range from mild tingling to total paralysis. The disorder is usually triggered by a bacterial or viral infection. Treatment focuses on speeding recovery through measures like plasmapheresis, IVIG, respiratory therapy, and monitoring for complications like respiratory failure or paralysis. Nurses help manage symptoms, provide education, and address problems with mobility, swallowing, and sensation that arise due to the disease process.
Disorders of affect and emotion
This document discusses normal emotions and the assessment of mood and affect in clinical interviews. It defines key terms like feeling, emotion, mood and affect. It describes the basic emotions and normal physiology of emotions, including the role of the autonomic nervous system and brain structures. Assessment of mood involves evaluating qualities like intensity, duration and fluctuations. Assessment of affect involves monitoring body language and facial expressions.
Etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder [autosaved]
This document discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It covers biological, psychological, and social causal factors. Key points include: OCD is associated with abnormalities in brain circuits involving serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate; it has a significant genetic component with heritability estimates around 45-65%; brain imaging studies have found structural and functional differences in brain regions involved in these circuits in individuals with OCD compared to controls. The document provides a detailed overview of the understanding of OCD pathogenesis.
Diverticular Disease
Diverticular disease refers to the bulging pouches that can develop in the gastrointestinal wall when the lining pushes through weak spots in the surrounding muscle. The most common site is the sigmoid colon, but diverticula can develop anywhere along the GI tract. There are two forms: diverticulosis, which are non-inflamed pouches, and diverticulitis, which is inflammation of the pouches. Diverticula are caused by increased pressure within the colon lumen from constipation or low-fiber diets, which can weaken the colon walls. While diverticulosis is often asymptomatic, it may cause left lower abdominal pain relieved by bowel movements or gas, alternating constipation and diarrhea, and difficult def
Disorder of consciousness
1) Disorders of consciousness range from mild impairment to coma and include conditions like confusion, delirium, vegetative state, and brain death.
2) The pathophysiology of consciousness involves the ascending reticular activating system and connections between the brainstem and cortex. Loss of consciousness can result from disruption of these systems.
3) Etiologies of impaired consciousness and coma include infectious or inflammatory causes, structural abnormalities, and metabolic/toxic derangements. Common causes in children are infections, trauma, seizures, and metabolic disorders.
Hiatal hernia
Hiatal hernia is a condition where the stomach and other intra-abdominal contents protrude through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Risk factors include obesity, increased abdominal pressure, and previous hiatal hernia surgery. Symptoms may include heartburn, dysphagia, chest pain, or respiratory issues. Diagnosis is typically made through upper gastrointestinal imaging. Treatment depends on symptoms and hernia type but may involve lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect and prevent acid reflux. Complications can include obstruction, bleeding, stomach twisting, and Barrett's esophagus.
Dementia : Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Dementia is a broad term which describes symptoms affecting memory, thinking ability that creates hindrance in performing daily activities. Two important brain functions are badly hit namely- memory and judgement.
Epilepsy
This document provides definitions and information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines a seizure as a sudden wave of synchronous electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Epilepsy is defined as a condition that affects the central nervous system and requires a person to have had at least two seizures not caused by a known medical condition or extremely low blood sugar. The document discusses different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures, as well as diagnostic testing and treatment options for epilepsy.
Delirium
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
Classification of seizures
This document discusses different types of seizures, including partial seizures (simple and complex), generalized seizures (absence, myoclonic, infantile spasms, clonic, tonic, tonic-clonic, atonic), and provides details on each type. It also covers topics like epilepsy, seizure classification, recognizing seizures, and complex partial seizures transitioning to generalized seizures.
Delusional Disorders
This document defines and describes delusional disorder. It is characterized by non-bizarre delusions that have persisted for at least one month without significant impairment in functioning. There are several proposed causes including biological and psychosocial factors. Various subtypes are identified based on the predominant delusional theme, such as erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic delusions. The diagnostic criteria require non-bizarre delusions for at least one month without symptoms meeting criteria for schizophrenia.
Guillein barre syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Delusion
Schneider outlined three features of healthy thinking and five features of formal thought disorder. Delusions are firm, fixed beliefs not based on reality that are not amenable to rational arguments. Delusions can be categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Causes include genetic, biological, psychological and environmental factors. Major types include primary delusions involving mood/atmosphere, perception, memory, or ideas of awareness, as well as delusions of grandeur, persecution, or somatic concerns. Delusions can occur in psychiatric illnesses like brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, dementia, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, and postpartum psychosis.
Cerebrovascular disease (CVA / Stroke)
1) The document discusses strokes (cerebrovascular accidents or CVAs), their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
2) Strokes are caused by disturbances in the vascular system and can be ischemic (caused by clot or blockage) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding).
3) Common symptoms of strokes include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, speech problems, and visual issues. The specific symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected.
Schizophrenia
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
Adjustment disorders
Adjustment disorders, introduction, history, diagnostic criteria, validity, reliability, DSM 5, ICD 10, Differential diagnosis, pharmacological management, psychological management
Protein energy malnutrition
Malnutrition is a condition that develops from an imbalance between the nutrients the body needs and the nutrients supplied through diet. The main types of protein-energy malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Marasmus is characterized by severe wasting and loss of muscle and fat tissue due to low energy intake. Kwashiorkor is caused by low protein intake and presents with edema, skin changes, and hair discoloration. Prevention strategies include promoting breastfeeding, education on proper nutrition, immunization, and early diagnosis and treatment.
Depression
Major depressive disorder, also known as clinical depression, is characterized by a persistent low mood and loss of interest over at least two weeks. The exact causes are unknown but may involve genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors like stress, childhood trauma, and substance abuse. The pathophysiology of depression involves deficiencies in neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine according to the monoamine hypothesis. The neurotrophic hypothesis also links low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to loss of neurons and brain atrophy.
More Related Content
What's hot
Seizures and epilepsy
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy. It defines seizures as abnormal excessive hypersynchronous discharges from the central nervous system. Seizures can be classified as partial or generalized. Partial seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and include simple partial and complex partial seizures. Generalized seizures involve both hemispheres and include absence seizures (petit mal), tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures. The document describes the clinical features and EEG patterns associated with different seizure types.
Alzheimer's and Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living. In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear after age 60. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures caused by excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures occur when clusters of neurons fire abnormally, driven primarily by glutamate and its NMDA receptor. Some people have genetic mutations affecting the GABA receptor, reducing inhibition of neuronal signals. Seizures can be focal, originating in one brain region, or generalized across both hemispheres. Focal seizures may or may not impair consciousness. Generalized seizures include tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence and tonic-clonic types. Diagnosis involves tests like MRI, CT and EEG to identify potential causes. Treatment options include anticonvulsant drugs, epilepsy surgery, nerve stimulation, and
Alzheimer’s disease: Management
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain that initially involves memory loss and cognitive decline, and ultimately results in severe impairment in all areas of functioning. While medications can temporarily improve symptoms, there is no cure. The disease progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages characterized by worsening memory loss, impaired communication and ability to care for oneself, and may eventually involve inability to walk or speak intelligibly. Patients and families require education and support to understand and cope with the progression of the disease.
Gullian barre syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute polyneuropathic disorder that causes muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and numbness in the limbs and face. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system. The symptoms can range from mild tingling to total paralysis. The disorder is usually triggered by a bacterial or viral infection. Treatment focuses on speeding recovery through measures like plasmapheresis, IVIG, respiratory therapy, and monitoring for complications like respiratory failure or paralysis. Nurses help manage symptoms, provide education, and address problems with mobility, swallowing, and sensation that arise due to the disease process.
Disorders of affect and emotion
This document discusses normal emotions and the assessment of mood and affect in clinical interviews. It defines key terms like feeling, emotion, mood and affect. It describes the basic emotions and normal physiology of emotions, including the role of the autonomic nervous system and brain structures. Assessment of mood involves evaluating qualities like intensity, duration and fluctuations. Assessment of affect involves monitoring body language and facial expressions.
Etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder [autosaved]
This document discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It covers biological, psychological, and social causal factors. Key points include: OCD is associated with abnormalities in brain circuits involving serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate; it has a significant genetic component with heritability estimates around 45-65%; brain imaging studies have found structural and functional differences in brain regions involved in these circuits in individuals with OCD compared to controls. The document provides a detailed overview of the understanding of OCD pathogenesis.
Diverticular Disease
Diverticular disease refers to the bulging pouches that can develop in the gastrointestinal wall when the lining pushes through weak spots in the surrounding muscle. The most common site is the sigmoid colon, but diverticula can develop anywhere along the GI tract. There are two forms: diverticulosis, which are non-inflamed pouches, and diverticulitis, which is inflammation of the pouches. Diverticula are caused by increased pressure within the colon lumen from constipation or low-fiber diets, which can weaken the colon walls. While diverticulosis is often asymptomatic, it may cause left lower abdominal pain relieved by bowel movements or gas, alternating constipation and diarrhea, and difficult def
Disorder of consciousness
1) Disorders of consciousness range from mild impairment to coma and include conditions like confusion, delirium, vegetative state, and brain death.
2) The pathophysiology of consciousness involves the ascending reticular activating system and connections between the brainstem and cortex. Loss of consciousness can result from disruption of these systems.
3) Etiologies of impaired consciousness and coma include infectious or inflammatory causes, structural abnormalities, and metabolic/toxic derangements. Common causes in children are infections, trauma, seizures, and metabolic disorders.
Hiatal hernia
Hiatal hernia is a condition where the stomach and other intra-abdominal contents protrude through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Risk factors include obesity, increased abdominal pressure, and previous hiatal hernia surgery. Symptoms may include heartburn, dysphagia, chest pain, or respiratory issues. Diagnosis is typically made through upper gastrointestinal imaging. Treatment depends on symptoms and hernia type but may involve lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect and prevent acid reflux. Complications can include obstruction, bleeding, stomach twisting, and Barrett's esophagus.
Dementia : Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Dementia is a broad term which describes symptoms affecting memory, thinking ability that creates hindrance in performing daily activities. Two important brain functions are badly hit namely- memory and judgement.
Epilepsy
This document provides definitions and information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines a seizure as a sudden wave of synchronous electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time. Epilepsy is defined as a condition that affects the central nervous system and requires a person to have had at least two seizures not caused by a known medical condition or extremely low blood sugar. The document discusses different types of seizures including partial and generalized seizures, as well as diagnostic testing and treatment options for epilepsy.
Delirium
Delirium is an acute mental status change characterized by abnormal and fluctuating attention and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention. It impairs cognition. It has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and is often caused by a medical condition. The diagnosis involves assessing attention, awareness, cognition, and determining if it is caused by an underlying medical condition based on criteria in the DSM-V. Predisposing factors include older age, dementia, visual impairment and severity of illness. Precipitating factors include medications, physical restraints and infections. It is diagnosed using mental status exams and scales like the CAM.
Classification of seizures
This document discusses different types of seizures, including partial seizures (simple and complex), generalized seizures (absence, myoclonic, infantile spasms, clonic, tonic, tonic-clonic, atonic), and provides details on each type. It also covers topics like epilepsy, seizure classification, recognizing seizures, and complex partial seizures transitioning to generalized seizures.
Delusional Disorders
This document defines and describes delusional disorder. It is characterized by non-bizarre delusions that have persisted for at least one month without significant impairment in functioning. There are several proposed causes including biological and psychosocial factors. Various subtypes are identified based on the predominant delusional theme, such as erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic delusions. The diagnostic criteria require non-bizarre delusions for at least one month without symptoms meeting criteria for schizophrenia.
Guillein barre syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Delusion
Schneider outlined three features of healthy thinking and five features of formal thought disorder. Delusions are firm, fixed beliefs not based on reality that are not amenable to rational arguments. Delusions can be categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Causes include genetic, biological, psychological and environmental factors. Major types include primary delusions involving mood/atmosphere, perception, memory, or ideas of awareness, as well as delusions of grandeur, persecution, or somatic concerns. Delusions can occur in psychiatric illnesses like brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, dementia, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, and postpartum psychosis.
Cerebrovascular disease (CVA / Stroke)
1) The document discusses strokes (cerebrovascular accidents or CVAs), their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
2) Strokes are caused by disturbances in the vascular system and can be ischemic (caused by clot or blockage) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding).
3) Common symptoms of strokes include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, speech problems, and visual issues. The specific symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected.
Schizophrenia
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, imaging findings, treatment goals, and pharmacological management. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and perceptions. It has several clinical subtypes and is generally treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy, with goals of minimizing symptoms and improving functioning. The exact causes are unknown but involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain neurochemistry.
Adjustment disorders
Adjustment disorders, introduction, history, diagnostic criteria, validity, reliability, DSM 5, ICD 10, Differential diagnosis, pharmacological management, psychological management
What's hot (20)
Etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder [autosaved]
Etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder [autosaved]
More from SpurthiPunam
Protein energy malnutrition
Malnutrition is a condition that develops from an imbalance between the nutrients the body needs and the nutrients supplied through diet. The main types of protein-energy malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Marasmus is characterized by severe wasting and loss of muscle and fat tissue due to low energy intake. Kwashiorkor is caused by low protein intake and presents with edema, skin changes, and hair discoloration. Prevention strategies include promoting breastfeeding, education on proper nutrition, immunization, and early diagnosis and treatment.
Depression
Major depressive disorder, also known as clinical depression, is characterized by a persistent low mood and loss of interest over at least two weeks. The exact causes are unknown but may involve genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors like stress, childhood trauma, and substance abuse. The pathophysiology of depression involves deficiencies in neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine according to the monoamine hypothesis. The neurotrophic hypothesis also links low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to loss of neurons and brain atrophy.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Molecular changes in genes that control cell division, DNA repair, apoptosis, and angiogenesis can result in cancer development. Environmental factors like chemicals and viruses can also damage DNA and induce mutations that cause cancer by altering gene expression and cell signaling pathways.
Aids
This document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It destroys and impairs the function of immune cells called CD4+ T cells, leading to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The document outlines the structure of HIV, signs and symptoms of AIDS, stages of HIV infection from acute to chronic to final crisis phase, diagnostic methods including antibody tests, viral load tests, and CD4+ T cell counts.
ravi shankar pharmaceutical analysis
This document discusses countercurrent extraction, a multiple liquid-liquid extraction technique used to separate components with varying solubility in two immiscible liquids. In countercurrent extraction, the two liquids flow in opposite directions through multiple stages, allowing the components to reach equilibrium and become purified in separate streams. A diagram shows how component A concentrates in one liquid while B concentrates in the other over several stages. Factors like solvent selection, operating conditions, extractor design, and number of stages influence the process. Countercurrent extraction has applications in separating synthetic mixtures, plant extracts, and purifying compounds.
Majocchi Granuloma, Masquerading As Psoriasis: A Review
Majocchi’s granuloma (MG) is a rare, atypical yet well recognized deep infection of dermal and subcutaneous tissue caused by dermatophytes such as anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum; however, other dermatophytes including T. mentagrophytes T. epilans, T. violaceum, M. audouinii, M. gypseum, M. ferrugineum, and M. canis may be the causative agent usually limited to the superficial epidermis. In both healthy individuals and immunocompromised hosts MG is characterized clinically by papular, pustular or nodular inflammatory lesions occurring typically on the limbs or face, immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for infection. A favorable factor for the infection is an injury caused by epilation, which together with an existing fungal infection. The aim of this article is to provide a detailed review on clinical manifestations, diagnosis, risk factors, pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment options.
Cyclosporin flash card
Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. It works by inhibiting calcineurin and blocking IL-2 production. It is dosed orally at 15 mg/kg before transplantation and 1.25 mg/kg twice daily for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Cyclosporine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and has variable absorption and a half-life of 8.4-27 hours. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important to prevent toxicity and rejection. FDA approved uses include transplantation and rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Major side effects include hirsutism, hypertriglyceridemia and gum hyperplasia. It
Sirolimus flash card
Sirolimus is an immunosuppressant that inhibits T-cell activation and proliferation, preventing rejection of transplanted organs. It is used to prevent renal transplant rejection when taken with cyclosporine and corticosteroids, targeting a blood concentration of 16-24 ng/mL for the first year and 12-20 ng/mL thereafter. Sirolimus has low oral bioavailability and a long half-life of 2.5 days, is highly protein bound, metabolized by CYP3A4 and primarily eliminated in the feces. Monitoring of liver enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides and other parameters is required during treatment. Side effects include edema, hyperlipidemia, constipation and joint pain.
Pk drug interactions
Drug-drug interactions(DDI) are one of the commonest causes of medication error, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. Drug interactions represent factors of uncertainty in many therapeutic situations. Drug–drug interactions can cause profound clinical effects, either by reducing therapeutic efficacy or enhancing toxicity of drugs. With an increasing frequency in polypharmacy, DDIs are one of the major causes for drug withdrawal from the market. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. Although DDIs can result in alterations of either drug pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics(PD), or both, it is the pharmacokinetic drug interactions that is clinically significant. PK drug interactions, typically characterized by alterations of plasma concentration–time profiles, could be attributed to changes in processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug substance mediated by another drug when they are given concomitantly. In this review we mainly focused on the pharmacokinetic drug interactions with various drug examples and their mechanism of drug interactions that are clinically significant.
Progeria
The premature ageing disorder Hutchinson - Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS) is one of the orphan (rarest) human diseases The Classic type of Progeria is HGPS. In humans hundreds of mutations in LMNA gene have been identified which causes several diseases termed as laminopathies. Products of LMNA gene primarily lamin A and C are key components of the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous mesh work of inner nuclear membrane. Classic HGPS is caused by a de novo point mutation in exon 11(Residue 1824 C to T) of the LMNA gene which results in the production of mutant lamin A protein termed as 'Progerin'. In particular, progerin accumulation elicits nuclear
morphological abnormalities. HGPS is characterized by the presence of aging associated symptoms, including loss of subcutaneous fat, alopecia, cardiovascular Pathology and death due to myocardial infarction and stroke in childhood. Laboratory findings are unremarkable, with the exception of an increased urinary excretion of hyaluronic acid. Without progerin - specific treatment death occurs at an average age of 14.6 years from accelerated atherosclerosis. Supportive therapy like vitamin supplementation, Nutrini, pro-cal are recommended. Treatment usually includes low dose aspirin, lonafarnib, zoledronic acid, pravastatin, gene therapy and RNA therapy.
Post covid 19 pandemic life poster
The document discusses some positive environmental impacts and economic challenges that have emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic. Pollution levels over cities like Delhi and China have reduced by 40% with fewer vehicles on the roads. The water quality of the Ganga River has also improved to the point some experts say it is now fit for drinking. However, the International Labour Organization claims that about 400 million Indian workers are at risk of falling deeper into poverty due to unemployment. There have also been benefits to flora and fauna as less human presence has allowed wildlife to thrive more freely in forests.
Wound healing
This document discusses wound healing. It defines wounds and classifies them based on origin, contamination, and depth. The two main processes of healing are regeneration, which results in complete tissue restoration, and repair through granulation tissue formation and wound contraction. Wound healing can occur through primary intention, with wound edges approximated, or secondary intention, with the wound left open. Secondary healing involves granulation tissue filling the wound space and wound contraction. Factors like infection, nutrition, and immobilization can affect healing. Complications include infection, keloids, hypertrophic scars, and pigmentary changes.
Copd
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two commonly co-existing lung diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways due to narrowing of the airways. The primary risk factor for COPD is smoking, as the irritants in cigarette smoke damage the lungs over time. Other risk factors include air pollution, occupational exposures, infections, and genetic conditions like alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. The main clinical features of COPD are chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea on exertion, weight loss, and respiratory insufficiency.
Stroke
This document discusses stroke, specifically focusing on ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. It defines stroke as an abrupt onset of focal neurologic deficit lasting at least 24 hours presumed to be of vascular origin. Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 87% of cases, occurs from local thrombus formation or emboli blocking a cerebral artery. Hemorrhagic stroke can be subarachnoid, intracranial, or subdural depending on where the bleeding occurs in the brain. The document then examines the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, outlining how arterial occlusion leads to decreased blood flow and nutrients, cell damage, and ultimately cell death within 2-3 hours. For hemorrhagic stroke, the presence
Anti arrhthymic drugs
Spurthi BS completed her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from Mallige College of Pharmacy. Her document discusses various classes of antiarrhythmic drugs, their mechanisms of action, examples, and side effects. It covers sodium channel blockers, beta blockers, potassium channel blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, and adenosine. The classes are compared in terms of their effects on cardiac action potential phases and conduction. Specific drugs are also described in terms of their uses, dosages, and contraindications.
Vitamins
The document provides information about various vitamins, including their sources, daily requirements, and functions. It discusses both water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). For each vitamin, there is a section on dietary sources, daily intake recommendations, and the key roles the vitamin plays in the body.
Diabetes mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), providing information on the classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment of the two main types of DM - Type 1 and Type 2. It defines DM as a chronic condition characterized by hyperglycemia. Type 1 DM is due to insulin deficiency caused by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells, usually developing before age 30. Type 2 DM involves both insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, usually developing after age 40 in obese individuals. The clinical presentation of Type 1 DM includes symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and ketoacidosis, while Type 2 DM symptoms may be more mild or asymptomatic.
Brain stroming
1) Gene knockout of CCR5 chemokine co-receptor prevents HIV entry into target cells by knocking out the CCR5 gene which codes for the CCR5 receptor.
2) Gene knockin alters the CCR5 genomic sequence to produce an altered CCR5 that prevents viral entry while maintaining normal CCR5 function.
3) Genetic mutations open the door to new possibilities, as evidenced by the ability to alter CCR5 and prevent HIV infection while preserving CCR5's role in cell communication.
More from SpurthiPunam (20)
Majocchi Granuloma, Masquerading As Psoriasis: A Review
Majocchi Granuloma, Masquerading As Psoriasis: A Review
Recently uploaded
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...chandankumarsmartiso
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun Women Seeking Service
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Recently uploaded (20)
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Alzheimers disease(ad)
- 1. Spurthi B.S Doctor of pharmacy (Pharm D) Mallige college of pharmacy