YDS-YÖKDİL İÇİN GEREKLİ DİLBİLGİSİ

1. İNGİLİZCE
YDS- YÖKDİL
GRAMER
ALİ PARMAKSIZ
Bu kitapta KPDS, ÜDS de çıkan gramer konularının detaylı bir şekilde anlatımı ve ip uçları ile soruların kolay çözüm
yolları anlatılarak testlerle desteklenmiştir.

2. g) Date back/ go back/ trace back + past time
The use of horses for riding dates backto 4,500 BC.
The use of horses for riding is traced back to 4,500 BC.
g) The use of Internet goes back to the
1970s.
Racism can be traced back to the dawn of
civilization.
SI M P L E P R ESE NT T E NSE
MARKERS ap
a) Genel, evrensel gerçeklerin anlatımında (scientific facts, general facts):
*Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. Heart stroke is a life-threatening condition.
b) Never(asla), hardly ever, scarcely ever( neredeyse hiç),
hardly, seldom , almost never(neredeyse hiç), sometimes, occasionally (nadiren),
often, frequently (sık sık), generally, normally, usually, mostly (çoğunlukla),
nearly always(neredeyse her zaman), naturally, always ,generally ,regularly,
now and then, now and again (ara sıra) , most of the time (çoğunlukla) , from time to time
(zaman zaman),
any more / longer, no more / longer (artık)
b) A lışkanlıklar ve rutin (everyday)
hareketler için:
(sıklık zarflarıyla)
Every day/every year/summer
Every Saturday
A t Easter, at Christmas
In the mornings
c) Süreklilik, devamlılık arzeden durumlar için:
*My family lives in Ankara. *I study English at university
c) Live, study, work,stay
d) How often …? Sorusunu cevaplarken:
*How often do you wash your face? *I wash my face once a day.
d)Once a week, three times a year, a
day
e) Belirli bir takvime/tarifeye bağlı gelecekte gerçekleşecek olayları (seyahat terimleri ve
sınavlar , Okulların, müzelerin açılış-kapanış saatleri ) şu fiillerle yaygın olarak kullanılır
*Go , Come,Leave,Arrive,Start,Finish,Open,Close,Have,begin
Her train arrives in Ankara at 8.15 pm tomorrow.
The next train from Dublin arrives at 10.13.
e) T omorrow, at 8 tonight
next T uesday at 7 o’clock
f) State verbs : agree, assume(varsaymak) , believe, belong to(aitolmak) ,
contain(içermek) , cost, disagree, feel, hate, have, hope, look, love, own,
prefer, realize,regret, resemble(benzemek) , smell, taste, like, know
f) I enjoy travelling.
This car belongs to my father.

3. P R E SE NT C ONT I NI OUS S a m /is /a r e V ing M A R K E R S
a) Konuşma anında meydana gelen, devam etmekte olan hareketler
*We are study ing English at the moment.
While I am cooing the meal, can you look after the baby?
a)Now , right now , Currently
at the moment / at present
For the time being / just now
While , for the moment
b) Shh! The baby is sleeping.
I’m staying with my brother until I rent an apartment of my own.
I’m working abroad. (yeni çalışmaya başladım, ya da kısa bir süre sonra çalışmayı
bırakacağım-geçici bir iş)
b) Look!, shh!, listen, over there
yeni/geçici durumlar
c)I am studying Shakespeare these days.
More and more people are getting stressed out because of the high inflation.
*he m Pre se nt Continuous he m de Past Continuous ile kullanılabilir
c) these days/ nowadays
more and more
day by day/ Gradually
(present and past continuous)
d) Konuşan kişiyi rahatsız eden, hoş olmayan eylemler için:
*She is always eating her nails. You’re always forgetting your books!
He is always sleeping during the lessons.
d) A lways/ Constantly/ repeatedly/forever
(unexpected, annoying actions)
Meaning very often, too often
e) Yakın gelecekte değişmeyecek,kişisel planlar /randevu / görüşmeler, karşılamalar
için:
I am meeting my boss at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
We’re having a barbecue on Sunday.
e) T onight, tomorrow, at 8 tomorrow
definitely planned or arranged
f) Hem present continous hem de simple present ile kullanılan anlamları farklı olan fiiller: Sm ell, taste, think, appear, look, see, have
*The meal tastes delicious.
*I smell something burning.
*I think the use of drugs should be reduced.
*She appears nervous these days.
* Do you see where she is?
*I have a headache
 appear görünmek
 have sahip olmak
 hear duy mak
 look görünmek
 miss özlemek
 see görmek
 smell kokmak
 taste herhangi bir şey in tadının ….. olması
Jane is tasting the meal.
Jane is smelling the flowers.
I am thinking of her now.
Lucy is appearing on ChannelS.
I am seeing my dentist at 8 o’clock tomorrow.
She is having breakfast right now.
He is having a good time.

4. Sİ M P L E F UT UR E T E NSE S + WI L L +V 1 A m /is /a r e + GO I NG T O + V 1
a)Konuşma anında bir karar verildiğinde, a spontaneous decision, an offer or a
promise.
“It’s raining!” – “I’ll lend you my umbrella.”
"I don't know how to use this computer."--"OK. I will teach you."
a)Gelecekte önceden planlanmış,bu hareketle ilgili
hazırlık yapılmışsa
intentions or plans for the future
Tonight I am going to watch the footballmatch on
TV.
b)I hope /I expect / I promise
I am confident /I am sure / Certainly/ definitely
(kesinlik)
I am afraid / I think / Possibly / probably (olasılık)
Forecast / foretell / predict/ anticipate (tahmin) + WILL
(Personal ideas, belief
and thoughts)
b)Hareket zaten başlamışsa, bir işaret varsa, ( very
probably happen )
She is going to have a baby next month.
Look at the black clouds. I think it is going to rain.
Seems / appears / obvious that
*I think, there will be robot teachers in 2050.
*It is certain that there will be wars for water in 2050.
c)Hava tahmin raporlarında,
TV Speaker: It will be rainy tomorrow.
c)Gelecekte olması olasıhareketi
engelleyebileceksek, durdurabileceksek,
Be carefuldarling! You are going to have an
accident.
When I go home , I will talk to my mother about my lessons at school. When, after, before, as soon as … ‘with present time
clauses’
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE S+WILL BE VING MARKERS
Gelecekte belirtilen zamanda devam etmekte olan hareketler için kullanılır. in
progress at a point of time in the future.
a)This time on Saturday I will be flying to Istanbul.
Don’t call me at 8 tomorrow. I will be studying then. (=I will be in the middle of the action.)
This time tomorrow I will be lying on the beach.
This time tomorrow I will be swimming.
In a few minutes we’ll be arriving at Ankara train station.
You will be sleeping when I come back.
b) I will be preparing fort he exams all next week.
We will be rehearsing all next month.
c) Will you be meeting my uncle tomorrow?
What time will you be going there?
Will you be driving to Ohio?
a)A t 8 tomorrow
T his time tomorrow
T omorrow this time
T his time next July
When
B) Yakınma , bıkkınlık ( yapıp duracağım)
c)Bir kimsenin -gelecekte- bir işi yapıp
yapmayacağını anlamak için

5. SI M P L E PA ST T E NSE S V 2 O bj e ct + P a s t T ım e M A R K E R S
a)Geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte tamamlanan, birbiri ardına devam eden,
hareketlerden söz ederken kullanılır.
a particular point or period of time in the past
We visited our friend at the hospital yesterday.
Ali lived in Malaysia between 1987 and 1989.
a) yesterday
ten years ago / two weeks ago
Last Saturday / when I was a child
in 1997/ between 1970 and 1975 ,
during World War II , during the middle ages , in
the 16th century
b) Geçmişte yaşamış kişiler, dönemler için;
Shakespeare wrote 37 plays.
b)Shakespeare ,Monet,Adapazarı earthquake
c) Originate, initiate original form
*Miniature painting originated in China.
c)Prehistoric times/during the ancient Egypt
Previous day/place/job,
until recently
d)V2 + for period and then V2
They lived in Antalya for two years and then they moved to Ankara.
d)and then
but later,
and … afterwards
e) T he first time I met Jane in London. e)the first time ,the last time
f) The first heart transplantation occurred in Ohio. f)the first, the last + noun
From 1987 to 1998 ,
Until recently
g) Jane came quite early.I was working in the garden at that time/I was in the garden g) at the time , at that time
h) I played basketball when I was young. h)a habit which stopped in the past
‘always, never,often, usually, when I was a child,
when I was younger’ (meaning ‘used to’)
P A ST C ONT I NOUS T E NSE S wa s /we r e V ing M A R K E R S
Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda devam etmekte olan bir hareketitanımlamak için
kullanılır.
*While / As / When + was/were Ving, V2
*While he was walking down the street, he heard (V2) a young woman
screaming for help.
* Just as I was about to leave home, he came.
While I am washing t he dis hes , c an/will you lay t he t able
While /A s/Just as + Was/Were Ving
Just as/ When + be about to V1 , V2
Future seen from the past (yapacaktım ama…)…………… ,but I couldn’t ( plan that has since been changed)
*I was going to meet Jane , but I had to attend a very important meeting. (=so I couldn’t meet
I was going to work in the garden, but then it started to rain.

6. a longer action in the past was interrupted
I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang Jane was writing an essay on the computer.
P R E SE NT P E R FE CT T E NSE ( H A VE /HA S V 3) M A R K E R S
a-Deneyimlerimizi sormak ve cevaplamak için
*Have you ever ridden on a horse? No, I have never.
a-ever, never
b-I have JUST /A LREADY finished the tests.
*I haven’t finished washing the dishes YET .
b-just/already (olumlu cümlelerde)
yet (olumsuz ve sorularda sonda gelir)
c)Since I graduated fromuniversity, I haven’t found a job yet.
He bankrupted in 2002, and since then he has lived in poverty.
He bankrupted 2 years ago, but since then he has worked hard and managed to
get all his property back.
c)since + V2, have / has V3
have / has V3 since + V2
V2, and since then have / has V3
V2 , but since then have / has V3
d) so far ,up to now until now ,up until now (Şimdiye kadar)
always, never, rarely, seldom, before, ever, often, still not
d) He hasn’t been beaten so far.
e) many ,a lot of several, twice (Hiçbir tense marker yoksa, bunlar Present
Perfect marker olabilir.) (time is not important)
e)I have been to İzmir severaltimes.
I’ve have seen that movie twenty times.
f) unfinished time expressions
I haven’t had my salary this month.
f) today , this year
this week ,this century
g) for (a period)+two years/ ten days
since (a point in time)+ she was born/1997
h) recently, lately, in recent years
Archaeologists have recently discovered an ancient village near the pyramids.
I) It is the first time ,It is the second time
It’s the first time I have seen such a beautifulscenery.
j) This is the most boring film I have ever watched.
She is the most intellectual woman I have ever met.
j) T his is + superlative + present perfect
j- IN the last PERIOD In the past everybody communicated by letter ( In the past V2)
FOR the past + two days I’ve met a lot of people in the last few days.
OVER the past week
DURING the last ten days In the past 10 years everybody has communicated by mobile phone.

7. P R E SE NT P E R FE CT C ONT INUO US ( H A V E/HA S B E E N V ing) M A R K E R S
Geçmişte başlamış ve a)konuşulan anda halen devam etmekte olan,
b)o anda henüz tamamlanmış, ya da
c) konuşma anından önce tamamlanmış ancak etkisi halen devam etmekte olan hareketler için
kullanılır.
continued (almost) up to the present and/or will probably continue into the future.
a) We have been studying for two hours.
c) Her eyes are red and puffy. I think, she has been crying / peeling onions.
b)Oh, have you woken up? You have been sleeping for more than ten hours.
Fiona has been working since early this morning and she hopes to finish soon.
How long have you been playing the guitar? Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
I am really tired I have been working hard all day long. Worn out = very tired
FOR + PERIOD
For two decades
For years
A ll day ,A ll year, All year long
T hroughout the year/week..
recently, lately or How long…?
P A ST P E R FE CT T E NSE S + H A D V 3 M A R K E R S
Geçmişte meydana gelen iki tane past hareketten daha önce olanını vurgulamak için kullanılır.
After / as soon as/Once I ………my thesis , I went to Italy.
By 1990, I ……….started teaching English at Ankara University.
By the end of LAST month, I had written four mini tests.
By the time I arrived (V2) at the theatre , the play had already started.
By the time we (get) _____got________________ to the cinema the film (start)
_________HADSTARTED___________, so we missed the first five minutes.
When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour (tell)
__________told _____________ me that they (go out) __had gone___ about half an hour ago.
I spent (V2) a week in Miami recently. I (never, be) ______had never been__________ there
before/previously/earlier
A fter Had V3 , V2
A s soon as /Once
Before V2 , had V3
Until V2 , Had V3
(since) by 1970
by yesterday+ had V3
by the end of last week/year+had
V3
by the time V2 , Had V
it was the first time
Until that time
By the time + V2 , a) had V3
, b) had been Ving + for period
, c) was/were (already) adj./noun
By the time she came home , I had completed my composition.
Ali __________________________had purchased/ purchased________ (purchase) the first
generation iPad two weeks before the second generation was introduced.
zarflar
already
just
yet
hardly
scarcely
P A ST P E R FE CT C ONT INUO US T E NSE ( S+H A D B E E N V ing ) M A R K E R S
Geçmişte belirtilen bir zamanda bir hareketi ne kadar zamandır yapmakta olduğumuzu
belirtmek için kullanılır.
an action or event had begun before a point of time in the past and continued up to (or almost upto) that
time.
Jane had been travelling for three months when she ran out of money.
By+ period
By 1978
By last week
By the time
By the end of last
FOR PERIOD
for ten months

8. By the time she came home , I had been preparing the dinner for two hours.
By the time she came home , I had been writing a composition for two hours.
month
When
+ for a while
all morning
F UT UR E P E R FE CT T E NSE ( S + WI L L H A VE V 3) M A R K E R S
Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda tamamlanmış olacak hareketler için kullanılır.
(an action or event will be complete at a point of time in the future )
By 2025, I will have completed my thesis.
By the time I go home, my wife will have prepared dinner.
By the end of the/next year I will have written my first novel.
By this time next year, I (build) ______will have built ____________ my own boat.
I (read) ____________willhave read_________ all these books by tomorrownight.
This athlete (probably, break) ____________________willprobably have broken____allthe existing
records by the end of the year.
By the end of the day, she (bake) will have baken___________________________ a dozen cakes.
They (spoil) will have spoilt ____________ the forests by the time the state (introduce)
__________________________________introduces____ laws to stop air pollution.
I suppose jane will have left when we arrive.
She will have written severalessays by the time the lecture starts.
By the time
By then
By the end of next month
By the end of the month
By the end of this month
By next July
By 20 25
When
Before
Until
F UT UR E P E R FE CT C ONT I NOUS T E NSE ( S+WI L L H A VE B E E N V ing) M A R KE R S
By 2025 I will have been working for Ankara University for 35
years.
She will have been writing an essay for all morning by the time you
come.
I _____________will have been working (work) all weekend so I
won’t be
energetic on Sunday night.
He will have been playing computer games for ten
hours when he finally stops?
They ____will have been studying (study) all day, so they’ll
want to go out in the evening.
By the time/By then FOR PERİOD
For two decades
For a long time
+ A ll day/Week/Month/Year
T hroughout the year
By the end of next month
By next July/By 2015
When
Before
Until

9. PRESENT TIME CLAUSES
When
While
A fter
Before
A s soon as
Once
Untıl / T ill
Now that
T he Moment
If
So long as / as long as / providing
S V O (yan cümle)
Simple Present T ense ,
+ have/has V3 ,
Present Perfect Tense ,
We can’t use ‘will’ he re
S V O (ana cümle)
a-will / may / can/ could -Modal V1
b-Imperative
c-Simple Present T ense
We cannot use ‘have/has V3’ he re
I will call you when I arrive in Ankara. After Jane has/has had breakfast this morning ,she will drive to the city center.
I will buy a cottage as soon as I have enough money. After Ali finishes his degree , he and his girl friend will take a trip to
Germany.
Before Jane makes a decision next week , she will consult to her doctor.
Don't stand up till (until) I tell you.
They won’t transfer any players before theysign/have signed the advertising agreement.
If when introduces a noun clause which is the object of a verb,it is followed by a future tense/will.
I don't know when she will arrive. After the riot, everything is calm and quiet.

10. P A ST T I ME C LA USE S
After /
As soon as/Once
Had V3 , V2
+
V2 , V2
After I had studied/studied English , I started Cambridge university.
Before / Until V2 , Had V3
+
V2 , V2
Before I went to Spain , I had learned/learned Spanish.
When + V2 , V2
, Was /Were Vıng
, Had V3
, Had been Vıng + For Period
By the time + V2 , Had V3
, Had been Vıng + For period
, Was / Were (already) Adj./ Noun
(By the time I arrived there, the party was (already) over.)
Ana cümle ve yan cümlearasında tenseuyumu olmalıdır.
Until/ till/ before/ after/since Noun / Ving / SVO
A s long as/ so long as SVO
When Ving / SVO
as soon as / once Ving/ SVO
When reading Ali’s grammar exercises, you should be careful.(When you are reading/you read….,….)
Ali worked patiently until he finished his YDS test book.
Until the war Turkish people didn’t know any poverty.
After finishing dinner Jane went to school.
Directly /immediately + SVO Jane smiled immediately she heard the news.

11. A-USE D T O + V 1
Geçmişte alışkanlık halinde yaptığımız hareketler (verbs) ve durumlar (states) için kullanılır.
a-He used to drink alcohol, but he doesn’t any more. (action)
b- Ankara used to be a small town 80 years ago. (state)
* She used to be fat when she was in high school.
I used to smoke too much before I had an operation, but I don't smoke at all now.
Our grandmother used to tell us stories when we were children.
B-WO UL D + V 1
Geçmişte düzenli olarak tekrarlanan hareketler için kullanılır.
(Markers: every day, every evening, every Saturday, always , usually…)
* My grandmother would tell me stories every evening when I was a child.
…V2/didn’t V1 but today……present group.
Used to but now SVO
would now but SVO
* I hate smoking now ,but I used to smoke
heavily.
She used to gamble, but now she doesn’t.
C-BE USED TO + VING / NOUN / POSSESSIVE BE ACCUSTOMED TO
Alışkanlıklardan söz ederken kullanılır, alışkanlığın geçmişte olması ‘was/ were ‘ kullanarak, present bir
zamanda olması da ‘am/is/ are’ kullanılarak yapılır.
I am used to getting up early. She is accustomed to Ali’s teaching style.
I live in Istanbul, I am used to heavy traffic. I am accustomed to heavy traffic.
D-GET USED TO + NOUN /GERUND / POSSESIVE
Used to kalıbı eskiden sahip olunan bir alışkanlığı veya sürekli yapılan bir eylemi belirtirken, get used to daha
çok bir olaya veya eyleme alışmak anlamını ifade eder. Alışmanın belirli bir süre aldığını göstermekiçin kullanılır.
*I got used to driving on the left in two months when I was in London.
I have just moved to İstanbul. I am getting used to heavy traffic.
At last I’ve got used to driving my new car.
Don’t worry about your new-mate.You will get used to him soon.

12. MODALS MARKERS
a- İzin isteme ve ricalarda (request-permission)
May I use your pencil? Can I use your computer?
a-can, could, may, might
b- It is necessary for you to do it. They give mild advice.
Drivers should wear seat belts.
b- should, ought to, had better+V1
c- Konuşan kişinin getirdiği bir zorunluluğu gösterir.
This is a precious book you mustn’t lose it.
I must clean my teeth. I want to be healthy.
c-must (personalobligation)
d- Dışardan gelen bir kanun,kural ya da DURUM dan kaynaklanan
zorunluluk
You have to have/get/obtain a visa in order to/so as to go to the USA.
d-have to / has to
e-Genel olarak yasaklarda;
You mustn’t smoke in a hospital.
e-musn’t (prohibition)
f- Zorunda değilsin ama istersen yapabilirsin
You don’t have to get up early on Sundays.
f-don’t / doesn’t have to
g- % 50 present possibility/weak possibility
It may rain tomorrow. (It is possible that it will rain tomorrow.)
g-(can), may, might, could,
Markers: possibly, probably, maybe,
perhaps, don’t know, not sure, I’m afraid
h-Beklenti ifade eder;
Our lesson is supposed / is expected to start at 9 o’clock.
Ali was supposed to come to the party at 10, but he couldn’t because he had to
meet his brother at the airport.
h-be supposed to/be expected
to+V1
İ- Daha kesin bir zorunluluk ifade eder.
You are to be here at 10 a.m.
i-be to (is to V1 …)
j-Kesinlik gösterir, eldeki veriye göre bir sonuca varılır. deduction
It is strange that she isn’t at school. She must be ill.
He is wearing a police uniform. He must be a policeman.
You have been working all night. You must be tired.
Ali hoca must be pretty famous in Ankara, almost everyone knows him.
What lovely flovers you have. You must really like gardening.
j-must be ,must be Ving
must be adj.
k- Impossibility
This can’t/couldn’t be true! I have just seen her, she can’t be sleeping now.
That woman can’t be a doctor, she looks far too young.
Lucy can’t have much money or/otherwise she would buy a new car. Her old one
is falling apart.
k-can’t be,can’t be Ving
can’t be adj.
l- high certainity in the past Past deduction
The phone rang but I didn’ hear it. I must have been asleep.
l-must have V3…mış olmalı
must have been adjective
elimizdeki veriler/ bilgiler ışığında geçmiş

13. You did quite well on the exam. You must have studied hard.
Although she didn’t miss a class all the term, she didn’t come to class yesterday,
she must have been sick.
The children aren’t hungry now; they must have already eaten at school cafeteria.
Ali has won every game he has played today , he must have practiced a lot.
bir durum hakkında çıkarım yapar
m- She can’t have been sick/couldn’t have been sickbecause I saw her at the
shopping mall yesterday.
My friend Lucy walked past me without speaking, she can’t have seen me.
Lucy did the opposite of what I asked her to do. She can’t have understood what I
said.
m-can’t have V3/been adj.
n- You needn’t have washed the t-shirt. It was already cleaned and ironed. (=but
you washed it again.)
n-needn’t have V3
O-There was enough food for dinner, I didn’t need to do the shopping, so I didn’t
do it.
o- didn’t need to V1_ gerek yoktu
yapmadım
p-You shouldn’t have shouted at him yesterday, he was innocent.(akıllıca değildi..)
You shouldn’t have changed lanes without signaling. (You didn’t do something that
was a good idea)
p-shouldn’t have V3 / should have V3
geçmişle ilgili zorunlulukların/tavsiyelerin
hassasiyet gösterilmesi gereken
durumların yerine getirilmediğini gösterir
q- She stayed at a dormitory when she was a student, so she didn’t have to pay
high amount of money for the rent.
s-must --had to
didn’t have to
R-Possibly, probably, perhaps, I don’t know, I am not sure… t-could have V3 , but….
Geçmiş bir durumla ilgili olasılık bildirir
She wasn’t at home when we visited her, she might have been at school. u-might have V3
Geçmiş bir durumla ilgili olasılık bildirir
My father may have used his camera when he was a young man, but I am not
sure
v-may have V3
Geçmiş bir durumla ilgili olasılık bildirir
Although it was a steep mountain, luckily/fortunately we were able to reach
the top on time.
It was a difficult exam, but luckily I was able to get a good mark.
y-luckily,fortunately was/were able
to- managed to V1

14. PASSIVE VOICE BE + V3
Simple present : Jane washes the car everyday. S+ am/is/are V3
The car ……………………………..….. by Jane everyday.
Simple Past : My father built this house in 1978. S+was/were V3
This house ………………………............by my father in 1978.
Past continuous:He wasn’t ironing the shirts . S+was/were being V3
The shirts………………………………………...by him.
Present Perfect Tense:They have painted the windows. S+ have/has been V3
The windows ……………………………………... by them.
Past Perfect:My mother hadn’t prepared the dinner when I went home. S+ had been V3
The dinner …………………………………………….……..…by my mother when I went home.
Simple Future:My mother will prepare a cheese sandwich . S+ will be V3
A cheese sandwich …………………………………….…by my mother.
Be going to : Jane is going to wash the dishes. S+ am/is/are going to be V3
The dishes ………………………………by Jane.
Future Perfect:My mother will have prepared breakfast by the time I get up. S+ will have been V3
Breakfast ………………………………………….by my mother by the time I get up.
Modal V1 : You have to write two compositions. S+ modal be V3
Two compositions have to be written by you.
Is she going to deliver the letters? Are the letters ………………………………………… by her.
Was Jane ironing the shirt? Was the shirt …………………………………………byJane.
Have they painted the door? Has the door been painted by them.
Perfect Infinitives : You should have painted the walls last summer.
The walls should have been painted by you last summer.
They could have sent an application form.
An application form could have been sent by them.
REDUCED FORMS IN PASSIVE:
When she takes an aspirin , it will heal your headache.
When it is taken, an aspirin will heal your headache.
When taken, an aspirin will heal your headache.
Examples:
Toys …………………………………….in China are not qualified. (produce) ( relative Cl.)

15. He dislikes ……………………………...while he is studying. (interrupt) (Gerund)
The report which was published two months ago focuses on the problems stemming from poor organization.
THE FIRST/ THE SECOND/ THE LAST + TO The first man who was arrested yesterdayturned out to be a dangerous
criminal. = The first man to be arrested…
get lost/get injured/ get burned
PASSIVES WHICH TAKE ‘THAT’ HAVE TWO TYPES OF PASSIVE STRUCTURE
Hem temel cümlecikteki hem de ‘that’ cümleciğindeki eylem aynı tense ise ( present- present ya da past – past) present
infinitive kullanılır.
Believe, know , report, consider, assume, claim, allege, estimate, say, think, understand, find, feel, declare, fear
A )PRESENT- PRESENT; PAST- PAST ; PRESENT- WILL (FILLER EŞ ZAMANLI ISE )
People say that he is innocent .(sıfat) Ali/He/The book IS SAID to+be adjective/ to V1/ to be V3(passive)
1.It is said THAT he is innocent.(masum)
2. He is said to be innocent.
They know that he studies hard.
1.It is known that he studies hard.
2.He IS KNOWN to study hard
They said that two men were arrested(TUTUKLANNMAK). (Fillerin ikisi de past tense)
1. IT WAS SAİD THAT…
2. Two men were said to be arrested.
B) PRESENT _ PAST ; PA ST – PAST PERFECT ; PRESENT - PRESENT PERFECT (HAREKETLER FARKLI ZAMANDA OLMUŞ)
To have V3(fiil)/ to have been A dj./to have been V3(passive)
They know that she was generous.(sıfat)
1. It is known that she was generous.
2. She/Jane is known to have been generous.
People believed that George had kidnapped the baby.
1. it was believed that…
2. George was believed to have kidnapped the baby.
Gunpowder is believed to have been discovered by the ancient Chinese .(discover)
They reported that two little girls had been found at the bottom of a well (kuyu).
1. It was reported that….
2. Two little girls were reported to have been found at the bottom…
People suspect that George was sent to prison for a crime he didn’t commit.
1. It is suspected that….
2. George is suspected to have been sent to prison….
The experts ESTIMATE that the dam HAS COST over 100 million Dollars.
1. It is estimated that the dam…..
2. The dam is estimated to have cost (V3)…

16. COMPARATIVE
We use comparative when we compare two things / cities / people…
a-for one sylablle adj.s …er than
b-for 2/3 sylablle adj. more + adjective than JAPAN İS MUCH more difficult than Englısh
c-for 2 sylleble adj.s ending ‘y’ far …ier than English is FAR/MUCHeasier than Japan(easy/noisy/dirty)
d-modifiers : very much, much, even, no,
a bit , a wee bit, a little,
a lot, a great deal, far, any ,quite, rather
+ comparative
e-comparative…… + …usual / expected / hoped / the previous
one
f-comparative + any /any others / the other
g-of the two/ of the both
of the twins
+ the comparative
h-as as (+,-)
adj./adv.
so as (_)
Istanbul is tw ice as bıg as Konya
+/- ….e kadar
- markers :
twice/ ten times/ half/just/almost
i-the same /the same noun as The harder you study, the easier you can pass.
The bigge r a house is, the m ore difficult it ist o
cle an
The m ore y ou e arn, the e asie r y ou spe nd
j-different from
k-the + comparative S V O, the + comparative S V O
l-just as ….. so
SUP E R L A T IV E M A R K E R S
When we compare a person/ a city / a thingwith a group
we use superlative
One of the/of my life
In the world/in my life
In my country
Of all
Of them all
Present/ past perfect

17. a) For one syllable : the ….est Ali is by far the oldest personin my family/of all
b) 2 / 3 syllables : the most + adjective Chinese is the most difficult language of all
c) 2 syllables ending‘Y’ : the ….iest (easy/noisy/dirty) Ulus is the dirtiest placein Ankara
d) Modifiers: by far, quite, very, much Everest is BY FAR THE HIGHEST mountainin the world.
A -T HAT B-WHET HER/IF C- (WH- what,why,when, which, who,how,where,how long, how often, how long)
1.THAT: As an object. I believe (that) Jane is innocent. I’m sure (that) you will pass the exam. * That nesne konumunda atılabilir
2.T HAT: Subjectposition.
THAT you will not inherit the house worries me. It worries me that you will not inherit the money.
Düz cümleleri Noun Clause biçiminde kullanırken başta THAT kullanılabilir, nesne konumunda That gelmeyebilir.
3-WHET HER: I haven’t decided whether I will attend tomorrow’s meeting (or not ).
It is doubtful whether Jane will be successful. We don’t know whether he will get more than 90.
Eğer Noun Clause’un başında bir preposition varsa ya da Noun Clause cümlede özne konumunda ise WHETHER kullanılır, IF kullanılmaz.
4.WH_ I don’t know what he said. When he will come back is uncertain.
Where he will spend his holiday doesn’t concern me. We have no idea why he is against the plan.
5.A rgument, assumption belief, chance, claim, doubt , contention, explanation, indication, probability ,fact, likelihood, view
My question, whether he is coming to the party, hasn’t been answered yet.
The belief that all students cheat in the examis widespread.
6.Sorry, glad, happy, afraid,surprised, disappointed, pleased, sur e gibi duygu, tavır bildiren sıfatlardan sonra That clause kullanılabilir.
I am glad (that) you passed the exam. It is very surprising that she was dismissed from her job.
7.It is + a miracle / pity / wonder / relief/ a good thing/ fact / belief/ theory/ impression THAT + S V O
It is a miracle that the child didn’t get killed when he fell from the fifth floor.
8.TENSE: Eğer temel cümlenin yüklemi ‘ I think / I have thought / I will say / I am going to say’ gibi present ya
da future ise Noun Clause’un tensi ile uyumlu olmalıdır.
Temel cümlenin yüklemi ‘thought / had gone ‘ past/past perfect ise Noun Clause’un tensi de past olmalıdır.
Noun Clause bir doğruyu , doğa kanununu ifade ediyorsa yüklem past olsa da NOUN CLAUSE present olabilir.
After the experiment , we found out that different fluids have different boiling points.
9.Should/ had better / ought to / would rather / would prefer… temel cümledeki fiil PAST olduğunda da aynı kalır.

18. 10.Soru sözcüğüyle başlayan Noun Clause ları + T o V1 şeklinde kısaltabiliriz.
Kısaltma yapabilmemiz için temel cümlenin öznesi ile Noun Clause un öznesi aynı olmalıdır.
Whether, will, should, can, could ile kurulmuş cümleler kısaltılabilir.
Besides ,As well as ,İn addition to + Vıng / Noun / Possesive Adj
*Television not only informs us but also entertains us.
*As well as informing us, television entertains us.
*In addition to informing us , TV entertains us.
*TV informs us. In addition, it entertains us.
Seeing that (Since) Seeing that (since) the weather is bad, we will stay at home.
For She doesn’t go out now, for she is very old.
In that (because) He takes after his father In that (because) he is incredibly ambitious.
Inasmusch as (Since) Inasmuch as (since) emergencies are sudden and unforseen, they
require immediate action.
For All (İn spite of) İn spite of his efforts , he didn’t succeed.
Even so (Nevertheless) It was raining hard; even so, he went out without an umbrella.
Unlike
As oppesed to
In contrast to
+ Noun
*Unlike Ali , who is an optimist, Jane is a pesimist.
Alike = Similer
*Migranes and cluster headaches are alike= similar in that (=because) they usually attackthe same side of the head.
*Migranes are felt on the left side of the head; similarly/ likewise, cluster headaches attackthe same side of the head.

19. CONDITIONALS/ ŞART CÜMLECİKLERİ
a) TYPE O = If + Simple Present, Simple Present a)Her durumda gerçekleşen,doğal
olaylar,genel gerçekler…
(anlam=always)
b) TYPE 1 = If + S. Present , will/may/can/might
Pres. Perfect , modal V1
Can V1 , imperative
b)If cümlesindeki şart gerçekleşirse,
…olacak,olabilir… (Anlam= real
present/Future)
V2 ,would V1
c) TYPE ll = If + CouldV1 , could be Ving
were ,might be V3
c) gerçek dışı present/future
hareketler…
had V3 , would have V3
d) TYPE lll = If + could haveV3 , could have been Ving
, might have been V3
* If I had studied medicine, I would have been a doctor 10 years ago.
d) Gerçek dışı past olaylar.
e)Mixed Type (3 / 2) *If I had studied medicine , I would be a doctor now. Gerçekdışı pastbir durumun
gerçekleşmemiş present sonucundan
söz eder.
f) Mixed Type (2 / 3) * I don’t have a driving license. If I had a driving license, I would
have given you a lift yesterday.
Gerçekdışı present bir koşulun ,geçmiş
unreal durumu.
g) ……. ,or will Jane helped me solvethe most difficult questions;otherwise,I wouldn’t have passed
the exam.
,or else + would "You must go to school; otherwise you will find it hard to get a decent job."
,otherwise would have
could have He must be quite intelligent. Otherwise, he wouldn't have got into university. If he wasn't, he
wouldn't have got into university.
I WISH / IF ONLY
a) Present cümleler için past yapılar
*I don’t study much. I wish I were hard working.
I wish I studied hard.
I wish I could study hard.
*She sleeps a lot. I wish she wouldn’t sleep so much.
a) V2/ were
could (ability)
would (rahatsızlık,beklenmedik bir
durum varsa,özneler farklı olmalı )
b) Past cümleler için; I wish + had V3

20. *I failed in the final exam. I wish I had studied hard.
UNLESS = If not
Unless + Simple Present, will not / may not / can not / is no
*Unless you study hard, you can’t pass the exam
….medikçe/ madıkça..
AS IF / AS THOUGH ….mış gibi
*It looks as if it is going to rain
*He talks to me as if he were a millionaire, but he is only a teacher.
Present unrealcümleler için past, past
unreal cümleler için past perfect kullanılır.
Gelecekteki olay olası ise ya da ipucu varsa
be going to kullanılabilir.
IN CASE/ IN THE EVENT THAT olursa diye , olması ihtimaline karşı, olsa da
olmasa da , her ihtimale karşı
*You had better/ should/ ought to take a sandwich in case you feel hungry on the way.
*I will take a sandwich in case I feel hungry on the way.
*The little girl carried a stick in case she met any wild animals. (Past)

21. A DJ E C T IV E C LA USE S / R E L A TI VE C LA USES
Söz edilen kişi, nesne , yer , zamanla ilgili açıklayıcı bilgi vermek için kullanılır. People : who/ that things : which / that
Non – Defining Relative clause :Özel isimlerle (proper nouns) , kimden ya da neden söz ettiğimiz zaten belirli ise (my mother, Turkey,
My brother Ali Hoca) bize verilen bilgi fazladan verilmiştir, virgülle ayrılır.
Person …..Who / that .... Verb
* The girl ………………..lives next door is a clever student.
Boşluktan sonra bir fiil geliyorsa.
Person …..Whom/who/that/Nothing )……S + V + O
*The woman WHOM / WHO/THAT/O I wanted to see was away on holiday.
Boşluktan sonra bir cümle geliyorsa relative
pronoun atılabilir.
T hing …. which / that …. Verb
*I don’t like stories WHICH / THAT have unhappy endings. *She bought a new car……….has a large boot.
T hing …. which/ that / O …. S + V + O
* The dress Ali bought doesn’t fit him very well.
Person / T hing …WHOSE…...noun
* I saw a man …………………..daughter is a teacher at our school.
*The man WHOSE car I am driving works in a bank.
Place…. WHERE ….. S + V + O
*Jane went to the village ……………….. she was born.
Reason / discuss / don’t know …..WHY …… S + V + O
*She didn’t explain WHY she left her boyfriend.
WHEN / IN WHICH/ ON WHICH/ A T WHICH / T HAT
Time ……………S + V + O *It was the day ……………..the Twin Towers were bombed.
Time ……………………….Verb
*I have two cars. Both of them are very qualified.
*I have two cars , both of which are very qualified.
-a little/ much/ half /one/two WHOMVERB/ SVO
- -none / all / every/ most + OF + WHICH VERB / SVO
WHOSENOUN
Miktar belirleyicisıfatlar Relative clause
cümlelerinde ‘of’ ile kullanılır.
Relative clause referring to a whole sentence. Cümlenin tamamının nitelenmesi non- defining
relative clauselarda olabilir, ve ‘which’

22. * Ali Hoca prepared rather difficult questions. This didn’t surprise his students.
*Ali Hoca prepared rather difficult questions, which didn’t surprise his students.
kullanılır.
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
*Theories which describe the nature of the universe are constantly revised.
*Theories DESCRIBING the ……..
A ctive cümleler tensi ne olursa olsun : V ING
olur.
*The children who are playing in the garden are my cousins.
*The children PLAYING in the garden are my cousins.
Continuous cümleler tense ne olursa olsun: V
ING e dönüşür.
*Toys which are produced in Far East countries involve low quality products
*Toys PRODUCED in Far…………….
Passive yapılar tense ne olursa olsun : V3‘ e
dönüşür.
*George failed his exam again, which greatly disappointed his parents.
*George failed his examagain , greatly disappointing his parents.
*The house which is being cleaned…. .. : The house being cleaned….
*The house which was being cleaned…: The house being cleaned……
Passive forms of Present continuous and
PastContinuous
*Neil Armstrong was the first man who landed on the moon.
*Neil Armstrong was the first man TO LAND on the moon.
*The last person who finishes the test locks the door.
*The last person TO FINISH the test locks the door.
*He has severalduties that he must complete.
*He has severalduties TO COMPLETE.
*There are a lot of questions which must be written before we start tests.
*There are a lot of questions TO BE WRİTTEN before ….
the first/ the second/ the next/ the third / the
only / superlative/ modal
REDUCED NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
*Ali, who is a popular teacher, works at Ankara University. *Ali, a popular teacher, works … *A popular teacher, Ali Works …
*The woman hid her face with a scarf. She was afraid to be seen stealing jewelery.
*The woman, who was afraid to be seen stealing jewelery, hid her face with..

23. 1. S+ WOULD RA T HER / WOULD SOONER + V1 (T HAN V1)
*Would you rather stay home org o out.
*I would rather drink tea than smoke cigarette.
2 . S+ WOULD RA T HER + SOMEBODY + V 2
*I would rather you didn’t turn on the TV if you don’t . I have to sleep.
3. S + WOULD RA T HER HAVE + V3
*I went to Italy by bus last summer. I would rather have driven my own car.
4. PREFER VING T O VING
*I prefer eating chocolate to (eating) candy.
*Do you prefer working for a private company to working for the government?
5.PREFER NOUN T O NOUN
*I prefer summer sports to winter sports.
*Students prefer literature to science.
6. S + WOULD PREFER T O HAVE V3
*I went to Italy by bus. I would prefer to have driven my own car.
PARTICIPLES A.PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VING) AP
1-A s adjective : Present ve Past participle , bir fiilin kökünden türeyip cümle içinde sıfat görevinde bulunabilirler.
*Running water, an exciting story, developing countries
The crying child asked for his mother. Did you see the flying bird?
2- A ctions happening one after another:
*I opened the drawer . I saw a snake inside.
*OPENING the drawer I saw a snake inside. *ON / UPON opening….
*When you cross the street you must be careful. *When crossing the…
*While I was walking in Kızılay , I ran into one of my old friends. *While walking..
3- Reason :
*As/ since I felt tired , I went to bed earlier than usual. *FEELING tired ,I went to bed earlier than usual.
*As Ali is an experienced teacher, he knows how to solve difficult questions. *BEING an experienced teacher ,Aliknows…

24. *As I was eager to make her happy , I bought her a bike. *BEING eager to make…
4- A ctions happening at the same time.
*Jane shook hands with me smiling warmly. *He walked down the street chewing gum.
*We can use present participle in places of clauses of concession( though, while, although..)
*Although he understood that he would be caught, he stil tried to escape. *Although understanding that…..
B. PAST PARTICIPLE
1- A s adjective : stolen Money, baked potatoes, excited children, grilled chips
*He repaired the BROKEN chair. Scattered evidence was found in the house.
*Please don’t touch the painted walls.
2- In passive structures.
When he was asked whether he would resign or not , he said that he might. When asked ….
3- Reason:
The dog is seriously injured. It may die. Because the dog seriously injured, it may die.
BEING seriously injured the dog may die. Seriously injured the dog may die.
P E R F E C T PA R T ICI PLE I N DE F I NI NG A ND NO N - DE F I NI G R E LA TI VE C LA USE
Relative Clause’ un tensi simple past, Present Perfect ve Past Perfectise kısaltmada aktif eylemler için ‘ HA VING DONE’ P assive eylemler için
‘HA VING BEEN DONE’ kullanırız.
*Students WHO ATTENDED our course last year will get a discount this year.
*Students HAVING ATTENDED our…
*The students who have finished their work can go out. *The students having finished…
*Jane, who had finished her work, left the classroom. *Jane, having finished her work, left…

25. CONJUNCTIONS ap
A. BUT GROUP
1. A lthough
Even though + S V O , S V O
T hough /Much as
*Although she had a bad cough , she was able to sing in the choir.
*Although she was successful, she felt dissatisfied.
Much as I like sports, I dislike football. They went on a picnic although it was raining
+ -
- but +
few a lot of
bad good
2.EVEN IF he loses the election , the president will still control foreign policy.
*We will go ahead with the project even if our partners don’t want .
*Even if the building was in perfect condition , it would still be impossible to use it for the modern offices.
You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.
3. A DJECTIVE/ADVERB + T HOUGH / A S ( BE / A PPEAR/ BECOME 7 LOOK / SEEM/ SOUND / PROVE) (Inversion)
Tired as I w as, Iw ent on w alking. Quickly as they worked, they failed to finish the taskin time.
*Hot though / as it may seem , London had less rain than Geneva. ( Bu yapı ‘although’ ile kullanılmaz)
*Excellent though / as the food is , there is still room for improvement.
*Huge though / as the building was , it wasn’t sufficiently big enough to hold the city library.
4. S V O ; however, S V O
S V O . Nevertheless, S V O
S V O . Nonetheless, S V O
He studied for months ; however, she couldn’t get a good mark in the exam.
I understand your point of view. However, I don’t agree with it.
5. However + adjective/ adverb + S V, S V O
hard /much/many
careful /carefully
*However carefully you drive, you may have an accident.
*However well you play a musical instrument; it is always possible to improve.
*We are unlikely ever to find a cure for the common cold, however much research is done.
6. however = no matter how
However she held the mirror, she couldn’t see the back of her neck.
7. S V O , yet S V O /Ving He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] he never gave in.

26. S V O , still S V O
S V O, but still S V O
8. While While I like jazz music my wife hates it. He is tall , while / whereas she is short.
Whereas I am hardworking whereas/ while my brother is lazy.
In contrast Ali is an optimist. In contrast Jane is a pessimist. Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.
Unlike He eats meat, whereas she is a vegetarian and never eats meat
9. Despite Noun
+ Gerund , S V O
In spite of Possessive adj
*In spite of having a bad cough , she was able to sing in the choir. *In spite of her success, she felt dissatisfied.
10. FOR A LL (= in spite of ) his efforts, he didn’t succeed.
For all
Given + that + S V O , S V O …..e rağmen For all that they promised, they did nothing.
granted
B. SO GROUP (As a result / As a consequence / Accordingly/ Thereupon/ Consequently / For this reason / Therefore /thus)
*Jane passed her exam. Therefore/ thus/ hence, she had some good news to tell her parents.
*Ali has no self confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely to make oral presentation in front of other students.
*Some of his photographs won prizes in competitions. Consequently, he thought himself as a Professionalphotographer.
C. EXPLANATION This machinery was not impaired; that is , it wasn’t damaged. That is / Namely / In other words
D. SIMILARITY (Likewise / Similarly / Correspondingly / By the same token / In the same way)
*You can’t teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can’t learn every grammar point just before an exam.
E. A DDIT ION
· and· in addition· besides· furthermore· moreover· what's more· too· not only ... but also
· both ... and· not so obvious· as well as· another , as well
*Ali writes poems. In addition, he writes articles for a local newspaper.
*Living in a big city has lots of opportunities. Also, it provides good educational opportunities.
*Besides teaching English, he also gave classes in history and geography. The car was very expensive, moreover, it was very small.
F. BECAUSE
AS + S V O , S V O Since she was ill, she couldn’t come to school yesterday.
SINCE SEEING THAT (=since) the weather is bad , we will stay at home.
She couldn’t come to school, for she was ill.
G. Owing to / Due to / Because of /On account of /In view of / On the grounds of + noun / gerund / possessive , S V O

27. I NV E R SI O N A - C üm le y e ne ga tive bir a dv er b ile ba ş la ndığında ;
Hardly………. when
Scarcely …….. when
Barely…………when
No sooner ……than
Seldom + Inversion
Never
Little
Only
Rarely
Hardly
Only recently have scientists found the crucialrole of aspirin.
Only now
At no time
Never before
Not ever once
Not once + Inversion
Not until
Barely
Not till
Nowhere (else)
On no account
Hardly ever
Under no circumstance can you enter this building.
B- Only when
Only by
Only if + explanation + Inversion
Only then
Only after you attend all of the lessons, can you get a good mark in the exam.
C-so / such + adjective + + inversion + that
So strange was her behavior that everybody stared at her.
D- Conditionals
Type I *If you see Jane , tell my best wishes. Should…
Type II *If I were you ,I wouldn’t talk to her. Were I you…
*If I won the lottery, I would buy a villa. Were I to V1…
Type III *If I had known you were ill yesterday I would have visited you. Had I…
E - as *Some people still live in caves, as did their ancestors.
*Jane suffers fromarthritis as does her mother.
F- Just as Jane suffers from arthritis, so does her mother.

28. Just as cigarette is a threat to people, so is alcohol.
As, Like, Such As, So, Such
“Such as” yada “like” örnekler sunmak için kullanılır/We use such as or like to introduce examples.
There are many different kinds of fruit trees in the orchard such as orange, apple and pear.
We use as + noun to say that someone has a particular job.
He works as a shop assistant at David Jones.
We use as + noun to say what something is used for.
We use like/as + clause to say that things happen in a similar way.(“Like/as + tümce” yi olayların benzer şekilde meydana geldiğini
belirtmek için kullanırız.)
He went to work this morning, like/as he usually does.
We use like + noun or pronoun to say that something is similar to something else.(Like + isim veya zamiri, bir şeyin başka bir şeye
benzediğini belirtmek için kullanırız.)
The whole thing was like a nightmare.
We use so + adjective to give empahasis.(So + sıfatıvurguda bulunmak için kullanırız.)
She looks so beautifulin that dress.
We use such + adjective + noun to give emphasis.(Such + sıfat + isimi vurguda bulunmak için kullanırız.)
We use so + much/many + noun to give emphasis.(So + much/many + isimi vurguda bulunmak için kullanırız.)
There is so much junk in the garage.
Bill has so many boxes he wants to keep.
“T oo, too much, ve too many”
We use too, too much and too many to say something is more than we want.
I stopped at the bank after I went to the grocery store.
Manava gittikten sonra bankada durdum.

29. .
He walks as though he was an old man. (But in fact he's a young man)
Yaşlı bir adammış gibi yürüyordu (ama gerçekte genç biriydi).
You can go out as long as you come home before midnight.
Geceyarısından önce döndüğün sürece dışarı istediğin kadar çıkabilirsin.
I took my umbrella because it was raining.
Şemsiyemi aldım çünkü yağmur yağıyordu.
We left before the game was over.
Oyun bitmeden önce ayrıldık.
Even if I were to ask him, he would answer vaguely.
Ona sorsak bile, anlaşılmaz şekilde cevaplayacaktır.
He bought the car even though it was expensive.
Pahalı olmasına rağmen arabayı satın aldı.
If it rains, I will use an umbrella.
Eğer yağmur yağarsa, bir şemsiye kullanırım.
In order that you may pass the exam, we recommend you read through all your notes.
Sınavı geçebilmeniz için, tüm notlarınızı okumanızı öneriyoruz.
How to be happy and well rather than sad and sick?
Üzgün olmak ve kötü hissetmek yerine nasıl mutlu ve iyi hissedilir?
It has been a year since I saw her.
Onu gördüğümden beri bir yıl oldu.
I am saving money so that I can buy a car.
Para biriktiyorum, böylece bir araba alabileceğim.
The word processor that is used most often is WordPerfect.
En sıkkullanılan kelime işlemci WordPerfect'tir.
It's hard work; I enjoy it though.
Zor iş, yine de hoşlanıyorum.
Unless she hurries up, we won't arrive in time.
Acele etmediği sürece, zamanında varamayacağız.
Yesterday, he lay in bed until ten o'clock.
Dün, saat ona kadar yatakta yattı.
He went to the Guggenheim museum when he was in New York.
New York'ta iken Guggenheim Müzesi'ne gitti.
W henever he wasn't feeling well, he would just sleep.
Ne zaman kendini iyi hissetmese, uyuyuverirdi.
She asked where he was.
Nerede olduğunu sordu.

30. W herever there are computers, there is software.
Bilgisayarların olduğu her yerde, yazılım vardır.
Parents should consider whether their children want to go school alone or not.
Ebeveynler, çocuklarının okula tek başına gidip gitmek istemediğini göz önüne almalılardır.
W hile I was at the bathroom, he was watching TV.
Ben banyodayken, o televizyon seyrediyordu.