Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point
Chemistry Of Aromatic Compounds By Dr. Gladys Mokua.MathewJude
Slide that venture deep into Benzene, its nomenclature, Its reactions and Benzene substituents reactions. Hope it will be of help to those who want to know about aromaticity.
Introduction of poly-cyclic compounds, resonance, molecular orbital structure, physical properties, preparation, reaction and uses of napthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, napthaquinone, napthol, napthylamine, 9,10 anthraquinone and phenanthrequinone.
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Chemistry Of Aromatic Compounds By Dr. Gladys Mokua.MathewJude
Slide that venture deep into Benzene, its nomenclature, Its reactions and Benzene substituents reactions. Hope it will be of help to those who want to know about aromaticity.
Introduction of poly-cyclic compounds, resonance, molecular orbital structure, physical properties, preparation, reaction and uses of napthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, napthaquinone, napthol, napthylamine, 9,10 anthraquinone and phenanthrequinone.
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
2. cyclic conjugation is necessary, but not sufficient
Requirements for Aromaticity
not
aromatic
aromatic
not
aromatic
3. heat of hydrogenation of benzene is 152 kJ/mol
less than 3 times heat of hydrogenation of
cyclohexene
to give cyclohexane (kJ/mol)
Heats of Hydrogenation
120 231 208
4. Heats of Hydrogenation
to give cyclooctane (kJ/mol)
heat of hydrogenation of cyclooctatetraene is
more than 4 times heat of hydrogenation of
cyclooctene
97 205 303 410
5. structure of a stabilized derivative is characterized
by alternating short bonds and long bonds
Structure of Cyclobutadiene
C(CH3)3
(CH3)3C
CO2CH3
(CH3)3C
138 pm
151 pm
9. among planar, monocyclic, completely
conjugated polyenes, only those with 4n + 2
p electrons possess special stability (are
aromatic)
n 4n+2
0 2
1 6
2 10
3 14
4 18
Hückel's Rule
10. among planar, monocyclic, completely
conjugated polyenes, only those with 4n + 2
p electrons possess special stability (are
aromatic)
n 4n+2
0 2
1 6 benzene!
2 10
3 14
4 18
Hückel's Rule
11. Hückel restricted his analysis to planar,
completely conjugated, monocyclic polyenes
he found that the p molecular orbitals of
these compounds had a distinctive pattern
one p orbital was lowest in energy, another
was highest in energy, and the others
were arranged in pairs between the highest
and the lowest
Hückel's Rule
16. Antibonding
Bonding
8 p orbitals give 8 p orbitals
3 orbitals are bonding, 3 are antibonding, and 2
are nonbonding
p-MOs of Cyclooctatetraene
(square planar)
Cyclo-
octatetraene
17. Antibonding
Bonding
8 p electrons; 3 bonding orbitals are filled; 2
nonbonding orbitals are each half-filled
p-MOs of Cyclooctatetraene
(square planar)
Cyclo-
octatetraene
18. p-Electron Requirement for Aromaticity
not
aromatic
aromatic
not
aromatic
4 p electrons 6 p electrons 8 p electrons
20. Annulenes are planar, monocyclic, completely
conjugated polyenes. That is, they are the
kind of hydrocarbons treated by Hückel's
rule.
Annulenes
21. predicted to be aromatic by Hückel's rule,
but too much angle strain when planar and
all double bonds are cis
10-sided regular polygon has angles of 144°
[10]Annulene
22. incorporating two trans double bonds into
the ring relieves angle strain but introduces
van der Waals strain into the structure and
causes the ring to be distorted from planarity
[10]Annulene
23. incorporating two trans double bonds into
the ring relieves angle strain but introduces
van der Waals strain into the structure and
causes the ring to be distorted from planarity
[10]Annulene
van der Waals
strain between
these two hydrogens
24. 14 p electrons satisfies Hückel's rule
van der Waals strain between hydrogens inside
the ring
[14]Annulene
H H
H H
25. 16 p electrons does not satisfy Hückel's rule
alternating short (134 pm) and long (146 pm) bonds
not aromatic
[16]Annulene
26. 18 p electrons satisfies Hückel's rule
resonance energy = 418 kJ/mol
bond distances range between 137-143 pm
[18]Annulene
H H
H
H
H
H
28. 6 p electrons delocalized
over 7 carbons
positive charge dispersed
over 7 carbons
very stable carbocation
also called tropylium cation
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
H H
H
H
H H
H
+
30. Tropylium cation is so stable that tropylium
bromide is ionic rather than covalent.
mp 203 °C; soluble in water; insoluble in
diethyl ether
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
H Br
+ Br–
Ionic Covalent
31. Cyclopentadienide Anion
H H
H H
H
••
–
6 p electrons delocalized
over 5 carbons
negative charge dispersed
over 5 carbons
stabilized anion
33. Acidity of Cyclopentadiene
H H
H H
H H
H H
H H
H
••
–
H+ +
pKa = 16
Ka = 10-16
Cyclopentadiene is
unusually acidic for a
hydrocarbon.
Increased acidity is due to
stability of cyclopentadienide
anion.
40. H H
H H
H
••
–
Compare Acidities of
Cyclopentadiene and Cycloheptatriene
Aromatic anion
6 p electrons
Anion not aromatic
8 p electrons
H H
H
H
H H
H
••
–
41. n = 0
4n +2 = 2 p electrons
Cyclopropenyl Cation
+
H H
H
H H
H
+
also written as
42. n = 2
4n +2 = 10 p electrons
Cyclooctatetraene Dianion
H H H H
H
H
H
H
H H H H
H
H
H
H
2–
••
••
–
–
also
written as
47. N
••
Pyridine
6 p electrons in ring
lone pair on nitrogen is in an
sp2 hybridized orbital;
not part of p system of ring
48. Pyrrole
lone pair on nitrogen must be part
of ring p system if ring is to have
6 p electrons
lone pair must be in a p orbital
in order to overlap with ring p
system
N
H
••
49. Furan
two lone pairs on oxygen
one pair is in a p orbital and is part
of ring p system; other is in an
sp2 hybridized orbital and is not
part of ring p system
O
••
••
