Allium cepa, made from red onions, is used to treat colds, flu, hay fever, and other illnesses affecting the mucous membranes. It provides relief for symptoms like burning nasal discharge, dry coughs, sore throat, and earaches. The homeopathic remedy replicates the effects of onions in causing tearing and nasal discharge due to its volatile oils irritating the nose and throat. It is prescribed for conditions marked by these onion-like symptoms.
silicea terra
It is one of the tissue salt
One of the 12 tissue remedy of Schuesslar.
Great polycrest remedy.
It is deep acting remedy but acts slowly.
It can reach to that sphere of man where surgeon’s knife cannot reach so, it is also called as “SURGEON’S KNIFE”.
Silicea is said to be useful for individuals who are nervous, irritable or have a sanguine temperament.
silica is often used to treat symptoms of chronic diseases where there is general weakness and a lack of either physical or emotional strength.
PATHOGENESIS
Pus-forming remedy.
Should not be give to patient whom there is a deposit of tubercular focus in lungs.
Inflammation and suppuration of tissues.
Every little injury suppurates.
The power point presentation discusses here the drug picture of Pulsatilla Nigricans with emphasis on its mental generals. Pulsatilla has been compared with Chamomilla, Bryonia, Kali sulph, Cyclamen and Natrum mur with regards to its mental and physical generals.The respective source has been provided alongside the symptoms to enhance its authenticity.
silicea terra
It is one of the tissue salt
One of the 12 tissue remedy of Schuesslar.
Great polycrest remedy.
It is deep acting remedy but acts slowly.
It can reach to that sphere of man where surgeon’s knife cannot reach so, it is also called as “SURGEON’S KNIFE”.
Silicea is said to be useful for individuals who are nervous, irritable or have a sanguine temperament.
silica is often used to treat symptoms of chronic diseases where there is general weakness and a lack of either physical or emotional strength.
PATHOGENESIS
Pus-forming remedy.
Should not be give to patient whom there is a deposit of tubercular focus in lungs.
Inflammation and suppuration of tissues.
Every little injury suppurates.
The power point presentation discusses here the drug picture of Pulsatilla Nigricans with emphasis on its mental generals. Pulsatilla has been compared with Chamomilla, Bryonia, Kali sulph, Cyclamen and Natrum mur with regards to its mental and physical generals.The respective source has been provided alongside the symptoms to enhance its authenticity.
Agricus muscaris Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Ha...Dr.hansraj salve
Agricus muscarius Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Hansraj salve.Learn whole homoeopathic Materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve.
For daily new drug update visit to our Website – hmmslideshow.esy.es
Drosera rotundifolia Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by D...Dr.hansraj salve
Drosera Rotundifolia.
Sundew. (Droseraceae.)
Whooping-cough with violent paroxysms which follow each other rapidly, is scarcely able to get breath (wakes at 6-7 a. m. and does not cease coughing until a large quantity of tenacious mucus is raised, Coc. c. - profuse epistaxis during every paroxysm, Ind.; "minute gun" during the day, whooping at night, Cor. r.). Deep sounding, hoarse barking cough (Verb.), < after midnight, during or after measles; spasmodic, with gagging, retching and vomiting (Bry., Kali c.). Constant, titillating cough in children, begins as soon as head touches pillow at night (Bell., Hyos, Rum.). Nocturnal cough of young persons in phthisis; bloody or purulent sputa. Cough: < by warmth, drinking, singing, laughing, weeping, lying down, after midnight. During cough; vomiting of water, mucus, and often bleeding at the nose and mouth (Cup.). Sensation of feather in larynx, exciting cough. Diseases prevailing during epidemic pertusis. Clergyman's sore throat; with rough, scraping, dry sensation deep in the fauces; voice hoarse, deep, toneless, cracked, requires exertion to speak (Arum.). Constriction and crawling in larynx; hoarseness, and yellow or green sputa. Laryngeal phthisis following whooping-cough (bronchial catarrh following, Coc. c.).
Relations. - Complementary: to, Nux vomica. Follows well: after, Samb., Sulph., Ver. Is followed: by, Cal., Puls., Sulph. Compare: Cina, Coral, Cup., Ipec., Samb. in spasmodic coughs. Often relieves the constant, distressing night-cough in tuberculosis. Hahnemann says (Mat. Med. Pura.): "One single dose of the 30th potency is sufficient to cure entirely epidemic whooping cough. The cure takes place surely between seven and eight days. Never give a second dose immediately after the first; it would not only prevent the good effect of the former, but would be injurious."
Learn whole homoeopathic materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve click on the link To start study
For daily new drug update visit to our Website - http://hmmslideshow.esy.es
Email-salvehansraj09@gmail.com
HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINE
The characteristic symptoms relate mainly to the brain and nervous system, connected with gastrointestinal disturbance. Anguish, crying, and expression of uneasiness and discontent, lead to this remedy most frequently in disease in children, during dentition, summer complaint, when, with the diarrhoea, there is MARKED INABILITY TO DIGEST MILK, and poor circulation. Symptoms set in with VIOLENCE.
Helpful for homoeopathic student
Common name: - Fool’s parsley
Source: Vegetable kingdom
Synonyms: Dog poison, Fool’s parsley, Lesser hemlock
Family: Umbelliferae
Prover: Dr Nenning in 1828
Duration of Action: 20 to 30 days
Miasmatic Background: Psora, syphilis and sycosisTemperament: Confused and idiotic
Diathesis: Scrofulous
Thermal Relationship: Hot patient
Alumina Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Hansraj salveDr.hansraj salve
Alumina Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Hansraj salveLearn whole homoeopathic Materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve click on the linkTo start study Or For daily new drug update visit to our Website – hmmslideshow.esy.es
Hepar sulph homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr. Hansar...Dr.hansraj salve
Some important symptoms of hepar sulph you will never see in your whole life. ABDOMEN DISTENDED BY FLATULENCE
TIGHTNESS_HEPER SULPH
ABDOMEN SWOLLEN OBSTINATE
CONSTIPATION_HEPER SULPH
Anacardium orientale HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA SLIDE SHOW PRESENTATION BY...Dr.hansraj salve
Anacardium orientale Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation By Dr.Hansraj salve. Learn whole homoeopathic materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve click on the link To start study And for daily new drug update visit to our Website - hmmslideshow.esy.es
This is a presentation on a homoeopathic drug which is a sterilized and potentized product of one of those deadly acute diseases which Dr. swan recognized as basic to all chronic disease.
Gelsemium Homeopathic Materia Medica Slide Show Presentation by Dr.Hansraj SalveDr.hansraj salve
Gelsemium is a king of paralytic remedies. Watch this slide show presentation to learn more
Gelsemium.
Yellow Jasmine. (Loganiaceae)
For children, young people, especially women of a nervous, hysterical temperament (Croc., Ign.). Complete relaxation and prostration of whole muscular system with entire motor paralysis. Excitable, irritable, sensitive; for the nervous affections of onanists of both sexes (Kali p.). Bad effects from fright, fear, exciting news and sudden motions (Ign. - from pleasant surprise, Coff.). Fear of death (Ars.); utter lack of courage. The anticipation of any unusual ordeal, preparing for church, theatre, or to meet an engagement, brings on diarrhoea; stage fright, nervous dread of appearing in public (Arg. n.). General depression from heat of sun or summer. Weakness and trembling; of tongue, hands, legs; of the entire body. Desire to be quiet, to be let alone; does not wish to speak or have any one near her, even if the person be silent (Ign.). Vertigo, spreading from the occiput (Sil.); with diplopia, dim vision, loss of sight; seems intoxicated when trying to move. Children; fear of falling, grasp the crib or seize the nurse (Bor., Sanic.). Headache; preceded by blindness (Kali bi.), > by profuse urination. Lack of muscular co-ordination; confused; muscles refuse to obey the will. Headache: beginning in the cervical spine; pains extend over head, causing bursting sensation in forehead and eyeballs (Sang., Sil., begins in the same way, but semi-lateral); < by mental exertion; from smoking; heat of sun; lying with head low. Sensation of band around the head above eyes (Carb. ac., Sulph.); scalp sore to touch. Fears that unless on the move heart will cease beating (fears it would cease beating if she moved, Dig.). Slow pulse of old age. Great heaviness of the eyelids; cannot keep them open (Caust., Graph., Sep.). Chill without thirst, especially along spine, running up and down the back in rapid, wave-like succession from sacrum to occiput.
Relations. - Compare: Bap. in threatening typhoid fever; Ipecac. in dumb ague, after suppression by quinine.
Aggravation. - Damp weather; before a thunderstorm; mental emotion or excitement; bad news; tobacco smoking; when thinking of his ailments; when spoken to of his loss.
for more tutorial visit our website - hmmslideshow.esy.es
Onion - A Cure for Fever and Flu, Natural healing powers of OnionSEO Guy
Onion can cure fever and Flu, What is the immediate remedy for fever and Flu?, Onion - A Natural healer of fever and Flu, Medicinal magic of Onion and Garlic, Benefits of onion, Uses of onion, Importance.
Agricus muscaris Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Ha...Dr.hansraj salve
Agricus muscarius Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Hansraj salve.Learn whole homoeopathic Materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve.
For daily new drug update visit to our Website – hmmslideshow.esy.es
Drosera rotundifolia Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by D...Dr.hansraj salve
Drosera Rotundifolia.
Sundew. (Droseraceae.)
Whooping-cough with violent paroxysms which follow each other rapidly, is scarcely able to get breath (wakes at 6-7 a. m. and does not cease coughing until a large quantity of tenacious mucus is raised, Coc. c. - profuse epistaxis during every paroxysm, Ind.; "minute gun" during the day, whooping at night, Cor. r.). Deep sounding, hoarse barking cough (Verb.), < after midnight, during or after measles; spasmodic, with gagging, retching and vomiting (Bry., Kali c.). Constant, titillating cough in children, begins as soon as head touches pillow at night (Bell., Hyos, Rum.). Nocturnal cough of young persons in phthisis; bloody or purulent sputa. Cough: < by warmth, drinking, singing, laughing, weeping, lying down, after midnight. During cough; vomiting of water, mucus, and often bleeding at the nose and mouth (Cup.). Sensation of feather in larynx, exciting cough. Diseases prevailing during epidemic pertusis. Clergyman's sore throat; with rough, scraping, dry sensation deep in the fauces; voice hoarse, deep, toneless, cracked, requires exertion to speak (Arum.). Constriction and crawling in larynx; hoarseness, and yellow or green sputa. Laryngeal phthisis following whooping-cough (bronchial catarrh following, Coc. c.).
Relations. - Complementary: to, Nux vomica. Follows well: after, Samb., Sulph., Ver. Is followed: by, Cal., Puls., Sulph. Compare: Cina, Coral, Cup., Ipec., Samb. in spasmodic coughs. Often relieves the constant, distressing night-cough in tuberculosis. Hahnemann says (Mat. Med. Pura.): "One single dose of the 30th potency is sufficient to cure entirely epidemic whooping cough. The cure takes place surely between seven and eight days. Never give a second dose immediately after the first; it would not only prevent the good effect of the former, but would be injurious."
Learn whole homoeopathic materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve click on the link To start study
For daily new drug update visit to our Website - http://hmmslideshow.esy.es
Email-salvehansraj09@gmail.com
HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINE
The characteristic symptoms relate mainly to the brain and nervous system, connected with gastrointestinal disturbance. Anguish, crying, and expression of uneasiness and discontent, lead to this remedy most frequently in disease in children, during dentition, summer complaint, when, with the diarrhoea, there is MARKED INABILITY TO DIGEST MILK, and poor circulation. Symptoms set in with VIOLENCE.
Helpful for homoeopathic student
Common name: - Fool’s parsley
Source: Vegetable kingdom
Synonyms: Dog poison, Fool’s parsley, Lesser hemlock
Family: Umbelliferae
Prover: Dr Nenning in 1828
Duration of Action: 20 to 30 days
Miasmatic Background: Psora, syphilis and sycosisTemperament: Confused and idiotic
Diathesis: Scrofulous
Thermal Relationship: Hot patient
Alumina Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Hansraj salveDr.hansraj salve
Alumina Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr.Hansraj salveLearn whole homoeopathic Materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve click on the linkTo start study Or For daily new drug update visit to our Website – hmmslideshow.esy.es
Hepar sulph homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation by Dr. Hansar...Dr.hansraj salve
Some important symptoms of hepar sulph you will never see in your whole life. ABDOMEN DISTENDED BY FLATULENCE
TIGHTNESS_HEPER SULPH
ABDOMEN SWOLLEN OBSTINATE
CONSTIPATION_HEPER SULPH
Anacardium orientale HOMOEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA SLIDE SHOW PRESENTATION BY...Dr.hansraj salve
Anacardium orientale Homoeopathic materia medica slide show presentation By Dr.Hansraj salve. Learn whole homoeopathic materia medica in new style with Dr.hansraj salve click on the link To start study And for daily new drug update visit to our Website - hmmslideshow.esy.es
This is a presentation on a homoeopathic drug which is a sterilized and potentized product of one of those deadly acute diseases which Dr. swan recognized as basic to all chronic disease.
Gelsemium Homeopathic Materia Medica Slide Show Presentation by Dr.Hansraj SalveDr.hansraj salve
Gelsemium is a king of paralytic remedies. Watch this slide show presentation to learn more
Gelsemium.
Yellow Jasmine. (Loganiaceae)
For children, young people, especially women of a nervous, hysterical temperament (Croc., Ign.). Complete relaxation and prostration of whole muscular system with entire motor paralysis. Excitable, irritable, sensitive; for the nervous affections of onanists of both sexes (Kali p.). Bad effects from fright, fear, exciting news and sudden motions (Ign. - from pleasant surprise, Coff.). Fear of death (Ars.); utter lack of courage. The anticipation of any unusual ordeal, preparing for church, theatre, or to meet an engagement, brings on diarrhoea; stage fright, nervous dread of appearing in public (Arg. n.). General depression from heat of sun or summer. Weakness and trembling; of tongue, hands, legs; of the entire body. Desire to be quiet, to be let alone; does not wish to speak or have any one near her, even if the person be silent (Ign.). Vertigo, spreading from the occiput (Sil.); with diplopia, dim vision, loss of sight; seems intoxicated when trying to move. Children; fear of falling, grasp the crib or seize the nurse (Bor., Sanic.). Headache; preceded by blindness (Kali bi.), > by profuse urination. Lack of muscular co-ordination; confused; muscles refuse to obey the will. Headache: beginning in the cervical spine; pains extend over head, causing bursting sensation in forehead and eyeballs (Sang., Sil., begins in the same way, but semi-lateral); < by mental exertion; from smoking; heat of sun; lying with head low. Sensation of band around the head above eyes (Carb. ac., Sulph.); scalp sore to touch. Fears that unless on the move heart will cease beating (fears it would cease beating if she moved, Dig.). Slow pulse of old age. Great heaviness of the eyelids; cannot keep them open (Caust., Graph., Sep.). Chill without thirst, especially along spine, running up and down the back in rapid, wave-like succession from sacrum to occiput.
Relations. - Compare: Bap. in threatening typhoid fever; Ipecac. in dumb ague, after suppression by quinine.
Aggravation. - Damp weather; before a thunderstorm; mental emotion or excitement; bad news; tobacco smoking; when thinking of his ailments; when spoken to of his loss.
for more tutorial visit our website - hmmslideshow.esy.es
Onion - A Cure for Fever and Flu, Natural healing powers of OnionSEO Guy
Onion can cure fever and Flu, What is the immediate remedy for fever and Flu?, Onion - A Natural healer of fever and Flu, Medicinal magic of Onion and Garlic, Benefits of onion, Uses of onion, Importance.
Onion (Allium cepa) is the largest plant genera in the phytoworld. Total species are 600 - 920 and is considered as World's healthiest food. This presentation gives a detailed picture of its benefits and research being done on onions.
Hayfever is best treated with a carefully selected constitutional remedy for a sustained result; however relief may be obtained with the use of acute homeopathic remedies as well as tissue salts, vitamins and minerals and herbal combinations which all have a part to play in strengthening the system.
Often developing from a cold or flu, acute sinusitis is the build up of mucous within the sinus linings. When the mucous fails to clear, the resulting congestion and warm, moist environment becomes the perfect site for bacteria to grow. Acting promptly with the indicated homeopathic remedies can help to prevent this from occurring.
A fever is usually an indication of increased
activity on the part of the immune system,
most likely in response to infection and is
a good sign showing that there is an ability to react.
The action of the homoeopathic remedy is not to kill
the bacteria directly but rather to stimulate the immune
system to do the healing
A fever is usually an indication of increased activity on the part of the immune system, most likely in response to infection and is a good sign showing that there is an ability to react. The action of the homeopathic remedy is not to kill the bacteria directly but rather to stimulate the immune system to do the healing.
Cost effective and side effects free, homeopathy might just be the treatment you need this winter for cold, cough or flu. Homeopathic Master Clinician Sujata Owens will discuss how homeopathy decreases the duration and intensity of symptoms, and how to get you and your family healthy faster. This class will focus on empowering you by learning the basics of how and when to use homeopathic remedies at home.
One of the best ways to treat your asthma is with homeopathy. Homeopathy treatment for asthma can change the hypersensitivity of the person. When the hypersensitivity or the hyper susceptibilities of the person improve he will not then react adversely to the harmless substances which he was reacting before. This can only be possible by a proper constitutional homeopathy treatment for asthma.
Best 6 Homeopathy medicines for asthma:
1. Arsenic alb
2. Ipecac
3. Aralia
4. Grindelia
5. Natrum sulph
6. Kali carb
For many people a sore throat is the first sign they have a lowered immune system and the onset of a cold or flu. The tonsils are the first line of internal defense acting as the lymphatic waste disposal system and removing bacteria from the blood. They also stimulate the immune system to produce infection-fighting antibodies.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. Allium cepa is used predominantly for illness that affect the mucous membranes. Colds and flu are often
treated with this remedy, as hay fever and allergy symptoms.
If you've ever peeled an onion, you know that it can make your eyes tear and your nose run; it can even
make you want to clear your throat. This is because your body is reacting to the volatile oils in the onion,
which affect the mucous membranes of your nose and throat. Because the homeopathic remedy Allium
cepa is made from fresh red onions, it has the same effect on the body as an onion. Therefore,
homeopaths often prescribe this remedy to treat colds marked by burning nasal discharge and extremely
dry coughs. Allium cepa also provides relief to symptoms of bacterial infection, congestion and sore
throat. And just as putting an onion on your ear effectively treats an earache. Allium cepa is also useful
for treating this complaint.
The Allium Cepa type
The person characterized as the Allium cepa type often suffers from chronic respiratory tract illness;
symptoms may grow worse in varied situations.
Are you an Allium Cepa Type?
Do you tend to have the following characteristics?
Do you often get colds during damp weather?
Do you get hay fever with sneezing and excessive nasal discharge?
Do your eyes water profusely when you have a cold?
Do your cold or hay fever symptoms worsen in a warm room and improve in the fresh air?
When you have a cold, does your nasal discharge "burn" or irritate your nose or your face?
If you answered yes to more than 3 questions above, the content below will give you more information on
the type of complaints Allium Cepa can help.
Therapeutic effect:
Like the red onion itself, the homeopathic remedy Allium cepa is an effective treatment for acute
symptoms of the common cold, which may include a gripping, dry cough and a runny nose that irritates
the nostrils and upper lip. It is equally effective for treating hay fever. Because Allium cepa affects the
mucous lining of the respiratory tract, it also eases chronic respiratory inflammation.
Primary medicinal applications
Allium cepa is typically used to treat respiratory illness and flulike infections that quickly develop in cold
and wet weather. Common symptoms include headache with tearing, fever, runny nose, sneezing fits and
scratchy throat, as well as a racking, irritating cough. Allium cepa is also helpful for treating symptoms of
hay fever, especially when accompanied by burning nasal discharge. Symptoms often start on the left
side of your head and then gradually move to the right.
How the medicine is made
The homeopathic remedy is made from fresh red onions. The onions are either mixed with alcohol or
rubbed in lactose.
Symptoms Guage
To find out if Allium Cepa is the right homeopathic remedy for you, tell your health-care professional if
your symptoms change under these conditions:
Better Worse
2. With movement In the afternoon and evening
In cool weather In warm rooms
Outside, in the fresh air With rest
In a cold room In humid weather
Used to treat coughs and colds; earaches and sore throats; hay fever and allergy symptoms; and
asthma and headaches
Indications
Disposition
No marked mental or emotional symptoms are associated with the allium cepa type
Head
Stabbing, pounding headaches that accompany other, more common cold or hay fever symptoms
Tearing of the eyes accompanied by a mild, non-irritating discharge
Eyes that are sensitive to light
Ears that twinge and ache
Buzzing in the ears
Head or forehead that feels hot
Symptoms that start on the left side and gradually move to the right
Respiratory tract
Constant postnasal drip that causes the urge to cough
Frequent, hacking cough accompanied by hoarseness
Constant tickling feeling in the larynx
Nasal discharge that is watery and tends to burn
Repetitive sneezing, especially when entering a warm room
Digestion
Excessive thirst
Skin and hair
Severe allergic reactions, such as acne and the eruption of hives