Allergic rhinitis
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Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is inflammation of the nose caused by an immunologic response to airborne allergens. There are two types - seasonal, caused by allergens like pollen that appear in particular seasons, and perennial, caused by allergens like mold and dander that are present year-round. Allergens trigger the production of IgE antibodies that attach to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of histamine and other mediators during acute and late phase responses, resulting in symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion.
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Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity disease characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge, itching, and obstruction. It is caused by an immune response to allergens like pollen, dust mites, and animal dander. Symptoms include runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing, and itching. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, and allergy tests. Management includes environmental control measures, medical therapy with antihistamines and corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and surgery in some cases.
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Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated immune response to inhaled allergens. It is characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching and congestion. The condition results from sensitization followed by exposure to an allergen, leading to mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. This causes early phase symptoms, followed by late phase cellular infiltration and chronic inflammation. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and exposure history, with confirmation using skin prick tests or serum IgE tests. Treatment focuses on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy with antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy for persistent
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Allergy and immunology involves the management of disorders related to the immune system. These conditions range from the very common to the very rare, spanning all ages and encompassing various organ systems. Diseases typically seen by an allergist/immunologist (often referred to simply as an "allergist") include:
Allergic diseases of the eye, such as allergic conjunctivitis
Respiratory tract-related conditions such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and occupational lung diseases
Gastrointestinal disorders caused by immune responses to foods, including eosinophilic esophagitis or gastroenteritis, and food protein-induced enteropathies
Skin-related allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, acute and chronic urticaria, or angioedema
Adverse reactions to foods, drugs, vaccines, stinging insects and other agents
Diseases primarily affecting the immune system, including primary immune deficiencies such as severe combined immune deficiency syndromes, antibody deficiencies, complement deficiency, phagocytic cell abnormalities, or other impairments in innate immunity and acquired immune deficiency
Systemic diseases including anaphylaxis and systemic diseases involving mast cells or eosinophils
Diseases associated with autoimmune responses to self-antigens, such as auto-inflammatory syndromes
Stem cell, bone marrow and/or organ transplantation
Allergists may practice in dedicated allergy-related clinical settings and frequently provide consultative services to other physicians and hospitals. Some allergists combine their subspecialized training with general internal medicine practice.
Allergic resp diseases
This document summarizes various allergic respiratory diseases including:
1) Allergic rhinitis characterized by sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines.
2) Allergic asthma characterized by wheezing, coughing, and difficult breathing.
3) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by immune reactions to the fungus Aspergillus presenting with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea.
4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of organic dusts or parasites presenting with fever, dry cough, and dyspnea relieved by corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
Allergic rhinitis- Signs & symptoms, treatment & home remedies
Allergic rhinitis occurs seasonally or year-round.
Diagnosis involves history-taking, examination of the nasal passages and sometimes skin testing.
Over 400 million people suffer from allergic rhinitis around the world, which to a large extent remains underdiagnosed and undertreated.
In the United States it affects between 10-30% of the adult general population and up to 40% of children, making it the fifth most common chronic disease. Unfortunately the health and economic impact of allergic rhinitis historically has been grossly underestimated and it is only recently that rhinitis has been recognized as a serious issue with epidemic proportions. Direct medical costs in The US increased from $6.1 billion in 2000 to $11.2 billion in 2005, with an estimated productivity decrease of $600 per employee yearly; this cost is greater than diabetes, coronary heart disease and asthma. Indirect losses represent an even heavier burden in societies with emerging economies. In eight countries in the Asia Pacific region, the annual per-patient direct costs ranged from the equivalent of US$ 108 to US$ 1,010.62 Total per-patient costs, including productivity costs, ranged from US$ 184 to US$ 1,189. Thus, the cost of allergic rhinitis is enormous and widely under-appreciated.
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1. Allergens are substances that can sensitize the body and cause an unusual immune response in hypersensitive individuals. Common allergens include proteins or glycoproteins from pollens, dusts, foods, insects, and medications.
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Allergic rhinitis
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Rhinitis -"Inflammation of mucous membrane of nose " • Allergic Rhinitis -"Rhinitis caused due to immunologic response to airborne allergens " • Also called as HAY FEVER • Response is mediated by IgE antibodies
- 3. TYPES • Two types of allergic rhinitis have been identified : (1)Seasonal -symptoms appear in particular season (2)Perinnial-symptoms present throughout the year
- 4. ETIOLOGY • Inhalant Allergens : (1)Seasonal allergens :pollen from trees, grasses etc (2)Perennial Allergens:molds,dust particles,cockroaches,dander from animals • Genetic Factors : Chances of children developing allergy increases by 22- 47% if one or both parents suffer from allergic diathesis (i. e allergic to specific condition)
- 5. PATHOGENESIS • Allergens which are inhaled produce specific IgE antibodies.. • These IgE antibodies gets attached to basophils /mast cells at its Fc end ...and at Fab end antigen (pollen)gets attached •This causes release of numerous chemical mediators mainly histamine
- 6. • Release of these mediators are responsible for the presenting symptoms • The hyperactivity / hypersensitivity reaction seen in this case is type 2 and is of non specific type
- 9. • Clinically allergic response can be divided into two phases ACUTE PHASE (or early phase) :*occurs immediately within 5 to 30 minutes after exposure to allergens * it is due to release of Vasoactive amInes like histamine *This phase constitutes sneezing, rhinorrhea ,Nasal blockage .
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